Common Antiseptics Research Articles

Small animal patient preoperative preparation: a review of common antiseptics, comparison studies, and resistance.

This review aims to describe commonly used antiseptics in veterinary medicine including their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, potential adverse effects, and application techniques. Additionally, it provides a review of the veterinary literature comparing antiseptics, a discussion of effectiveness and efficacy studies, and the potential for increased resistance to biocides and antimicrobials. This review concludes that appropriate selection and use is necessary to prevent the occurrence of surgical site infections, adverse effects, and potential for increasing resistance to antimicrobials. Continued research is needed to fill gaps in the current knowledge such as optimal preparation procedures for various surgical sites, standardization of efficacy and effectiveness testing, and the clinical impact of decreased susceptibility to chlorhexidine and other antiseptics.

Trends in the Incorporation of Antiseptics into Natural Polymer-Based Nanofibrous Mats.

Nanofibrous materials represent a very promising form of advanced carrier systems that can be used industrially, especially in regenerative medicine as highly functional bandages, or advanced wound dressings. By incorporation of antimicrobial additives directly into the structure of the nanofiber carrier, the functionality of the layer is upgraded, depending on the final requirement-bactericidal, bacteriostatic, antiseptic, or a generally antimicrobial effect. Such highly functional nanofibrous layers can be prepared mostly by electrospinning technology from both synthetic and natural polymers. The presence of a natural polymer in the composition is very advantageous. Especially in medical applications where, due to the presence of the material close to the human body, the healing process is more efficient and without the occurrence of an unwanted inflammatory response. However, converting natural polymers into nanofibrous form, with a homogeneously distributed and stable additive, is a great challenge. Thus, a combination of natural and synthetic materials is often used. This review clearly summarizes the issue of the incorporation and effectiveness of different types of antimicrobial substances, such as nanoparticles, antibiotics, common antiseptics, or substances of natural origin, into electrospun nanofibrous layers made of mostly natural polymer materials. A section describing the problematic aspects of antimicrobial polymers is also included.

Preparation of antiviral multispray with cationic antimicrobial dialkyldimethyl ammonium salt and sulfobetaine against new coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2).

The novel sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is an enveloped virus currently causing severe illness and death worldwide. Common antiseptics such as alcohol have some efficacy in disinfecting everyday surroundings, but development of more effective disinfectants is imperative. A series of studies focusing on cationic antimicrobials resulted in the development of a safe and effective novel coronavirus disinfectant, DEA-171, which provides ≥99.98 % inhibition of all novel coronavirus variants within 1 min.

Testing of a Potentially Used Antiseptic Consists of Povidon Iodine, Hydrogen Peroxide and Aloe Vera

In this study a new antiseptic was formulated and tested to match the effectiveness against microorganisms. The formulation consisted of Povidone - Iodine (PVP-I) (10%), H2O2 (3%) and Aloe Vera gel (pure). Different ratios of these materials were prepared within the acceptable range of pH for an antiseptic (3-6). The prepared samples were tested. The In Vitro test was performed by using four bacteria, two were Gram-Positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two were Gram-Negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The new antiseptic showed 100% killing rate for E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and S. aureus and 96.4667% killing rate for B. cereus. When the new antiseptic was compared with two common antiseptics (chloroxylenol (Dettol) and alcohol-based antiseptic), it was superior because the alcoholic antiseptic showed 100% killing rate for E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and S. aureus and 89.8000% for B. cereus. The Dettol did not show killing rate against bacteria. Ex vivo test was carried out using the sample that showed the highest effectiveness in the In Vitro test. This was performed by applying the formulation on the skin of lab mice after wounding and contaminating the wounds with two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). After applying the antiseptic on the wounds, swabs from the wounds were taken for testing. The new antiseptic showed amazing efficacy against bacteria by leaving agar dish completely empty from bacteria. In vivo test was also conducted using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19. The new antiseptic did not show effectiveness against Coronavirus because the virus could not be isolated like bacteria.

Cytotoxicity, Epidermal Barrier Function and Cytokine Evaluation after Antiseptic Treatment in Bioengineered Autologous Skin Substitute.

