Common Configuration Research Articles

Radiation influence on planar reconfigurable field effect transistor low noise amplifier performance

Abstract Many novel devices have been proposed in the literature to mitigate the short channel effect and the reconfigurable FET (RFET) is one of them. The circuits based on new devices need to be investigated when they are introduced. This work has two parts: (i) designing cascoded RFET low noise amplifiers (LNA) and their performance analysis; and (ii) single-event performance analysis of RFET-LNAs. The designed LNA has a gain of 12 dB and a noise figure of 2.42 dB. The device in the common gate configuration mode is more susceptible to heavy ion radiation and collects more charge (QC) compared to the device in the common source configuration mode. Through temporal and frequency analysis, the irradiation disturbance is examined. In the temporal analysis, the collected charge (QC) is used as a metric, and the spectrogram is used in the frequency analysis.

Long term follow-up of bilateral internal thoracic artery use in young coronary artery bypass grafting patients: 29 year single surgeon experience.

Improved long term survival has demonstrated by grafting left internal thoracic artery (LITA) to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). This study investigated the prognostic benefits of BITA versus single LITA with common anastomotic configurations of BITA. Elective patients age below 60years, undertaken by a single surgeon, between 1992 and 2014 were explored. Cox regression models were fitted to investigate prognostic benefits of BITA. Specific comparisons were made with BITA subgroups who received LITA to LAD or RITA to LAD to establish long-term prognostic difference with the use of the RITA to LAD as compared to the LITA to LAD anastomosis. Comparisons were made with other BITA configurations to establish long-term difference in survival as a result of the actual targets bypassed with BITA grafts. Both groups had similar baseline patient characteristics. Following risk adjustment, the use of a second ITA conferred a significant 48% reduction in long-term mortality to BITA group [HR 0.52 (95%CI: 0.36-0.74) p < .001]. The use of the RITA to LAD, instead of LITA, resulted in no difference in the long-term prognostic benefit. The targets grafted with second ITA conferred a significant prognostic benefit for common configurations it was used in for bypass surgery. The use of BITA confers long term prognostic benefit to patients. Grafting RITA to LAD instead of more common LITA to LAD made no difference in long term prognosis when compared to CABG patients with single ITA. The use of a second ITA conduit in common configurations for CABG confers prognostic benefits irrespective of distal target grafted.

Root Canal Morphology of Premolars in Population of Hyderabad, Pakistan: A Cone Beam Computerised Tomographic Analysis.

To investigate the mean tooth length and root canal configuration of human maxillary and mandibular premolars in the population of Hyderabad, Pakistan, using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan, from December 2022 to March 2023. Using retrospective analysis of CBCT scans, tooth length, the number of roots, and root canal configuration of 536 mandibular and maxillary premolars were assessed in the subpopulation of Pakistan. The data were analysed employing descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and One-Way ANOVA to determine the association between various factors and root canal morphology. Vertucci Type 1 (one canal) was the most common configuration in maxillary premolars, with frequencies ranging from 46.3 to 52.2%. The mean length of all 8 premolars ranged from 20.56 mm to 21.58 mm. C-shaped canal configurations were observed in a small percentage of maxillary and mandibular premolars, with C1 being the most common. No significant association was found between gender and canal configuration or tooth length, and in tooth lengths among different canal configurations. Vertucci Type 1 was the most common configuration in maxillary premolars, followed by Vertucci Type 4. Single-rooted premolars were more prevalent, while two-root configurations were less common. C-shaped canal configurations were observed in a small percentage of premolars, with higher frequency in mandibular premolars. Cone beam computed tomography, Dental anatomy, Endodontics, Premolars, Root canal morphology.

