Common Behavioral Disorder Research Articles

Understanding the Behavioral Health Needs of Hospice Patients and Their Family Caregivers: Perspectives of Hospice Medical Directors.

Behavioral health disorders are common among patients and caregivers in the hospice setting. Yet, limited data exist regarding what hospice providers perceive as the most common and challenging behavioral health disorders they encounter and how they manage these issues in practice. To characterize the perspectives of hospice medical directors (HMDs) on addressing the behavioral health challenges when caring for patients enrolled in home hospice care and their family caregivers. Semistructured interviews with seventeen certified HMDs were conducted. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Many HMDs agreed that delivering high-quality behavioral health care is a tenet for good end-of-life (EoL) care. HMDs shared that depression and anxiety were the most common behavioral health challenges they encountered, while among caregivers, substance use disorder was the most challenging. Participants mentioned that nurses and social workers played a vital role in detecting and managing behavioral health problems. HMDs also stated that providing additional training for frontline staff and incorporating behavioral health experts are potential solutions to help address current challenges. HMDs emphasized the importance of addressing behavioral health challenges among patients and caregivers to provide effective end-of-life care. Future studies should examine the viewpoints of additional key stakeholder groups (e.g., hospice interdisciplinary team members, family caregivers) and confirm them in quantitative studies. Designing and implementing evidence-based assessments and interventions to improve behavioral health care by addressing anxiety, depression, and caregiver substance use disorders is essential to improving care and care outcomes in the hospice setting.

EFFECTS OF AN EXERCISE AND MINDFULNESS PROGRAMME ON SYMPTOMS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN BOYS AGED 9-11 YEARS

ADHD is the most common behavioral disorder in children. Some professional therapeutic treatment (PTT) of ADHD includes also physical exercise (PE) and mindfulness training (MT). In this study we have combined both. The sample included 20 subjects in the experimental (EG) and 19 in the control group (CG). All subjects were ADHD diagnosed boys, aged 10(±1) years. The intervention of the EG used PE and MT, while the CG intervention used unsystematic emotion education. The intervention took place twice a week for 60 minutes over the 3 months. The subjects' expression of ADHD symptoms was measured with the ASEBA CBCL/6-18 protocol (2023). Statistical analyses were calculated using IBM SPSS 25. Differences in the expression of ADHD symptoms between the groups were calculated using the Mann-Whitney rank test for independent samples. There were found no statistically significant differences (p=0.378). The short-term effect of the intervention was calculated using a two-factor ANOVA. On the symptom expression measures we found SSD (p<0.001) in both groups. There were significantly lower ADHD symptom expression in the EG. The same method was used to determine the long-term intervention effect. On both measures symptoms were a statistically significant (p<0.001) lower expressed in the EG. The magnitude of ADHD symptom expression was statistically significant (p<0.001) in both groups on both post-intervention measurements, but the symptom magnitude was significantly higher in the CG. Based on the findings, we suggest that such a systematic intervention could be used in modern PTT of children with ADHD.

Main focus of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the effectiveness of early clinical screening.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common mental and behavioral disorder among children. To explore the focus of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder parents and the effectiveness of early clinical screening. This study found that the main directions of parents seeking medical help were short attention time for children under 7 years old (16.6%) and poor academic performance for children over 7 years old (12.1%). We employed a two-stage experiment to diagnose ADHD. Among the 5683 children evaluated from 2018 to 2021, 360 met the DSM-5 criteria. Those diagnosed with ADHD underwent assessments for letter, number, and figure attention. Following the exclusion of ADHD-H diagnoses, the detection rate rose to 96.0%, with 310 out of 323 cases identified. This study yielded insights into the primary concerns of parents regarding their children's symptoms and validated the efficacy of a straightforward diagnostic test, offering valuable guidance for directing ADHD treatment, facilitating early detection, and enabling timely intervention. Our research delved into the predominant worries of parents across various age groups. Furthermore, we showcased the precision of the simple exclusion experiment in discerning between ADHD-I and ADHD-C in children. Our study will help diagnose and guide future treatment directions for ADHD.

Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorder in Genetic Perspective Review

Autism in children is a common mental and behavioral disorder in pediatrics, and the incidence is increasing year by year, but the pathogenesis of autism has not been clear, and there is no specific drug. At present, the number of autistic groups in China is still growing, which brings great pressure to families and society. In recent years, public awareness of autism has significantly increased, thanks to the dissemination of knowledge in professional journals and the widespread use of social media. As a result, professionals in the fields of psychology and biology are increasingly using the term 'autism spectrum disorders' (ASDs) to describe this conditio. This paper aims to explore the ASD in genetic perspective which include several ways to diagnose ADS, introduction of different type of symptoms such as Rett syndrome or Asperger's syndrome, also giving variety causes both in genetic and nurture factors and some conservative therapy recommendations such as some drugs therapy.