Bioengineered autologous skin substitutes (BASS) technology is an emerging field for skin burn therapy. However, further studies on BASS characterization, viability against standard procedures for wound healing, and protocol optimization are necessary for the improvement of BASS technology for clinical use. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of common antiseptics for clinical use in BASS, focusing on cell viability, inflammatory cytokine pattern, and epithelium and skin barrier integrity, in order to establish the most adequate treatment for wound care after BASS grafting. Human keratinocytes (hKT) and dermal fibroblasts (hDF) were isolated from foreskin samples and integrated into hyaluronic acid-based BASS. The following antiseptics were applied every 48 h: ethanol (70%), chlorhexidine digluconate (1%), sodium hypochlorite (0.02%), povidone iodine (100 mg/mL), and polyhexanide (0.1%), during a follow-up of 16 days. Sodium hypochlorite was the only treatment that showed a high cell viability percentage throughout the evaluation time compared to other antiseptic treatments, as well as a similar cytokine secretion pattern as control BASS. No significant differences were found regarding epidermal barrier function. These findings point towards sodium hypochlorite being the least aggressive antiseptic treatment for BASS post-transplantation wound care.

Cytotoxicity and Wound Closure Evaluation in Skin Cell Lines after Treatment with Common Antiseptics for Clinical Use.

In recent years, new therapies, such as skin cell lines injections, have emerged to promote re-epithelialization of damaged areas such as chronic ulcers or to treat patients with severe burns. Antiseptics are commonly used during wound clinical management to avoid serious infections, but they may delay the healing process due to their apparent cytotoxicity to skin cells. The cytotoxicity of ethanol, chlorhexidine digluconate, sodium hypochlorite, povidone iodine and polyhexanide was evaluated in this in vitro study on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Treatments were applied to each cell type culture every 48 h for 14 days. To determine the cytotoxic of antiseptics, cell viability (Live/Dead®) and cell proliferation (AlamarBlue™) assays were performed on cell monolayers. Cell migration capacity was evaluated with a wound closure assay. Results showed how chlorhexidine digluconate and ethanol significantly reduced the viability of keratinocytes and inhibited cell migration. Povidone iodine followed by chlorhexidine digluconate significantly reduced fibroblast cell viability. Povidone iodine also inhibited cell migration. Sodium hypochlorite was the least detrimental to both cell types. If epithelial integrity is affected, the wound healing process may be altered, so the information gathered in this study may be useful in selecting the least aggressive antiseptic after treatment with new emerging therapies.

Cytotoxicity and Epidermal Barrier Function Evaluation of Common Antiseptics for Clinical Use in an Artificial Autologous Skin Model.

Bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) are the main treatment used in addition to autografts when skin injuries involve a large body surface area. Antiseptic/antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent infections in the BASS implant area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of antiseptics and antibiotics on cell viability, structural integrity, and epidermal barrier function in BASS based on hyaluronic acid during a 28 day follow-up period. Keratinocytes (KTs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were isolated from skin samples and used to establish BASS. The following antibiotic/antiseptic treatment was applied every 48 h: colistin (1%), chlorhexidine digluconate (1%), sodium chloride (0.02%), and polyhexanide (0.1%). Cell viability (LIVE/DEAD® assay), structural integrity (histological evaluation), and epidermal barrier function (trans-epidermal water loss, (TEWL), Tewameter®) were also evaluated. Cell viability percentage of BASS treated with chlorhexidine digluconate was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) than the other antiseptics at day 28. Compared to other treatments, chlorhexidine digluconate and polyhexanide significantly affected the epithelium. No significant differences were found regarding epidermal barrier. These results may be useful for treatment protocols after implantation of BASS in patients and evaluating them in clinical practice. BASS represent a suitable model to test in vitro the impact of different treatments of other skin wounds.

Primer on etiology and treatment of progressive/severe periodontitis: A systemic health perspective.

Periodontology is an infectious disease-based discipline. The etiopathology of progressive/severe periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and proinflammatory cytokines. Herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria may interact synergistically to produce periodontal breakdown, and periodontal herpesviruses may contribute to systemic diseases. The infectious agents of severe periodontitis reside in deep pockets, furcation lesions, and inflamed gingiva, sites inaccessible by conventional (purely mechanical) surgical or nonsurgical therapy but accessible by systemic antibiotic treatment. This brief overview presents an effective anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis, which includes systemic chemotherapy/antibiotics against herpesviruses (valacyclovir [acyclovir]) and bacterial pathogens (amoxicillin+metronidazole or ciprofloxacin+metronidazole) plus common antiseptics (povidone-iodine and sodium hypochlorite) and select ultrasonic scaling. The proposed treatment can cause a marked reduction or elimination of major periodontal pathogens, is acceptably safe, and can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.

The Antibacterial Activity of Lavender Essential Oil Alone and In Combination with Octenidine Dihydrochloride against MRSA Strains.