Distribution of the Middle Meningeal Artery Variants in Patients Undergoing Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma

The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is a major dural vessel that plays a significant role in developing chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). Understanding its variable anatomy is essential for the effective management of cSDH and the prevention of complications. Middle meningeal artery anatomy was retrospectively assessed in a population of 92 patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography of cerebral vessels before middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma. We assessed 121 middle meningeal arteries in 92 patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography for chronic subdural hematoma treatment from October 2020 to July 2023. The most common type in the extended Adachi classification was IC (19.82%) and the rarest was IB (6.31%). The anterior branch of the MMA was the most frequently dominant, while the most common origin of the posterior branch was observed in the distal segment. We reported 4 cases (3.31%) of the MMA arising from the ophthalmic artery. The most common configuration of MMA was Adachi-type IC. The MMA most often originated from the maxillary artery. The anterior branch of the MMA was typically dominant, and the posterior branch most frequently originated from the distal segment. There was no significant impact of Adachi type on treatment results or fluoroscopy time.

Sub-60-nm isotropic 3D super-resolution microscopy through self-interference field excitation

Due to its unique optical sectioning capability, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) can provide highly sensitive, highly specific imaging of specimens in three dimensions and has been recognized as an indispensable tool for biological and medical studies. Nonetheless, the spatial resolution of CLSM is constrained by the diffraction nature, with λ/2 resolution laterally (xy) and 1.5λ resolution axially (z). To improve the imaging resolution beyond the diffraction limit as well as to achieve its isotropy, we present a strategy of mirror-assisted self-interference field excitation (SIEx) highly nonlinear microscopy. The imaging principle has been theoretically modeled and investigated in accordance with the Wolf vector diffraction theory. The experimental demonstration of isotropic three-dimensional SIEx nanoscopy, assisted with the ultrahigh-order optical nonlinearity of photon avalanching nanoparticles, was achieved utilizing a common laser-scanning microscope configuration, resulting in a lateral resolution of 54 nm (λ/15) and an axial resolution of 57 nm (λ/15) with one single beam from a low-power, continuous-wave, near-infrared laser (19kW⋅cm−2). We further extended the applicability of the SIEx scheme to biological imaging and demonstrated super-resolution imaging for immunolabeled actin filaments of BSC-1 cells with an isotropic full width at half maximum of ∼67nm (λ/13). Our facile SIEx methodology can, in principle, be seamlessly integrated with the existing and widely available laser-scanning fluorescence microscopes without adding any complexity, thereby enabling their capability of 3D isotropic super-resolution imaging.

Enhancing Thomson scattering polychromator performance with multi-pass spectral filters.

In photon-deficient, noncollective Thomson scattering diagnostics, filter polychromators are typically employed in the spectral analysis of Thomson-scattered signals to achieve acceptable signal-to-noise performance. Currently, the most common polychromator filter configuration employs a set of single-passband optical filters that define individual spectral channels. Here, we introduce a new spectral analysis method for Thomson scattering based on spectral filters with multiple passbands, referred to as Thomson scattering spectral multiplexing. Implementing multi-bandpass spectral filters on polychromators increases the achievable range of electron temperature measurement for a given number of filters employed. In addition, Thomson scattering spectral multiplexing reduces systematic measurement uncertainty, with fewer required spectral channels, thereby decreasing light loss from reduced optical element interactions. A multi-bandpass filter set, optimized by a genetic algorithm, has been successfully installed and tested on the Helically Symmetric eXperiment (HSX), demonstrating the benefits of the Thomson scattering spectral multiplexing method.

The investigation of double wall cooling configuration with spherical cavity

Double wall cooling is an efficient cooling method for turbine blade. Commonly used double wall cooling configurations contains a cubic cavity between two walls. Chaos flow flied in the cavity impedes heat transfer. In this research, a new spherical cavity was proposed, traditional cubic cavity was replaced by several spherical cavities, film hole located on the top of spherical cavity, and impact hole located at the button of spherical cavity. Adjacent spherical cavities were connected by channel. Different spherical cavities were established and numerical simulation was used to check their performance. The influence of blowing ratio, channel, film hole diameter, spherical cavity diameter was analyzed. The performance of cavities was also compared with common double wall cooling configurations. According to the result, when blowing ratio was 0.3, spherical cavity increased cooling effectiveness by 45.6% maximumly compared to common configurations. As for coolant consumption, spherical cavity needs less coolant than common configurations to achieve the same cooling effectiveness. What's more, film hole located at −45° position was benefit for cooling, and cooling effectiveness would increase further when spherical cavity diameter was enlarged.

