Common Name Research Articles

N-Methyl-2-{3-methyl-2-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]cyclo-pent-2-en-1-yl-idene}hydrazinecarbo-thio-amide.

The equimolar and hydro-chloric acid-catalysed reaction between cis-jasmone and 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazide in ethano-lic solution yields the title compound, C13H21N3S (common name: cis-jasmone 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazone). Two mol-ecules with all atoms in general positions are present in the asymmetric unit. In one of them, the carbon chain is disordered [site occupancy ratio = 0.821 (3):0.179 (3)]. The thio-semicarbazone entities [N-N-C(=S)-N] are approximately planar, with the maximum deviation from the mean plane through the selected atoms being -0.0115 (16) Å (r.m.s.d. = 0.0078 Å) for the non-disordered mol-ecule and 0.0052 (14) Å (r.m.s.d. = 0.0031 Å) for the disordered one. The mol-ecules are not planar, since the jasmone groups have a chain with sp 3-hybridized carbon atoms and, in addition, the thio-semicarbazone fragments are attached to the respective carbon five-membered rings and the dihedral angles between them for each mol-ecule amount to 8.9 (1) and 6.3 (1)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are connected through pairs of N-H⋯S and C-H⋯S inter-actions into crystallographically independent centrosymmetric dimers, in which rings of graph-set motifs R 2 2(8) and R 2 1(7) are observed. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the major contributions for the crystal cohesion are from H⋯H (70.6%), H⋯S/S⋯H (16.7%), H⋯C/C⋯H (7.5%) and H⋯N/N⋯H (4.9%) inter-actions [considering the two crystallographically independent mol-ecules and only the disordered atoms with the highest s.o.f. for the evaluation].

Variation as Christian Identity Marker in Egypt: A Sociolinguistic Study

This study explores how variation marks the religious identity of the Egyptian Christians and helps in describing the present sociolinguistic landscape in Egypt. Data for this study has been collected from Christian friends, students, and neighbors as well as Christian T.V. programs and videos. Data has shown significant lexical and phonological differences in expressing common religious concepts, ritual expressions, and names. These differences, which depend mainly on synonyms, paraphrasing, loanwords, and pronunciation, constitute a shibboleth in Egypt. The study has revealed that not only is variation regional or social, but religious as well. Moreover, the colloquial lexis and non-standard speech forms that Christians use contradict Ferguson’s claim that the highly codified variety of diglossic languages is always used in giving sermons. Although the variation is not that substantiative and does not impede understanding, the study has pointed out that there is a religious-based dialect differentiation in Egypt and the Egyptian Christians could be classified as bidialectal to some extent. The ultimate goal of this variation is to mark themselves as a different religious group in an Islamic society. The plethora of the Arabic lexis and expressions and the diglossic nature of Arabic enabled the Egyptian Christians to easily communicate with Muslims and simultaneously preserve their socioreligious identity.

Fish species mislabelling in China: evidence from a survey of frozen, dried, and surimi-based fish products marketed as cod-related species

‘Cod’-related species are among the most appreciated marine fish resources around the world, but are also prone to species mislabelling. In the present study, a total of 76 frozen, dried, and surimi-based fish products, sold as ‘Cod’ (59 products), ‘Atlantic authentic Cod’ (11 products), and ‘Authentic Cod’ (6 products), were collected in China. A species-specific LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) method was used to screen for the presence of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus), Alaska pollock (G. chalcogrammus), Southern hake (Merluccius australis), which was cross-confirmed using real-time PCR and DNA sequencing methods. The results highlighted the greatest species diversity for ‘Cod’ products, and the identified species were from nine different families. It appears that the practice of assigning a specific type or category of species to the common name ‘Cod’ has not been widely advocated, and the misuse of this ambiguous common name has been a common practice for species adulteration, negatively impacting consumers’ rights and marine conservation. To rebuild consumers’ confidence, retail fish suppliers have differentiated their products by adding specific qualifiers in front of the common name ‘Cod’ on the label, such as ‘Authentic cod’ and ‘Atlantic authentic cod’. The endeavour is highly meaningful, since Gadus morhua was identified as the species for a significant majority of ‘Atlantic authentic cod’ and ‘Authentic cod’ products (64.7%, 11/17), with the remaining six products identified as Alaskan pollock (G. chalcogrammus), Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus) and North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). Despite the positive effort to reverse species mislabelling from retail on-line fish suppliers, a standardized fish nomenclature stipulated by the responsible authorities remains crucial for enhancing transparency and continuing to reduce species mislabelling.