In the post-antibiotic era the issue of bacterial resistance refers not only to antibiotics themselves but also to common antiseptics like octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT). This appears as an emerging challenge in terms of preventing staphylococcal infections, which are both potentially severe and easy to transfer horizontally. Essential oils have shown synergisms both with antibiotics and antiseptics. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of lavender essential oil (LEO) on OCT efficiency towards methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (MRSA). The LEO analyzed in this study increased the OCT’s susceptibility against MRSA strains. Subsequent FTIR analysis revealed cellular wall modifications in MRSA strain cultured in media supplemented with OCT or LEO/OCT. In conclusion, LEO appears to be a promising candidate for an efficient enhancer of conventional antiseptics.

Fibroblast Growth on Zirconia Ceramic and Titanium Disks After Application with Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Devices or with Antiseptics

Fast wound healing after abutment connection may reduce infectious complications. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma can increase the hydrophilicity of abutment surfaces, and therefore, the cell attachment, cell density, and sealing could improve to hamper microbial penetration into the wound cavity. In this in vitro study, the effect of three different plasma devices and common antiseptics on cell growth after treatment on zircon ceramic and titanium disks was analyzed. Specimens were treated for 5 minutes with the plasma devices kINPen 08, kINPen 09, or kINPen Chamber and for 15 minutes with the antiseptics chlorhexidine digluconate (0.2%), octenidine (0.1%), and ethanol (70%). After treatment, primary human fibroblast cells (HGF-1) were seeded and incubated for 1 and 24 hours. The cell area after 1 hour and cell density after 24 hours were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy images. Water contact angles of both surfaces (95/96 degrees) were significantly reduced to 26 to 36 degrees (titanium) or 9 to 28 degrees (zircon ceramic) after plasma treatment. Only on titanium, the average cell area was significantly increased after 1-hour cell incubation following kINPen 08 and kINPen 09 treatment. No significant differences between all three plasma devices and the untreated control were determined on both materials after 24 hours, whereas octenidine and chlorhexidine reduced cell surface covering. The cell density was significantly lower for all treatment regimens except octenidine on zircon ceramic compared with titanium. Plasma reduced the water contact angle and supported cell covering on titanium in the early stage. Plasma devices had no discernible influence on cell covering after 24-hour cell incubation, whereas chlorhexidine and octenidine hampered cell covering on both abutment surfaces.

Effectiveness of commonly used antiseptics on bacteria causing nosocomial infections in tertiary hospital in Malaysia

The antimicrobial inhibitory effects of five common antiseptics [Chlorhexidine (CHX), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Iodine, Ethanol and Dettol] were investigated using agar well diffusion method. The organisms used included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The undiluted concentrations of the antiseptics showed variable zones of inhibition against the tested organisms, on MRSA it ranged from 25 mm (CHX) to 30 mm in other antiseptics, on A. baumannii 20 mm (CHX) to 34 mm Dettol, on E. coli 20 mm Dettol to 38 mm (H2O2), on Klebsiella spp. 20 mm Dettol to 24 mm (CHX), whereas on P. aeruginosa it ranged from 13 mm Iodine to 30 mm (H2O2). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorhexidine concentration against MRSA and P. aeruginosa was 10%, while A. baumannii was 20%. All the study bacteria were resistant to ethanol by all concentrations. The result showed that H2O2 was the most effective antiseptics than the others followed by CHX. The study bacteria were found to be crucially susceptible to the routinely used antiseptics tested. Though, there is the need for continuous surveillance for the detection of emerging resistance pattern. Key words: Antimicrobial, antiseptics, disinfectants, nosocomial.

Allergic contact reaction to antiseptics in very young children.

Contact dermatitis from topical antiseptic use has been reported mostly in adults, but rare cases of chlorhexidine contact dermatitis have also been described in young children. To evaluate contact allergic dermatitis to antiseptics in young children. The children mostly referred for a misdiagnose (cellulitis) were patch tested with a selection of the European baseline series, an antiseptics series and the personal topical products used. Fourteen children (8 boys, 6 girls) received a diagnosis of contact dermatitis to antiseptics between May 2010 and December 2017. The mean age at diagnosis was 38 months (8 months to 8 years); three children only had a personal history of atopy. Chlorhexidine gluconate was positive in seven cases, and benzalkonium chloride in eight cases, and in four cases, both allergens were positive. These small case series confirm that both chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride are implicated in contact dermatitis from antiseptic use in the paediatric population. We emphasize the initial misdiagnose of these patients, the very young age of the children and the allergenic potential of common antiseptics in non-atopic children. We hypothesize that the systematic use of antiseptics for umbilical cord care could be responsible for the sensitization in newborns.

