Growth Of Common Bean Research Articles

Growth and nutrient concentrations of common bean, lowland rice, corn, soybean, and wheat at different soil ph on an inceptisol

Soil pH is an important soil chemical property of acid soils that profoundly affects the growth and nutrient uptake by crops. Five greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to mean soil pH values of 4.9, 5.9, 6.4, 6.7, and 7 on an Inceptisol. Relative dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots of all the crops tested was significantly affected by soil pH. Based on the quadratic response optimum pH for maximum relative Dry matter yield of wheat was 6.3, for soybean 5.6, for corn 5.4, for common bean 6 and for rice 4.9. This shows that crops responded differently to soil acidity. Among the crops tested, rice was the most tolerant and wheat was the most intolerant to soil acidity. On an average concentration of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in the plant shoots increased quadratically with increased soil pH except K concentration in the shoots of corn and soybean decreased. Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the shoots of common bean and wheat decreased with increasing soil pH but in lowland rice, corn, and soybean increased quadratically with increasing soil pH. Phosphorus (P) concentrations in the shoots of common bean, wheat, and corn was increased but in lowland rice and soybean decreased with increasing soil pH. With few exceptions, most of the micronutrients concentrations decreased with increasing soil pH.

Effect of management practices on mycorrhizal infection, growth and dry matter partitioning in field-grown bean

The experiment was carried out on unsterilized field soil with low phosphorus availability with the objective of examining the effect of cultural practices on mycorrhizal colonization and growth of common bean. The treatments were: three pre-crops (maize, wheat and fallow) followed by three soil management practices ("ploughing", mulching and bare fallow without "ploughing" during the winter months). After the cultural practices, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Canadian Wonder was grown in this soil. Fallowing and soil disturbance reduced natural soil infectivity. Mycorrhizal infection of the bean roots occurred more rapidly in the recently cropped soil than in the fallow soil. Prior cropping with a strongly mycorrhizal plant (maize) increased infectivity even further.

The effects of soil compaction, soil moisture and soil type on growth and nodulation of soybean and common bean

In field tests we have observed year-to-year differences in the severity of the effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean; these differences appeared to be related to the amount of rainfall during the growing season. We decided to use better controlled conditions in the greenhouse, and extend the scope of the study to another legume crop and a different soil type, in order to investigate the hypothesis that copious water supply alleviates the adverse effects of soil compaction on nodulation and plant growth.The effects of two levels of soil compaction and of high and low water supply on the growth and nodulation of common bean and soybean were investigated in separate pot tests using a Fox sandy loam and a Brookston clay loam soil.Root growth of both species was severely restricted by dry compacted conditions. Plant growth as a whole was clearly reduced by both increased compaction and by reduced water supply, presumably mediated by the effects on root growth. The effect of reduced water supply was more severe in the highly compacted pots, and more severe in the clay loam than in the sandy loam.In the sandy loam, low moisture reduced nodule numbers and weights in both species, while increased bulk density reduced the numbers of nodules but not the dry weights. In the clay loam, nodule weights and numbers were very low, presumably, owing to high levels of nitrate, which may have resulted from mineralization of soil organic matter during storage.A generous supply of water obviously alleviated some of the adverse effects of soil compaction on plant growth. This is in general agreement with results of earlier field trials, where severity of the effects of soil compaction varied with the quantity of rainfall. Key words: Soybean, common bean, soil compaction, soil moisture, nodulation, bulk density

Foliar application of molybdenum in common bean. III. Effect on nodulation

Two field experiments were conducted, one in Viçosa, Brazil (high fertility soil), and the other in Coimbra, Brazil (low fertility soil) to verify the effect molybdenum (Mo), nitrogen (N), or Rhizobium on growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Plants were either given a foliar application of 40 g Mo ha‐1, or an addition of N fertilizer (20 kg ha‐1 at planting and/or 30 kg ha‐1 as a side dressing), or inoculated with two selected Rhizobium strains. Nodulation parameters of common bean (cv. Ouro Negro 1992) were measured. At both sites, Mo application at 25 days after plant emergence decreased nodule number per plant, while nodule weight was not affected in Viçosa and was increased in Coimbra at 46 days after plant emergence. However, N application at planting decreased the number and the weight of nodules at both sites, while N side dressed did not affect nodule number or weight. Therefore, the main effect of Mo fertilization was an increase in the size of nodules. The main effect of Mo on nodulation appears to be the avoidance of nodule senescence, and so maintaining a longer period of effective N2 fixation.