Triple-frequency terahertz modulator based on electronically controllable metamaterial from the coupling effect

This paper proposes a triple-frequency terahertz amplitude modulator that utilizes an I-shaped strip and four U-shaped metal patches within a common metal-substrate configuration. The top metal layer consists of an I-shaped strip and four U-shaped metal patches, while the bottom substrate layer is made of polyimide. Amplitude modulation is achieved through adjusting the plasma frequency of the high-electron-mobility transistors, resulting in a modulation depth of nearly 93% at resonance frequencies of 0.26 and 0.49 THz. At 0.6 THz, the modulation depth reaches 65%, demonstrating excellent performance. Resonance frequencies are determined by electric field and surface current distribution. The triple-frequency terahertz amplitude modulator is applicable in various fields, including terahertz communications and imaging.

Optimal design of thick-walled circular coils for uniform magnetic field generation

Abstract Uniform magnetic field coils are widely used as electromagnetic equipment in industrial, medical, and research applications, with Helmholtz coils being a common configuration. For applications requiring a relatively high magnetic field (∼mT), Helmholtz coils typically feature a large coil cross-section. However, this characteristic makes them unsuitable for describing the magnetic field generated by a current loop model during the design process. In this work, we model the magnetic field of a large cross-section Helmholtz coil system, often referred to as a thick-walled Helmholtz coil. By employing a genetic algorithm, we transform the design problem of a Helmholtz coil into a constrained optimization problem. Subsequently, we propose a method for reverse designing a Helmholtz coil based on constraints on the target magnetic field. Finite element simulations verify the accuracy of the established magnetic field calculation model in describing the magnetic field generated by the thick-walled Helmholtz coil. Moreover, the designed Helmholtz coil effectively meets the design constraints and objectives. This method addresses the issue of significant errors in calculating the magnetic field and its uniformity resulting from the cross-sectional effect during the design of thick-walled Helmholtz coils. Furthermore, it satisfies the constraints for coil operating time and lightweight design.

Is Bare-metal I/O Performance with User-defined Storage Drives Inside VMs Possible? Benchmarking libvfio-user vs. Common Storage Virtualization Configurations

It is a critical concern for cloud computing providers to identify and adopt optimal virtual machine (VM) I/O storage paths. In Linux, these involve NVMe hardware, PCIe passthrough with vfio, and userspace drivers (e.g. SPDK). One project tying together these host-side improvements with the guests is vfio-user, a library and protocol for inter-process communication of I/O operations over sockets. QEMU/KVM VMs using vfio-user and SPDK are theoretically expected to attain low latencies due to mostly userspace processing, but this VM datapath configuration is still experimental and performance data is lacking in the literature.

Review of Photovoltaic–Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid-Forming Operation

Coordinated control technology attracts increasing attention to the photovoltaic–battery energy storage (PV-BES) systems for the grid-forming (GFM) operation. However, there is an absence of a unified perspective that reviews the coordinated GFM control for PV-BES systems based on different system configurations. This paper aims to fill the gap by providing a comprehensive review of coordinated GFM control strategies for PV-BES, considering various system configurations. Typical configurations of PV-BES systems are explored, followed by a detailed discussion of conventional GFM control methods used in the PV-BES systems. Furthermore, coordinated GFM controls are analyzed in PV-BES systems based on different configurations, providing the common DC bus configuration as a widely adopted configuration due to its more control degrees of freedom and ease of expansion. Moreover, the mode division and switching coordinated control based on the system power is the most widely used. Furthermore, challenges in the coordinated GFM controls for the PV-BES system in future applications are briefed and emphasized before the conclusion.