In vitro comparative cytotoxicity study of a novel biocidal iodo-thiocyanate complex

Novel biocides, which avoid the induction of cross-resistance to antibiotics, are an urgent societal requirement. Here, we compared the cytotoxic and bactericidal effects of a new antimicrobial agent, the iodo-thiocyanate complex (ITC), with those of the common antiseptics, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), povidone iodine (PVP-I) and Lugol's iodine (Lugol). The antimicrobials were co-incubated for 10 min with HeLa and Escherichia coli cells in the presence and absence of organic matter (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum). The cytotoxic concentrations of ITC were equivalent to its bactericidal concentrations (7.8 μg ml−1). By contrast, cytotoxic effects of H2O2, PVP-I and Lugol were apparent at concentrations lower than their bactericidal concentrations (250, 250 and 125 μg ml−1, respectively). The cellular effects of ITC were not quenched by organic matter, unlike the other antiseptics. ITC, PVP-I and Lugol had hemolytic effect on horse erythrocytes at high concentrations, while H2O2 showed no hemolysis. ITC, at 30 or 300 μg ml−1, did not cause DNA breakage in HeLa cells as assessed by an in vitro comet assay in the absence of S9 metabolic activation, whereas H2O2 caused extensive single-strand DNA breaks. The pronounced antimicrobial potency of ITC and its favorable cytotoxicity profile suggests that ITC should be considered for antiseptic applications.

Prospective Single-Center Observational Study of the Allergenic Potential of Mercromina Film and Other Common Antiseptics in Patients With Contact Dermatitis

IntroductionAlthough Mercromina Film and other topical antiseptics are widely used, they are not included in the standard series recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group for testing suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Furthermore, no recent studies have investigated the allergenic potential of merbromin. ObjectiveTo determine the allergenic potential of merbromin and compare it with that of other topical antiseptics widely used in clinical practice, including povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, and eosin. Material and methodsProspective single-center observational safety study of 105 patients with suspected ACD seen at the dermatology department of our hospital. ResultsOf the 105 patients studied, 1.9% had a positive patch test to merbromin and 12.4% were sensitized to povidone-iodine. The differences in the proportion of patients with ACD to Betadine Solución Dérmica (povidone-iodine) compared with the rest of the antiseptics was statistically significant (McNemar test, P<.05). No adverse reactions were observed in any of the patients. ConclusionsBased on the patch tests conducted, Mercromina Film has very low allergenic potential. The highest allergenic potential was observed for povidone-iodine.

In vitro study of antibacterial and antifungal activity of some common antiseptics and disinfectants agents

This current study included the antifungal and antibacterial effects of antiseptics or disinfectants agents (4% formalin, 10% Dettol®, 0.5% NaClO, 70% Ethanol alcohol, 1% Iodine and 10% Potassium permanganate) against Aspergillus flvus (Model of Mold) ,Candida albicans (Model of yeast) , E.coli (Model of G- Bacteria) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Model of G+ Bacteria) , where several laboratory tests were used to evaluated the antimicrobial activity of antiseptics and disinfectants agents that used in the this study include Minimum inhibitory concentration test, Sensitive test, Zone growth diameter test and Inhibition zone test . The results showed that formalin was his effectiveness on all microbes used, while the Dettol® has been more effective than formalin in their effect on fungus and less effective on . The remainder of disinfectants and Antiseptics (Iodine, Sodium Hypochlorite, Ethanol alcohol, Potassium Permanganate) were least effective in comparison with Formalin and Dettol® on microbes used .

Antifungal effect of electrospun nanofibers containing cetylpyridinium chloride against Candida albicans.

It is known that cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has in vitro and in vivo antifungal action against Candida albicans, with advantages over other common antiseptics. A CPC delivery-controlled system, transported in polymer nanofibers (PVP/PMMA), was developed to increase the bioavailability of the drug in contact with the oral mucosa. The objectives of this study were to determine if CPC in nanofiber has antifungal action against C. albicans, and in what concentration it must be incorporated, so that the fraction released can yield an inhibitory concentration. The nanofiber was prepared by electrospinning, and sterilized with gamma irradiation. Nanofiber disks with 0.05%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% CPC, with 5% miconazole (MCZ) and with no drug, as well as filter paper disks with 5% CPC, with 5% MCZ and with no drug were used in this study. A Candida albicans suspension (ATCC 90028) was inoculated in Mueller-Hinton Agar plates. The disks were placed on the plates and the inhibition zone diameters were measured 48h later. The nanopolymeric disks contracted in contact with the agar. All the concentrations of CPC incorporated in the nanofiber presented inhibitory action against C. albicans. Concentrations of 2.5% and 5% CPC presented a significant advantage over the nanofiber with no drug, proving the antifungal action of CPC. Under these experimental conditions, 5% CPC has greater inhibitory action against C. albicans than 5% MCZ, both in nanofiber and in filter paper. A modification made in the polymer to decrease the contraction rate may allow a larger inhibition zone to be maintained, thereby increasing the clinical usefulness of the polymer.