Family Constellation therapy: A nascent approach for working with non-local consciousness in a therapeutic container

Family Constellations are an emerging therapeutic approach for working with local and non-local consciousness. First developed by German psychoanalyst Bert Hellinger, and now practiced by thousands of licensed and un-licensed facilitators globally, Family Constellations are a transpersonal and systemically oriented therapeutic process. Their aim is to address a focus client's emotional, behavioral, relational, or somatic issues by uncovering and resolving transgenerational entanglements within their family system. The author expands on the proposal of symbiogenesis as a mediator of local and non-local consciousness to query whether applying the Observer Effect to inherited trauma may influence epigenetic marks. An expanded perspective on consciousness, life, death, and quantum fields may provide a more comprehensive framework to address therapeutic interventions for common emotional and behavioral disorders. Innovative features of Family Constellations are its phenomenological orientation, reference to family system entanglements, and potential for symptom relief through cellular mediation of ancestral memory. Family Constellations utilize techniques called representative perception and tuning-in to identify and release ancestral traumas. These are akin to remote viewing and mediumship. While the scientific basis for Family Constellations is speculative, the text references research on the quantum theory of consciousness, mediumship and remote viewing as potential supporting evidence. Four case studies are presented.

The basic characteristics of east Asian tourism culture and the impact of bidirectional interaction in the communication process on attention deficit patients

BackgroundAttention deficit is a common psychological and behavioural disorder in childhood, characterized by difficulty concentrating attention, emotional impulses, and excessive activity. East Asia is a region with multiple ethnic groups, religions, and uneven economic, political, and social development. There are certain homogeneity or heterogeneity in East Asian tourism culture, as well as diversity and differences. To improve patient symptoms and enhance their intellectual level, the basic characteristics of tourism culture and the impact of two-way interaction on patients were studied.Subjects and Methods78 children with attention deficit admitted to our hospital were selected as the subjects and randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. Both groups of patients were treated with sustained-release tablets of methylphenidate hydrochloride, and the experimental group received behavioural intervention through East Asian tourism. The treatment lasts for 15 weeks and travels once a week.ResultsThe study used SPSS23.0 statistical software for data analysis. The analysis results showed that before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the scores of each dimension of the CRT scale between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). After the intervention, the scores of each dimension of the CRT scale in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe combination of East Asian tourism behaviour intervention and medication therapy for attention deficit patients can help improve their cognitive function and psychological behaviour.AcknowledgementHunan New Liberal Arts Research and Reform Practice Project, No. (2021)94-51; Key topics of Hunan Provincial Department of Education, No.22A0519.

English online teach mode on learning effect of the student with hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is teenagers’ most common mental and behavioral disorder. Students with ADHD often tend to fidget with their hands and feet while attending in-person English classes. This behavior can impede their ability to engage effectively in learning, consequently leading to suboptimal academic outcomes. The online teaching mode is studied to improve the English learning effect of students with hyperactivity disorder.Subjects and MethodsThe study divided 100 ADHD students in a city into an experimental group and a control group, in which 50 ADHD students in the experimental group were taught in English online teaching mode. In comparison, 50 students in the control group received English offline teaching mode. The study used the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rating scale (SNAP-IV) to measure and finally compared the final scores of the two groups of students from September 2021 to January 2022 with the SNAP-IV score.ResultsThe data were analyzed by SPSS23.0 statistical software. The final English scores of the experimental group and the control group were (80.24±1.24) and (75.31±1.36) respectively, and the SNAP-IV scores of the experimental group and the control group were (12.2±2.7) and (15.1±2.3) respectively. The experimental group was superior to the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P <0.05).Conclusions Online English teaching can effectively reduce students’ divergent attention and improve students’ learning concentration.