Variations of the abductor pollicis longus tendon and its insertion in the Thai population: Cadaveric study with clinical relevance

BackgroundThe abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon exhibits significant anatomical variability, which is crucial for understanding its clinical implications in surgeries involving the thumb. While several studies have documented these variations in different populations, a systematic classification providing insights for surgical interventions targeting the thumb and its associated anatomical structures is rare. MethodsThis cadaveric study involved the dissection of 87 upper extremities from 44 embalmed cadavers (22 males, 22 females). The APL tendons were meticulously dissected, and the number of tendons slips and their insertion sites were recorded. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to assess differences in insertion sites between sexes and sides. ResultsThe number of APL tendon slips distal to the first extensor compartment ranged from 1 to 5, with double slips being the most common configuration. The primary insertion site was consistently the base of the first metacarpal bone, observed in all specimens. Secondary insertion sites included the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (67.82 %), trapezium (17.24 %), opponens pollicis muscle (5.75 %), and proximal phalanx (2.30 %). Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the insertion sites between sides and sexes. A new classification system for APL tendon slips was developed, categorizing them into three main types (Type I, II, III), and two minor types (Type IV and V), based on the number and insertion sites of the tendons. Type II with double tendon slips was the most prevalent (48.28 %). Symmetrical findings were found in 21 cases (48.84 %), with subtype IIb being the most common pattern. ConclusionThis study highlights significant anatomical variations of the APL tendon in the Thai population, with important clinical implications for surgical planning and treatment of thumb-related conditions. The proposed classification system provides a structured framework for understanding these variations, aiding in the diagnosis and surgical management.

Root canal morphology of permanent mandibular anterior teeth in a Pakistani population: A cone beam computed tomography assessment.

To investigate the incidence of accessory canals and the variation in root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisors and canines in Pakistani population using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). A cross-sectional study was conducted in University College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Pakistan after getting institutional ethical permission from January 2020 to September 2022. The data included records of 111 patients consisting of 444 permanent mandibular incisors and 222 permanent mandibular canines. Accessory root, root canals and Vertucci canal configuration for each tooth was recorded. Data analysis was done using SPSS v20. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each anatomical parameter. Chi-square test was applied to determine association of gender with the presence of accessory roots and root canals. Among the 111 records evaluated, 48.6% were males and 51.4% were females. No accessory root was found in the central and lateral incisors. However, an accessory root was found in 4.9% of the canines. The incidence of accessory canals in the central incisors, lateral incisors and canines was 18.9%, 25.2% and 10.4% respectively. The most common canal configuration in teeth with accessory canals was Type-III, followed by Type-II and Type-V. None of the central or lateral incisor showed accessory root while it was detected in 4.9% canines. The frequency of accessory root canal was found to be 18.9%, 25.2% and 10.4% in central incisors, lateral incisors and canines respectively. The most common canal configuration was Type-I, followed by Type-III and Type-II. Type-V, VI and VII were less common.

Microbial and Metabolic Gut Profiling across Seven Malignancies Identifies Fecal Faecalibacillus intestinalis and Formic Acid as Commonly Altered in Cancer Patients.

The key association between gut dysbiosis and cancer is already known. Here, we used whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to conduct metagenomic and metabolomic analyses to identify common and distinct taxonomic configurations among 40, 45, 71, 34, 50, 60, and 40 patients with colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoid neoplasms and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), respectively, and compared the data with those from sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC). α-diversity differed only between the lymphoid neoplasm and AML groups and their respective HC, while β-diversity differed between all groups and their HC. Of 203 unique species, 179 and 24 were under- and over-represented, respectively, in the case groups compared with HC. Of these, Faecalibacillus intestinalis was under-represented in each of the seven groups studied, Anaerostipes hadrus was under-represented in all but the stomach cancer group, and 22 species were under-represented in the remaining five case groups. There was a marked reduction in the gut microbiome cancer index in all case groups except the AML group. Of the short-chain fatty acids and amino acids tested, the relative concentration of formic acid was significantly higher in each of the case groups than in HC, and the abundance of seven species of Faecalibacterium correlated negatively with most amino acids and formic acid, and positively with the levels of acetic, propanoic, and butanoic acid. We found more differences than similarities between the studied malignancy groups, with large variations in diversity, taxonomic/metabolomic profiles, and functional assignments. While the results obtained may demonstrate trends rather than objective differences that correlate with different types of malignancy, the newly developed gut microbiota cancer index did distinguish most of the cancer cases from HC. We believe that these data are a promising step forward in the search for new diagnostic and predictive tests to assess intestinal dysbiosis among cancer patients.