On the origin of bird’s nest fungi: Phylogenomic analyses of fungi in the Nidulariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)

Nidulariaceae, also known as bird’s nest fungi, is an understudied group of mushroom-forming fungi. The common name is derived from their nest-like morphology. Bird’s nest fungi are ubiquitous wood decomposers or saprobes on dung. Recent studies showed that species in the Nidulariaceae form a monophyletic group with five sub-clades. However, phylogenetic relationships among genera and placement of Nidulariaceae are still unclear. We present phylogenomic analyses of bird’s nest fungi and related Agaricales fungi to gain insight into the evolution of Nidulariaceae. A species tree with 17 newly generated genomes of bird’s nest fungi and representatives from all major clades of Agaricales was constructed using 1044 single-copy genes to explore the intergeneric relationships and pinpoint the placement of Nidulariaceae within Agaricales. We corroborated the hypothesis that bird’s nest fungi are sister to Squamanitaceae, which includes mushroom-shaped fungi with a stipe and pileus that are saprobes and mycoparasites. Lastly, stochastic character mapping of discrete traits on phylogenies (SIMMAP) suggests that the ancestor of bird’s nest fungi likely possessed an evanescent, globose peridium without strings attaching to the spore packets (funiculi). This analysis suggests that the funiculus was gained twice and that the persistent, cupulate peridium form was gained at least four times and lost once. However, alternative coding schemes and datasets with a wider array of Agaricales produced conflicting results during ancestral state reconstruction, indicating that there is some uncertainty in the number of peridium transitions and that taxon sampling may significantly alter ancestral state reconstructions. Overall, our results suggest that several key morphological characters of Nidulariaceae have been subject to homoplasy.

Pravopisna obravnava imen znamk in industrijskih izdelkov ter posledice spreminjanja njihovih lastnoimenskih funkcij

The article presents a linguistic treatment of brand names and the names of industrial products as groups of concrete proper names. Through changes at various levels of linguistic analysis, the process of the modification of the proper name function of brand names to various degrees is demonstrated, including its transition to a common name. Alongside the emergence of generic names from brand names there is a presentation of the treatment of these names in dictionaries from the second half of the 20th century, with an emphasis on providing an outline of the deficiencies of the actual codification. For the example of Teflon, an outline is provided of the difficulties arising from the contradiction between legislation and marketing principles, as well as linguistic principles.

Gentiana betongensis (Gentianaceae), a new species from tropical montane sphagnum bog in Peninsular Thailand

Gentiana betongensis is described as a new species from Thailand. It was discovered in tropical montane sphagnum bog of the High Plateau in Betong District, Yala Province near the Thai-Malay Border. The new species is morphologically most similar to G. malayana in having erect, simple or few-branched stems, but differs markedly in having smaller flowers, triangular-ovate, acute corolla lobes, and long, recurved and coiled stigma lobes. This paper provides morphological description, illustration, photographs, distribution map, ecological data, reproductive biology, DNA barcode sequence, vernacular name, conservation status, a key to the species of Gentiana in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, and a special note on conservation perspectives.

Biblical Gilgal: A Common Place Name or a Cult Site near Jericho?

An analysis of the biblical references mentioning the place name Gilgal indicates that they all denote a single site—namely, the cult site located east of Jericho. References to Gilgal that seemingly allude to other sites resulted either from scribal errors or from scholarly misinterpretation of the biblical text. Moreover, gilgal as a noun for a kind of settlement never appears in the Bible. Hence, the plural form gilgals sometimes used by archaeologists to designate elliptical or round sites enclosed by a massive or narrow stone wall are misleading and should best be abandoned. On the contrary, Gilgal was the exclusive name of a major Israelite cult centre located near the main road that passed from Jericho to Transjordan. The cult site operated in the pre-monarchical and monarchical periods, but ceased to function in the late monarchical period, possibly during the reign of King Josiah.