Ketogenic diet ameliorates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in rats via regulating gut microbiota.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common mental behavioral disorder in children. Alterations in gut microbiota composition are associated with neurological disorders. We aimed to investigate whether a ketogenic diet (KD) can be an alternative therapy for ADHD by altering the gut microbiota. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomly allocated to the normal diet (ND), methylphenidate (MPH), and KD groups. SHR in groups KD and MPH exhibited a significant increase in behavioral characteristics of ADHD, such as distance moved and immobility time. KD and MPH treatment led to a significant elevation in concentrations of 5-HT, AC, cAMP, and NE of brain tissue and the expression of DRD1, DAT, PKA, DARPP32, and cAMP at the protein level in WKY rats and SHR. KD and MPH significantly increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in SHR. The abundance of Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Blautia significantly increased, whereas that of Lactobacillus, Romboutsia, Facklamia, and Turicibacter significantly declined in the KD group compared with the ND group. The gut microbiota in the KD group of SHR mainly participated in amino acid metabolism- and sugar metabolism-related pathways. KD might alleviate behavioral disorders in ADHD by regulating gut microbiota. This study provides novel insights for the use of KD in treating ADHD.

Sub-Scalp Implantable Telemetric EEG (SITE) for the Management of Neurological and Behavioral Disorders beyond Epilepsy.

Sub-scalp Implantable Telemetric EEG (SITE) devices are under development for the treatment of epilepsy. However, beyond epilepsy, continuous EEG analysis could revolutionize the management of patients suffering from all types of brain disorders. This article reviews decades of foundational EEG research, collected from short-term routine EEG studies of common neurological and behavioral disorders, that may guide future SITE management and research. Established quantitative EEG methods, like spectral EEG power density calculation combined with state-of-the-art machine learning techniques applied to SITE data, can identify new EEG biomarkers of neurological disease. From distinguishing syncopal events from seizures to predicting the risk of dementia, SITE-derived EEG biomarkers can provide clinicians with real-time information about diagnosis, treatment response, and disease progression.

The Association of Prenatal Antibiotic Use with Attention Deficit and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

(1) Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common cognitive and behavioral disorders. Antibiotics are widely used in pregnant women and their newborns. The objective of this study was to examine the potential association between prenatal exposure to antibiotics and the risk of ADHD and ASD in childhood from a nationwide perspective. (2) Methods: The Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was used as the primary data source. This nationwide cohort study included only first-time pregnancies. A total of 906,942 infants were enrolled. All infants were followed up for at least 6 years. The Cox regression model was applied for covariate control. (3) Results: Prenatal exposure to antibiotics was found to significantly increase the cumulative incidence of ADHD while having only a borderline effect on the cumulative incidence of ASD. Exposure to antibiotics during any of the three different gestational age ranges significantly increased the cumulative risk. However, only exposure after 34 weeks of gestation had a significant impact on the occurrence of ASD. The study also revealed a dose-dependent effect on the occurrence of ADHD but no effect on the occurrence of ASD. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests that prenatal exposure to antibiotics may increase the risk of developing ADHD and ASD later in life.

Evaluating serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate capsules as a once-daily treatment option for ADHD

ABSTRACT Introduction Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder which is best treated through a combination of medication and behavioral therapy, with stimulant medications serving as a first-line treatment approach. Serdexmethylphenidate (SDX), a prodrug of dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH), a commonly utilized stimulant medication, has recently received approval and is marketed in the U.S.A. Areas covered This review summarizes peer-reviewed literature on SDX published between 2021–2023 and a review of data available from ClinicalTrials.gov. Expert opinion SDX represents a new option for treatment for ADHD. It is unique in its prodrug design and achieves a relatively extended duration of action in comparison to other stimulant formulations. Although the research is relatively limited thus far, early data suggests it to be a safe medication to consider with side effects being similar to other stimulant medications. Its prodrug design is useful in potentially serving as a deterrent to intentional parenteral abuse and its ability to be opened and sprinkled makes it an option for those individuals with ADHD who might be unable to swallow pills.

Symptoms and Risk Factors of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can be characterized by impaired attention, hyperactivity or excessive motor activity, and impulsivity, which is disproportionate to age and the most common behavioral disorder in children and adolescents. Hyperactivity or excessive motor activity means an individual may seem to move about constantly, including in conditions when it is not appropriate, or excessively fidget, tap, or talk. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder frequently occurs with specific and global developmental and learning problems that include autistic spectrum disorders, difficulties with speech and language, motor co-ordination, and reading, as well as with a range of psychiatric disorders, notably oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and tic disorders. Long-term outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can be dangerous because they elevate the rates of serious accidental injury, medicine addiction, depression, school or occupational failure, and involvement in the criminal justice system. Hyperactivity or excessive motor activity can be characterized by being unable to concentrate on tasks, being unable to sit still, excessive physical movement, excessive talking, interrupting conversations, and acting without thinking. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with impairments in cognitive, academic, familial, and finally occupational domains of daily life functioning. Impaired social functioning can manifest as rejection by peers and conflicts with other children and adults. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is commonly associated with highly familial disorder, environmental and other modifiable risk factors such as prenatal substance exposures, heavy metal and chemical exposures, nutritional factors, and lifestyle and psychosocial factors.

Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in children and is described as a disease involving loss of self-control. The core symptoms of ADHD are inattentiveness, impulsivity, and motor unrest. Furthermore, poor concentration, distraction, hyperactivity, and poor academic achievement at school or at home are other symptoms. ADHD, like other prevalent medical disorders such as asthma and schizophrenia, may be impacted by several genes and has multiple contributing causes that are not all related to each other. The management of ADHD contains multimodal treatments, starting with psycho-education for parents and the child or adolescent patient in an age-appropriate manner called cognitive behavioral therapy. The worldwide prevalence rate of ADHD among children is 7.2% and, in some countries, can be higher and reach 15.5%; studies show the average prevalence of ADHD in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(KSA) is 9.2%. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 among children who live in Makkah between the ages of 4 and 14 years old via an online survey that contained the ADHD Rating Scale-IV for parents/teachers, and caregivers based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria. The scale was translated into Arabic and contains 18 questions about ADHD symptoms. Result The overall prevalence of combined ADHD among children in Makkah is 52.5% (n=203 out of 387); most of them were males (30.8%) and 21.7% were females (P=0.09), and most of the combined ADHD prevalence was between the ages of 11 and 14 (20.4%), then the age of 4-7 (16.8%), and 15.3% of them were between 8 and 10 years old. Additionally, the results show a higher prevalence of combined ADHD in Makkah city (33.1%) (n=121) in comparison to rural areas 19.4% (n=82) (P=0.132). Conclusion The aim of the study was to measure the prevalence rate of ADHD in the Makkah region. The study showed a high prevalence rate of ADHD (52.5%) among children in Makkah; the study was carried out online using an ADHD scale, and more accurate results could be found by using face-to-face interviews and including both parents and teachers.

Effects of methylphenidate on impulsive choice and delay aversion in Lewis rats.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common behavioral disorder in children and young adults, is characterized by symptoms of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Lewis rat strain as a model of ADHD by testing their impulsive choices. Lewis rats were compared to their source strain, the Wistar rat, on an impulsive choice task. Rats completed the tasks on and off methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed medication for ADHD. Off methylphenidate, Lewis rats made more impulsive choices than Wistar rats. Analyses of acquisition of choice behavior suggested that both strains were able to discriminate reward sizes, but Lewis rats still chose the smaller-sooner option more than the larger-later (LL) option when the delays to reward were the same. This may be due to an aversion to the LL lever, which was associated with the longest delays to reward. Higher doses of methylphenidate increased LL choices in Lewis rats but decreased LL choices in Wistar rats. Altogether, these results suggest Lewis rats may be a viable model for ADHD in individuals whose symptoms are characterized by impulsive choices.

Common behavioral disorders in children and homeopathic approach

Behavioural disorders are one of the most concerning disorders of children for parents and teachers. They include ADHD, ODD and Conduct Disorder. There are various factors that can cause these disorders, like genetic, environmental, neuro-biological, and developmental are some to mention. Even though the symptoms of these disorders seem to be similar they differ in their main core. Homoeopathy has shown wonders in treating pediatric patients and behavioural disorders are not an exception.

Putative Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Prevents Brain Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Aggressive-Like Behavior in Zebrafish.

Background: Aggression is a set of complex behaviors commonly described in different neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia, autistim spectrum disorder, and anxiety. Previous studies have described that some changes in the redox status of the brain are closely associated with aggressive behavior in different species. In addition, the endocannabinoid system acts as a neuromodulator of the central nervous system, however, its participation in aggressive behavior needs to be elucidated. Danio rerio (zebrafish) is an important model in the study of aggression, in this context, the present study investigated whether the activation of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1r) alters the cerebral redox state and aggressive behavior in zebrafish. Materials and Methods: We performed pharmacological manipulations with the CB1r agonist (ACEA) and antagonist (AM-251) to assess the role of this receptor in aggressive behavior. Individuals were isolated in pairs, without physical contact for 24 h, treated with the drugs of interest, and after 30 minutes of pharmacokinetics, the fights were filmed for 30 min, and the individuals were identified as dominant or subordinate. Results: A consistent decrease in the strike and bite aggressive behavior was observed in the group treated with the ACEA agonist compared with that in the control and AM-251 groups. When evaluating the cerebral redox state, we observed that treatment with the ACEA agonist reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased the levels of sulfhydryl groups compared with those in the control group. These results indicate that the activation of CB1r by the ACEA agonist inhibited aggressiveness and attenuated the levels of oxidative stress in both subjects (dominant or subordinate) in the treated group. Conclusion: Thus, we suggest that zebrafish is an alternative model to study common aggressive behavior disorders among species and that CB1r represent a potential target for the development of treatments for aggressive disorders.