Influence of pH on growth and nutrient uptake by crop species in an Oxisol

Crop growth in Oxisols is known to be limited by high soil acidity and low levels of basic cations. Five greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil pH on the growth and nutrient uptake of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Six levels of soil pH (4.1, 4.7, 5.3, 5.9, 6.6, and 7.0) were achieved by addition of various levels of CaCO3. Crop species responded differently to pH, reflecting the genetic diversity among species. Higher dry matter accumulation in roots and tops of rice, corn, and cowpea was observed at acidic pH ranges indicating that these species are tolerant to soil acidity. However, increasing soil pH enhanced dry matter accumulation in roots and tops of wheat and common bean, reflecting their intolerance to soil acidity. In all of the crop species, uptake of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) decreased with a decrease in soil pH. Overall uptake of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in all species increase with a decrease in soil pH. Higher pH in an Oxisol might induce micronutrient deficiencies; therefore, one has to avoid overliming. In general, increasing soil pH decreased the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in rice, but uptake of these elements increased in wheat, corn, and common bean. In order to achieve the full genetic potential of any given species on an Oxisol, one needs to consider the species tolerance to soil acidity and its nutrient demand.

Nodulation and growth of common bean under NaCl-stress

Nodulation and growth of common bean under NaCl-stress

Rice and common bean growth and nutrient concentration as influenced by aluminum on an acid lowland soil

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major limiting factor for crop production in many acid soils in Brazil. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate response of rice (Oryza saliva L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Al levels on a Low Humic Gley acid soil. The Al levels created by liming were: 0,0.03, 0.10, 0.23, 1.03, and 3.83 cmolc kg‐1 of soil. Rice dry matter and grain yield were significantly improved (P<0.05) with increasing Al levels in the soil solution. However, common bean dry matter as well as grain yield were significantly (P<0.01) decreased with increasing Al levels. At 3.83 cmolc Al kg‐1 of soil, bean did not produce any dry matter or grain yield. On an average, Al decreased nutrient concentrations in the tops of rice plant except zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn), but in bean crop almost all the nutrients concentrations were increased with increasing Al levels. Rice showed tolerance to Al toxicity, whereas, common bean was susceptible to toxicity of this element. For successful intensive crops production lime application will be necessary in Varzea soils especially for legume production.

Effects of Azospirillum brasilense on nodulation and growth of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Combined inoculation of potted common bean plants with Rhizobium and Azospirillum significantly increased both upper and total nodule number and N 2-fixation as compared with inoculation with Rhizobium alone. At an Azospirillum concentration of 10 8 cfu ml −1, the combined inoculation reduced root and shoot dry weight accumulation in comparison with Rhizobium alone and with uninoculated controls. However, when the combined inoculation was performed using a lower Azospirillum concentration (5 × 10 6 cfu ml −1), positive effects on plant growth were observed, although the enhancement of nodulation and N 2-fixation were not as great as observed at the higher Azospirillum concentration. Field application of these findings are discussed.

Lime and phosphorus interactions on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice, wheat, common bean, and corn in an Oxisol

Abstract Liming and phosphorus (P) applications are common practices for improving crop production in acid soils of the tropical as well as temperate regions. Four greenhouse experiments were conducted on an Oxisol (clayey, kaolinitic, isothermic, Typic Haplustox) to evaluate response of liming (0,2, and 4 g/kg) and P application (0, 50, and 175 mg P/kg) in a factorial combination on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.01) increased dry weight of tops of all the four crop species as well as dry weight of roots of wheat and corn. Liming significantly (P<0.01) improved growth of common bean and corn but had significant negative effects on rice growth. Maximum dry weight of tops of rice and wheat was obtained at 175 mg P/kg without lime. Maximum dry weight of tops in common bean was obtained at 4 g lime/kg with 175 mg P/kg of soil. In all the crops, inc...

The effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

As part of an investigation of factors limiting nodulation in the field, cultivars of common bean were grown in a sandy loam soil that had been either deep tilled (DT) to reduce compaction or repeatedly rolled by a golf cart or by a tractor followed by a golf cart. In 1991 and 1992, the tractor-rolling treatment was replaced by a conventional tillage system. Nineteen cultivars were grown in 1990; 10, in 1991; and 4, in 1992. In general, soil compaction decreased plant growth and yield but had no adverse effect on numbers or weights of nodules per plant. In 1990, nodule numbers and weights were increased by compaction in the first sample, 35 d after planting. In a combined analysis of the four cultivars common to all 3 yr, nodule weight as a fraction of total plant weight was increased by compaction. Thus, compaction had a more severe effect on overall plant growth than on nodulation per se. Numbers and weights of nodules differed among the cultivars, but they all responded similarly to compaction. Cultivars yielded differently, depending on the degree of compaction (i.e., cultivar × compaction interaction), but, even so, the cultivar that had the highest yield in the DT plots also had the highest yield in the compacted plots. For most characteristics, the severity of the effects of compaction varied with the year, presumably in response to different weather conditions. Key words: Bean yield, common bean, nodulation, Phaseolus vulgaris, soil compaction