An ethnobotanical investigation of medicinal and aromatic plants used in Al Hoceima National Park

In the northern region of Morocco, specifically in the Province of Al Hoceima, the establishment of the Al Hoceima National Park (ANP) serves as a designated protected area. The primary purpose of this park is to promote the conservation, protection, and sustainable development of the diverse natural resources present. The ANP boasts a significant variety of flora, particularly medicinal and aromatic plants (AMP). This research aimed to identify and highlight the AMP the local rural population utilizes. Conducted between August 2020 and March 2021, an ethnobotanical survey engaged herbalists, traditional healers, and rural residents through structured questionnaires. These surveys elicited specific information about the informants and details regarding the plants in use. This survey revealed the identification of 47 taxa based on vernacular names, which were subsequently matched with their scientific names according to available literature. These taxa are distributed among 29 botanical families, with notable prevalence in Lamiaceae, comprising 8 species, followed by Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, and Solanaceae, each with 3 species. The study further indicates that the most utilized parts of these plants are the foliage and leafy stems, with decoctions being the predominant method of preparation for remedies. The investigation into the diseases treated revealed that digestive infections rank highest, followed by respiratory infections. Sociodemographic characteristics analysis indicated a slightly higher usage of medicinal plants by women than men. The insights gleaned from this research offer valuable information for the studied region and contribute to the broader understanding of the national medicinal flora.

A taxonomic revision of Rhizophora L. (Rhizophoraceae) in Thailand.

A taxonomic revision of Rhizophora L. (Rhizophoraceae) in Thailand is presented. Two species, R. apiculata Blume and R. mucronata Poir., are enumerated with updated morphological descriptions, illustrations and a taxonomic identification key, together with notes on distributions, habitats and ecology, phenology, conservation assessments, etymology, vernacular names, uses, and specimens examined. Three names in Rhizophora, are lectotypified: R. apiculata and two associated synonyms of R. mucronata (i.e., R. latifolia Miq. and R. macrorrhiza Griff.). R. longissima Blanco, a synonym of R. mucronata, is neotypified. All two Rhizophora species have a conservation assessment of Least Concern (LC). Based on the morphological identification, these two species can be distinguished from one another by the shape and width of the leaf laminae and the length of a terminal stiff point of the leaf laminae; the type and position of the inflorescences and the number of flowers per inflorescence; the character and color of the bracteoles; the presence or absence of the flower pedicels; the shape of the mature flower buds; the shape, color, and texture of the sepals; the shape, character, and the presence or absence of hairs of the petals; the number of stamens per flower; the size of the fruits; the color and size of the hypocotyls; the color and diameter of the cotyledonous cylindrical tubes; and the color of the colleters and exudate. The thick cuticles, sunken stomata, large hypodermal cells, and cork warts are adaptive anatomical features of leaves in Rhizophora that live in the mangrove environments. The pollen grains of Thai Rhizophora species are tricolporate, prolate spheroidal or oblate spheroidal shapes, small-sized, and reticulate exine sculpturing.

Balanophora papuana (Balanophoraceae), a newly recorded species for Thailand

This paper presents a new record to the flora of Thailand: Balanophora papuana. The species is characterised by its unique morphology, notably a tuber that branches into numerous small ovoid to sub-globose tubers, each with a verrucose surface. Additionally, the species exhibits a distinct opposite decussate phyllotaxy with 4–5 leaves. A morphological description, distribution, ecology, vernacular name, and illustration of the species are provided, based on female herbarium specimens collected from Narathiwat and Yala Provinces, Southern Thailand.

Angiosperm weeds diversity of Kohima District, Nagaland, Northeast India

The paper presents a comprehensive study of 118 common angiosperm weeds from Kohima District, Nagaland. These weeds represent 33 families and 92 genera. The botanical names, vernacular names, common names, family, habit, lifespan, voucher number and uses are enumerated systematically. The study reveals that certain plant families predominate in the study area, with Compositae (19.49%), Leguminosae (16.95%), and Poaceae (7.63%) being the most dominant. These families have a significant presence among the recorded weeds. Herbaceous plants were represented with the highest number of species (68%), followed by shrubs (16%), under shrubs (10%), climbers and vines (2%), creeping herb and lianas (1%). The paper also highlights the utilization of some weed species as medicines and vegetables for consumption by the local population as well as fodder for animals. The current study will provide an inventory of the common angiosperm weeds in Kohima District providing a valuable resource for local biodiversity preservation and also help researchers, scientists, farmers, and students who want to conduct further studies in this field.

A revision of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia.