Analysis of the Adaptation Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to Commonly Used Antiseptics by Microplate Laser Nephelometry

Background: Bacterial colonization and infection are important factors in compromised wound healing. Antiseptics have become an alternative for antimicrobial applications as antibiotic resistance is increasing; they have multiple targets with a broad spectrum of activity. Hence, the risk for developing resistance should be low. However, concerns have been raised that their growing use may result in bacteria that are less susceptible. Methods: The capacity of common antiseptics such as silver nitrate, polihexanide, octenidine, chlorhexidine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-iodine to induce adaptation in a Staphylococcus aureus strain was analyzed in vitro using microplate laser nephelometry. S. aureus was repeatedly incubated with the respective half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) over a time period of 100 days. The influence of the continued treatment was determined by in situ monitoring of changes in the dose-response curves and calculation of the current IC₅₀ values for the substances tested. Results: During the experiment, S. aureus quickly adapted to high concentrations of the antibiotic mupirocin during repeated treatment. Moreover, a significant increase of the IC₅₀ for silver nitrate was observed over time. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed for polihexanide or chlorhexidine. While the IC₅₀ for octenidine was also found to increase significantly, although the change was only marginal, reiterated incubation with PVP-iodine led to a decrease in the IC₅₀. Conclusion: Repeated treatment of S. aureus with polihexanide, chlorhexidine, octenidine and PVP-iodine did not trigger bacterial adaptation to these substances.

Effect of Common Antiseptics on Skin Flora in Sheep

Effect of Common Antiseptics on Skin Flora in Sheep

Bactericidal Activities of Commonly Used Antiseptics against Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Seventeen clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were selected in order to study the bactericidal activities against drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. The effects of different antiseptics against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MDR-TB) were examined. Each of the test strains was cultured on the surface of an agar slant containing Löwenstein-Jensen medium. 0.05 ml of the bacillary suspension was poured into a test tube, and 0.45 ml of various antiseptics was added. After the bacilli had been exposed to the antiseptic solution with 2% human serum for various periods of incubation time, the antiseptic was inactivated by addition of 0.45 ml neutralizer, a mixture containing 10% Tween 80, 3% soybean lecithin and 0.5% sodium thiosulfate. As the results, povidone-iodine (PVP-I) at a concentration of 0.2% killed 99.9% or more of all strains tested within 30 s. All of the strains tested with PVP-I were killed almost completely within 60 s. There was no difference in bactericidal activities of PVP-I between standard strain H37Rv and MDR-TB. 99.9% or more of all strains tested were killed after exposure to 1.0% cresol for 60 s. In the case of cresol however, the exposure time of 30 s was not enough to get satisfactory effects. 2.0% glutaraldehyde needed 5 min to kill 99.99% or more of the bacilli tested, and 0.2% alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride required 60 min to do so. The results of bactericidal activities of common antiseptics against MDR-TB were similar to those against H37Rv. We conclude that the commercially available PVP-I product is a useful antiseptic against MDR-TB similar to other M. tuberculosis.

Biological Degradation of ,Tamarind Kernel Paste Used in Jute Warp Sizing

A study was carried out on the causes of liquefaction of tamarind kernel (TK) paste used in jute warp sizing. Mill- decomposed pastes, added as inocula to fresh paste, strongly liquefied the latter under aerobic as well as crudely anaerobic conditions. Aerobic bacteria isolated from mill pastes were mostly unable to liquefy, either singly or jointly. On the other hand, 9 of the 11 fungal species tested (some isolated from mill pastes) caused strong liquefaction. The enzymes in the crude filtrates of some of these liquefied TK paste at a faster rate than mineral acids at boil. In laboratory experi ments simulating mill conditions of sizing, these results were generally confirmed, fungal action being much stronger than bacterial. Aspergillus fumigatus and its enzyme were the most potent. Accumulated fungal enzymes appear to be the chief cause of liquefaction in mills. While the strongly liquefying fungi could be inhibited by small doses of common antiseptics, these had little effect on their enzymes. Sodium sulfide at 0.16% concentration inhibited all these enzymes.