Formaldehyde Exposure Affects Growth and Metabolism of Common Bean

Recent state and federal directives have slated a substantial increase in the use of methanol as an alternative to gasoline in both fleet and private vehicles in the coming decade. The incomplete combustion of methanol produces formaldehyde vapor, and catalytic converter technology that completely oxidizes formaldehyde has yet to be developed. The approach of this study was to use a range of methanol concentrations encompassing levels currently found or that may occur in the future in the ambient air of some heavily polluted areas to test the potential phytotoxicity of formaldehyde. The study had the following objectives: (1) design and build a formaldehyde vapor generator with sufficient capacity for long-term plant fumigations; (2) determine growth response of common bean to formaldehyde; (3) evaluate physiological and biochemical changes of bean plants associated with formaldehyde exposures. 20 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

Effects of seed size and photoperiod response on crop growth and yield of common bean

Seed size and yield are usually negatively associated among common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars of bush growth habit. Furthermore, among cultivars varying in photoperiod response for flowering, yields are often lower in photoperiod-sensitive genotypes. While the seed-size effect might extend to overall crop growth, photoperiod response would be expected primarily to influence phenology and, possibly, partitioning. To examine these hypothesized effects, yield, crop dry weight at two stages, harvest index ( hi), and day to maturity were evaluated for 62 genotypes grown at three sites in Colombia and at Davis, California. Regression analyses indicated highly significant negative relationships between seed weight and all variables except days to maturity, even when significant photoperiod effects were accounted for or when analyses were restricted to genotypes from highland environments. Greater sensitivity to photoperiod was associated with lower yields and hi, and delayed maturity, at Davis, and there was a similar, but much weaker, trend of lower yield and hi in the other environments. Because large seed size was associated with reduced growth, relative growth rate ( rgr) of 16 bean genotypes was measured at two of the Colombian sites. At both sites, rgr was negatively correlated with seed weight ( R 2 = 0.59 and R 2 = 0.44, P < 0.01). These results suggest that greater seed size is associated not only with reduced yield, but also with reduced overall growth, and that the effect is largely independent of photoperiod sensitivity, even though the latter influenced phenology and partitioning.

Growth and nutrient concentrations of alfalfa and common bean as influenced by soil acidity

Growth and nutrient utilization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca) were studied in an acid soil adjusted to eight levels of soil acidity by lime addition. Application of lime significantly (P<0.05) increased shoot and root growth for both species. However, common bean was far less sensitive to soil acidity than alfalfa. Maximum alfalfa growth was obtained at a soil pH of 5.8 and maximum bean growth was achieved at pH 5.0. Root and shoot growth of both legumes was positively correlated (P<0.01) with soil pH, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg and negatively correlated (P<0.01) with soil exchangeable Al. Common bean had a lower internal P requirement for maximum growth and was more efficient than alfalfa in taking up Ca and Mg. These characteristics would contribute to the favorable growth of common bean in acid-infertile soils.

Nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability

The efficacy of the alumina system for differentiating between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for growth at different levels of phosphorus availability was determinated. In addition to response to P levels, comparisons were made between plants receiving N either from fertilizer or nitrogen fixation. When the cv. Carioca was provided with either 100 ppm of N or inoculated withRhizobium leguminosarum biovarphaseoli, differences in shoot dry weight and nodule number were related to P level. There was a greater proportion of green, ineffectivevs. red, active nodules at the low P concentration than at the higher P concentration. In a second experiment, two cvs., Puebla 152 and Carioca and the breeding line UW 24-21, either were inoculated with rhizobia or provided with 150ppm of N. Each genotype-nitrogen combination was grown at 8 levels of P. There was a positive effect of P level on shoot dry weight, nodule number and nodule mass. Root mass was affected less than nodule or shoot mass by the P level of the growth medium. Nodule mass, but not P concentration in the nodules, was affected by P level, whereas in the other plant tissues, P concentrations were lower at lower P levels in the media.

Semienclosed Tube Cultures of Bean Plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Enumeration of Rhizobium phaseoli by the Most-Probable-Number Technique

The semienclosed tube culture technique of Gibson was modified to permit growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots in humid air, enabling enumeration of the homologous (nodule forming) symbiont, Rhizobium phaseoli, by the most-probable-number plant infection method. A bean genotype with improved nodulation characteristics was used as the plant host. This method of enumeration was accurate when tubes were scored 3 weeks after inoculation with several R. phaseoli strains diluted from aqueous suspensions, peat-based inoculants, or soil. A comparison of population sizes obtained by most-probable-number tube cultures and plate counts indicated that 1 to 3 viable cells of R. phaseoli were a sufficient inoculant to induce nodule formation.

菜豆の生育・収量と播種期との関係(年次講演会要旨)

菜豆の生育・収量と播種期との関係(年次講演会要旨)