The genus Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl. (Solanaceae) has in the past been treated as a section of the large genus Solanum L. but is more closely related to Capsicum L. Outside of the Americas, where the highest species diversity occurs, the genus is found in tropical and subtropical habitats from India to Japan and the Philippines, including the islands of Indonesia, New Guinea and the Solomons. The 19 species from Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific were treated in 'PhytoKeys 209'. Here I treat the remaining 10 species occurring across Asia; including two native species, L.biflora (Lour.) Bitter and L.oliveriana (Lauterb. & K.Schum) Bitter, and one cultivated species, L.rantonnetii (Carrière) Bitter that were also included in the earlier work. The Asian species treated here occupy a wide range of forested and disturbed habitats and are diverse in habit, ranging from epiphytic vines to small or medium sized trees, shrubs or creeping herbs. Many of the species are weedy plants of highly disturbed habitats and are best characterised as "ochlospecies", with complex polymorphic variation. Lycianthesrantonnetii, a species native to southern South America, is recorded as cultivated in India and Pakistan, but may be more widespread than collections indicate. The history of taxonomic treatments of Lycianthes in Asia is discussed, along with details of morphology found in all species. All species are treated in full, with complete morphological descriptions, including synonymy, lecto- or neotypifications, discussions of ecology and vernacular names, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments (for all except the cultivated L.rantonnetii). Searchable lists of all specimens examined are presented as Suppl. materials 1, 2.

Evaluation of Bauhinia ungulata Essential Oil as a New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor from an in silico and in vitro Perspective in the Northern Amazon of Brazil.

The Bauhinia ungulata, also known by its common name "pata de vaca", is one of the species used in Brazil for medicinal purposes, and is commonly used for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, the authors studied the interaction between the chemical constituents which are present in the essential oil of Bauhinia ungulata (EOBU), collected in Boa Vista-RR, Legal Amazon, and their effects on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the essential oil. The analysis that we perform includes proton magnetic resonance ( 1H NMR), enzymatic inhibition, molecular docking, in silico toxicity prediction, enrichment analysis, and target prediction for biological interactions. According to the tests performed on the essential oil, it obtained 100% inhibition of the enzyme AChE. During 1H NMR experiments, it was found that α- Bisabolol, one of the main components, had a significant alteration in its chemical shift. A molecular docking analysis confirmed that this compound binds to the AChE enzyme, which confirms the 1H NMR analysis. The results of this work showed that the major component of EOBU acted as a possible inhibitor of AChE enzyme in vitro and in silico assays. These results show that EOBU could be potentially applied in Alzheimer's disease treatment.

ENTERPRISES* UNDER A COMMON NAME “STATE” (from the equivalence class POV**: parasitic forms)

ENTERPRISES* UNDER A COMMON NAME “STATE” (from the equivalence class POV**: parasitic forms)

Flora of Anacardiaceae in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest

Abstract The Atlantic Forest has one of the richest floras in the world and floristic surveys are essential to understand its biodiversity and promote its conservation. This study aims to contribute to the floristic understanding of Anacardiaceae in the Iguaçu National Park (Brazil) and the Iguazú National Park (Argentina). Monthly samplings were performed from 03/2019 to 02/2020 and sporadic samplings from 11/2020 to 01/2021 in the main trails from both parks, as well as herbarium review and surveys on virtual platforms. Two native species: Lithraea molleoides and Schinus terebinthifolia, and two exotic cultivated species: Mangifera indica and Spondias purpurea were found in the Iguaçu National Park and only one native species, Schinus terebinthifolia, in the Iguazú National Park. Identification key, descriptions, photographs with diagnostic characters of the taxa, taxonomic comments, geographical distribution, phenology, common names, uses and observations are provided.

Some Thoughts on the Baroque Organ Suite

This article deals with the Baroque organ suite, which arose in France in the Reign of Louis XIV, when the tradition of publishing organ books was formed. And such books usually consisted of liturgical versets, grouped according to certain church tones. Since the musicological literature does not have a clear understanding of what an organ suite is as a genre, the author decided to clearly differentiate it among organ masses, magnificats and hymns that are similar in structure. In his opinion, an organ suite is an ordered collection of different musical pieces (usually from 6 to 13) in a single tone, without a common liturgical name. In total, there are approximately 75 such suites written by Nivers, Lebègue, Clérambault, Marchand and other masters of the French Baroque, although only a few samples are designated as Suite. Organ suites were not generally characterized by structural unification. However, they usually begin with a piece in the character of a solemn introduction, which is called Prélude or Plein jeu (by type of registration). The second most often is Fugue. Next follows a diverse group of textural and register genres. And as the completion of the entire suite, as a rule, are full-sounded Grand jeu or Plein jeu. At the same time, performance of the suites entirely “in one sitting”, as in modern concert practice, was not intended. French organ suites were addressed primarily to provincial organists, who could use individual pieces both as a guide for their own improvisations, and in the form of already “ready-made” versets for various services. If necessary, they could also combine these pieces, including other music. Therefore, any attempts of modern musicologists to find in the structure of the Baroque organ suite any purely musical meaning and to analyze them on the model of multi-movement compositions of later times have nothing in common with the authentic practice.