On the Generalization Capability of a Data-Driven Turbulence Model by Field Inversion and Machine Learning

This paper discusses the generalizability of a data-augmented turbulence model with a focus on the field inversion and machine learning approach. It is highlighted that the augmented model based on two-dimensional (2D) separated airfoil flows gives poor predictive capability for a different class of separated flows (NASA wall-mounted hump) compared to the baseline model due to extrapolation. We demonstrate a sensor-based approach to localize the data-driven model correction to tackle this generalizability issue. Furthermore, the applicability of the augmented model to a more complex aeronautical three-dimensional case, the NASA Common Research Model configuration, is studied. Observations on the pressure coefficient predictions and the model correction field suggest that the present 2D-based augmentation is to some extent applicable to a three-dimensional aircraft flow.

Biochemical and Biorefinery Platform for Second-Generation Bioethanol: Fermentative Strategies and Microorganisms

Bioethanol is the most commonly used biofuel. It is an alternative to replace fossil fuels in renewable energy; it can be produced from lignocellulosic feedstock using a biotechnological process. Their participation of microorganisms is crucial in the bioconversion process of fermentation for ethanol production and can involve bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, when working within bioethanol processes from lignocellulose feedstock, microorganisms face some challenges, such as high temperature, high solids content, and the ability to ferment sugars for high ethanol concentration. Such challenges will depend on operative strategies, such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, separate hydrolysis and fermentation, semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and consolidated bioprocessing; these are the most common configurations. This review presents different trends of the microbial role, biochemical application, and fermentation operative strategies for bioethanol production of the second generation.

Proximal foundation anchor variations and their correlation with unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) in children with EOS treated with magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR).

The evolution of MCGR technique has led to modifications in the configuration of the proximal construct to decrease the incidence of implant-related complications (IRC) and revision surgeries. However, there is no data characterizing the performance of the most used configurations reducing the risk of complications. 487 patients were identified from an international multicenter EOS database. EOS patients, primary dual MCGR, complete radiographs, and minimum of 2-year follow-up. 76 patients had incomplete X-rays, 5 had apical fusions, and 18 had inconclusive complications, leaving 388 patients for review. A digital spine template was created to document UIV; number of levels; number, type, and location of anchors; as well as implant configuration. First available postoperative and latest follow-up radiographs were reviewed by two senior surgeons and two spine fellows. UPROR due to IRC was defined as any change in proximal anchors between the postoperative and final follow-up radiographs. The most common proximal construct configuration: UIV at T2 (50.0%) with 17.5% UPROR, followed by T3 (34.0%) with 12.1% UPROR; number of levels was three (57.1%) with 16.8% UPROR and two (26.0%) with 17.0% UPROR; number of proximal anchors was six (49.9%) with 14.1% UPROR and four (27.0%) with 18.3% UPROR. The most common anchors were all screws (42.0%) with 9.9% UPROR, and all hooks (26.4%) with 31.4% UPROR (P < 0.001). The construct with the lowest rate of UPROR was a UIV at T2, with six anchors (all screws) across three levels (42 cases), with 0% UPROR. Other construct combinations that yielded 0% UPROR rates were UIV of T3, six anchors (all screws) across three levels (25 cases), and a UIV of T3 with six anchors (screws and hooks) across three3 levels (9 cases). Proximal anchor configuration impacts the incidence of UPROR due to IRC in MCGR. UIV at T2 and T3 compared to T4, and the use of all screws or combination of screws and hooks compared to all hooks were associated with a lower UPROR rate. The most common construct configuration was T2 UIV, three levels, six anchors, and all screws. The use of a combination of six anchors (screws or screws and hooks) across three levels with a UIV at T2 or T3 was associated with a lower UPROR rate.Additional research is needed to further evaluate the variables contributing to configuration selection and their association with IRC.