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves, behavioral performance, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common chronic mental and behavioral disorder among children. Some studies showed the lower levels of vitamin D in patients with ADHD compared with the healthy people. Few clinical trials were conducted in this field. The present study will be performed to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation in children with ADHD.MethodsWe will conduct a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves, behavioral performance, serum nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in 50 patients with ADHD. The intervention group will receive one capsule 50,000 IU vitamin D every week, for 8 weeks. The control group will receive one placebo capsule containing 1000 mg olive oil every week. Electroencephalography will be performed for 10 min using Brain Master Discovery from 19 scalp sites both before the first intervention and the 10 sessions of the therapy. The artifact-free periods of 1-min electroencephalography data will be analyzed for quantitative electroencephalography measures.DiscussionFor the first time, this clinical trial will evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves, serum nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with ADHD. The results of the present clinical trial will provide a better vision about the vitamin D efficacy in patients with ADHD.Trial registrationRegistered on 5 November 2020 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with code number IRCT20200922048802N1 (https://www.irct.ir/trial/51410).

Efficacy of propofol for the prevention of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children: A meta-analysis.

BackgroundEmergence agitation (EA) is a common postoperative behavioral disorder, predominantly in pediatric patients, after sevoflurane general anesthesia. This study was aimed at assessing propofol's efficacy and clinical conditions established for preventing EA in children under sevoflurane anesthesia.MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) that comparatively investigated propofol and control treatment in terms of efficacy and safety on administration at the end of surgery and examinations to prevent EA in children under sevoflurane anesthesia were searched. The sources accessed included PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Furthermore, manual searches were performed to identify studies; the last review was conducted on March 21, 2022. When the risk of bias assessment of trials was performed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, we calculated risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for EA incidence and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CI for continuous data.ResultsWe included 12 RCTs with 1103 children. EA incidence (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.67) and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scores (MD: −3.14, 95% CI: −4.37 to −1.92) were lower in the propofol group. Subgroup analyses showed lower EA incidences with 3 mg/kg propofol (RR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.38) without extension of the PACU time (MD: 4.97, 95% CI: −0.84 to 10.78) in the laryngeal mask airway (LMA; RR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.77) and spontaneous breathing (RR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.62) groups.DiscussionWe confirmed that a prophylactic dose of propofol prevented EA and decreased its severity in children under sevoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, several conditions such as 3 mg/kg propofol, LMA, and spontaneous breathing, potentially contributed to EA prevention. Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=274692, identifier: PROSPERO (No. CRD42021274692).

2.3 Results of the ICD-11 Clinic-Based Field Study of Mental and Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Part 2: Clinical Utility and Implementation Characteristics Across 4 Countries

Improving clinical utility was a focus in the development of the ICD-11 mental and behavioral disorders. Clinical utility was defined in terms of value in communicating among stakeholders, implementation characteristics (eg, goodness of fit, time required to use), and usefulness for clinical decisions (eg, assigning diagnoses, selecting treatments). Here, we report the clinical utility data from the ICD-11 clinic-based field studies in China, India, Japan, and Mexico for common mental and behavioral disorders affecting youth.

Evaluation of Celiac Disease Prevalence in Patients with ADHD (Attention Deficite/ Hyperactivity Disorder)

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders among children that has a significant impact on family and society. Recently since numerous cases of ADHD alongside celiac disease and improvement of behavioral symptoms of children with ADHD with gluten-free diet have been proposed, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of celiac disease in children with ADHD based on serological findings in Sistan.
 Methods: The present study was performed on 76 children with a diagnosis of ADHD referred to the pediatric clinic of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol. Demographic, clinical and paraclinical information such as age, sex and celiac laboratory diagnostic tests (anti-TTG and total IgA) were collected and the results were entered in the information form of each child and analyzed.
 Results: Among the 76 children participating in this study, 58 were male (76.3%) and the age range of patients was 12-2 years (6.9 ± 2.4). The results of the study showed that based on the results of celiac serology tests performed among children with ADHD, no cases of celiac disease were found. In this study, 26 children (34.21%) have anemia. However, the mean of anti-TTG and total IgA in children with anemia and children without anemia were not statistically significant (p value > 0.05).
 Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that based on serological findings, no cases of celiac disease were observed among children with ADHD.