Paan# Intended: Betel Leaf-induced Contact Leukomelanosis (‘#’ – Refers to the Common Indian Name for Betel Leaves)

Paan# Intended: Betel Leaf-induced Contact Leukomelanosis (‘#’ – Refers to the Common Indian Name for Betel Leaves)

Oikonymy of the Livvik Karelians

The article investigates the settlement names in Southern (Olonets) Karelia, where the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language has been spoken for centuries. The study highlights that, in the early stages of settlement by Livvik Karelians, the development of villages was shaped by the region’s physical geography and the population’s way of life. Due to the abundance of lakes and rivers in Southern Karelia, early villages were mostly established along these water bodies. However, from the 18th century onwards, settlements began to develop on higher ground, leading to the formation of “settlement” type villages. The article focuses on the types of rural settlements and the structure of their names. The most common single-component names include oikonyms with the -l formant, typically derived from personal names. Less common are deanthroponymic patterns without a formant, and those with the formants -(i)ne, -sto, or the Russian -ovo and -shchina. Among other oikonyms, those based on geographical terms such as pogostu ‘village with a church,’ kylä and hieru ‘village’ are particularly prevalent. The study also identifies terms for smaller settlements and farmsteads, such as kodi, kondu, perti, and taloi, along with terms borrowed from Russian, like myza and khutor. The author examines why certain types of oikonyms are more common, the timeline of their adoption into the local toponymy, and the inclusion of reconstructed terms like moiživo and tula, which likely referred to small homesteads. The author concludes that the formation of the settlement system in Southern Karelia peaked in the early 20th century but began to decline with collectivisation and subsequent repressions, leading to the abandonment of many villages in the 1960s and 1970s.

Номинация растений по признаку сходства с другими растениями в финно-пермских языках

Phytonymy, an important part of the nominal vocabulary, is a subject of study that has significance in linguistics and other disciplines such as history and ethnography. This paper examines the nomination of plants by comparing them with other plant names from the vocabulary of Finno-Permic languages. The aim is to describe how the folk names of a plant are nominat-ed based on their similarity to other plants by analyzing common nomination patterns in relat-ed languages and examining various aspects of the nomination process. The data were taken from various lexicographic sources, monographs, and articles. In total, more than a hundred folk phytonyms were considered. These are complex nouns comprising two or three components connected by a subordinating conjunction. The plant name to which the nomination object is compared takes the last place in such phytonyms. The names under consideration were found to be produced mostly based on two main attributes: resemblance to another plant and an additional characteristic such as color, habitat, growth period, taste, or fragrance. Flora vocabulary was studied mainly by descriptive methods, with component and semantic analysis approaches used in some cases. In the Finno-Permic languages, plant nomination based on similarity with another plant is less prevalent compared to nominations based on other features. We believe that it is due to the late origin of this intricate form of nomination that has led to its separate development in each language. Several plants, such as willow, peas, anemone, and horsetail, are particularly prevalent as objects of comparison.

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНЫХ ИМЕН В ЗАГОЛОВКАХ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ НОВОСТНЫХ СТАТЕЙ

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the interpretive potential of precedent names derived from personal names in the English language. Previous studies in the theory of precedence have proved a precedent name to convey a complex of cultural and background information that allows it to be used as a common name occasionally in a specific context. We describe this complex of information as an anthroponymic matrix which includes several suggested cognitive contexts. In the process of our work, we have used the modern methods of cognitive linguistics to outline the multifaceted knowledge structure represented by a precedent name and discovered that it is nothing but a concept with its cognitive characteristics. The paper focuses on the crucial role of cognitive mechanisms in the process of a precedent name developing its occasional sense. This newly-formed sense has a certain effect on the perception of the text, in which the name performs its specific functions. The empirical data for this study has been gathered from online newspapers and Internet resources where a precedent name is used as a part of a headline. The authors of the paper have found out that in most cases a precedent name is able to convey both positive and negative evaluative meanings aimed at the formation of the reader’s opinion about the problem under discussion.