Prevalence and Classification of C-Shaped Canal and Radix in Mandibular Molars Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography on Mexican Population.

The diverse morphological configurations in teeth present clinical challenges in root canal treatment, complicating instrumentation and irrigation processes, which can lead to treatment failure. Understanding anatomical variations, such as C-shaped canals and radix entomolaris, enhances clinical skills and improves long-term endodontic treatment success rates. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers superior diagnostic capabilities over conventional radiography, enabling the pre-operative detection of root configurations and canal numbers, facilitating personalized endodontic treatments. A total of 2173 teeth of a Mexican population, including 1057 first mandibular molars and 1116 s mandibular molars, were studied using only CBCT to identify C-shaped canals and radix configurations of patients who were treated from 2018 to 2023 at the Department of Radiology at the Faculty of Dentistry, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Mexico. C-shaped canals were identified in 160 teeth, with a prevalence of 0.2% in first mandibular molars and 14.1% in second mandibular molars. The highest frequency was in the left second mandibular molar (3.7) at 14.8%. Gender differences were significant, with higher prevalence in females (27.3%) compared to males (13.3%). The most common C-shaped canal configuration was type C2 (39.3%). Radix entomolaris was found in 52 teeth, with a prevalence of 3.4% in first mandibular molars and 1.4% in second mandibular molars. This research on a Mexican population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) highlights significant findings in the prevalence and types of C-shaped canals and radix entomolaris in mandibular molars for this population. The left second mandibular molar (3.7) showed the highest prevalence at 14.8%, followed closely by the right second mandibular molar (4.7) at 13.5%, with a significant difference (p < 0.001). We found a significant difference in the prevalence of C-shaped canals between genders (p = 0.004, OR 1.78). Additionally, radix entomolaris (p < 0.001) was more frequently identified in first mandibular molars to a significant degree. These insights underscore the importance of CBCT in diagnosing complex root anatomies, which can greatly enhance the success rates of endodontic procedures by allowing for more tailored and precise treatments for this population.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for respiratory failure in the intensive care unit continues to have an expanded role in select patients. While acute respiratory distress syndrome remains the most common indication, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be used in other causes of refractory hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. The most common configuration is veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; however, in specific cases of refractory hypoxemia or right ventricular failure, some patients may benefit from veno-pulmonary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or veno-venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Patient selection and extracorporeal circuit management are essential to successful outcomes. This narrative review explores the physiology of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, indications and contraindications, ventilator management, extracorporeal circuit management, troubleshooting hypoxemia, complications, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation weaning in patients with respiratory failure. As the footprint of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation continues to expand, it is essential that clinicians understand the underlying physiology and management of these complex patients.

Studying Chondrichthyans Using Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems: A Review.

Cartilaginous fish face significant threats due to overfishing and slow reproductive rates, leading to rapid declines in their populations globally. Traditional capture-based surveys, while valuable for gathering ecological information, pose risks to the health and survival of these species. Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS) offer a non-invasive alternative, allowing for standardized surveys across various habitats with minimal disturbance to marine life. This study presents a comprehensive review of BRUVS applications in studying cartilaginous fish, examining 81 peer-reviewed papers spanning from 1990 to 2023. The analysis reveals a significant increase in BRUVS usage over the past three decades, particularly in Australia, South Africa, and Central America. The most common BRUVS configurations include benthic setups, mono-camera systems, and the use of fish from the Clupeidae and Scombridae families as bait. BRUVS have been instrumental in studying 195 chondrichthyan species, providing insights into up to thirteen different aspects of the life histories. Moreover, BRUVS facilitate the monitoring of endangered and data-deficient species, contributing crucial data for conservation efforts. Overall, this study underscores the value of BRUVS as a powerful tool for studying and conserving cartilaginous fish populations worldwide.