Commodity Structure Of Exports Research Articles

A Comparative Study on the Trade Structure between China and Major Spanish American Countries

As one of the largest emerging economies in the world, the Latin American region is also a region with high global strategic value. The trade between 19 Spanish American countries and China has a significant impact on economic and trade cooperation between China and Latin America. This article is based on the perspective of trade commodity structure, analyzing trade data between China and Spanish American countries in recent years, comparing and studying the import and export commodity structure between China and three major Spanish American countries: Mexico, Chile, and Peru, and analyzing the changes. Finally, in response to the issues identified in the study, some suggestions are proposed for trade exchanges between China and Spanish American countries, with the hope of providing reference for optimizing the trade commodity structure between China and Spanish American countries and for enterprises to further develop the Latin American market.

Diversification of export activities: essence, purpose and state in Ukraine

Introduction. Export diversification is an essential tool for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. After all, these countries' exports are concentrated on raw materials and agricultural products, which are primarily sensitive to external shocks. By diversifying their exports, countries can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in foreign markets, including changes in demand, prices and terms of trade. This will stabilise the country's export earnings, ensure uninterrupted financing of imports and the development of various sectors of the national economy. In addition, diversifying export activities contributes to the structural transformation of the national economy and the country's innovative development. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and functional purpose of export diversification in ensuring the country's economic development. The objective will be achieved by analysing the state of diversification of Ukraine's exports of goods and studying its relationship with the country's economic development. Results. Based on the analysis of changes in Ukraine's export commodity structure, the paper shows that in 2014-2023, there was a deepening of specialisation in Ukraine's exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products. At the same time, the share of medium and highly processed goods in Ukraine's export structure has decreased significantly. These trends are confirmed by the relatively high degree of specialisation of Ukrainian exports of goods over the period considered, as calculated by the normalised Herfindahl-Hirschman index. It is noted that the deepening concentration of Ukrainian exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products has been accompanied by slow growth or decline in GDP per capita. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the diversification of export activities and a country's economic development level. Conclusions. According to the study's results, one strategy for Ukraine's economic growth under current conditions should be to diversify export activities and develop trade in goods with a medium and high degree of processing.

The impact of mining on the economy in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

Studying mining as a special branch of the region is certainly relevant. The analysis is based on revealing its role in the formation of the state budget of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia); calculating the localization (specialization) coefficients of the region in terms of Gross Value Added and the average annual number of employees; identifying the industry’s contribution to the formation of the region’s labor resources; and studying the demand for professions in the industry under study using the example of engineers and technicians in a mining camp. The results of activities in the extraction of basic minerals in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in recent years are summed up; the need for corporations to be provided with the information on regions of their presence and strengthening the inclusion of corporations in sustainable development on environmental issues is revealed. The results of the study showed the continued dependence of the Yakutia’s economy on the mining industry in the midterm, a changed ratio of the export commodity structure in favor of hydrocarbon and coal production, and a reduced role of diamond mining. In the future, it is necessary to focus on more detailed characteristics of shift work mining and its impact on the economy of the region.

UKRAINE IN THE GLOBAL TRADE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

Ukraine’s trade in agricultural products plays the key role in determining the well-being of its citizens. The objective of the paper is to reveal the structural transformations in Ukraine’s agricultural production, to analyze the geographical and commodity structure of exports with the focus on agro-food products, to identify the top world importers/exporters of the selected agro-food products, as well as to examine Ukraine’s merchandise trade in 2022 and compare it with that of 2021. The data, taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine; the Trade Map, developed by the UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Center; the State Customs Service of Ukraine, as well as agricultural policies of the developed countries served as the information source for research, in which various methods have been used, e.g.: economic-mathematical, statistical, comparison, graphical, tabular, method of expert assessments, etc. The results demonstrate the empirical experience of the importance of agricultural exports for the country’s ability to remain in international trade flows in the conditions of military operations in this country. An empirical example of the impact of the withdrawal of one of the leading suppliers of certain types of agricultural products from world trade is also considered, and the impact of some steps on the return of this country to world trade in the context of ongoing geopolitical shifts is determined.

Changes in Ukraine’s foreign trade as a reflection of its progress in integration with the European Union

The study aims to assess changes in the ability of Ukrainian goods to compete in the EU market. It reflects Ukraine’s progress towards EU integration in the run-up to Russia’s attack on Ukraine. Using foreign trade measures, including international specialisation, we show the specifics of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. By estimating the level and changes in the market shares of Ukraine’s commodity groups in the EU market, we show its progress in penetrating this market compared to non-EU countries. On the one hand, the geographical structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade changed radically between 2010 and 2021. On the other hand, more minor changes in the commodity structure of exports and Ukraine’s international specialisation were accompanied byan increased market share of Ukraine’s exports in the EU market. It reflected an improvement in the ability of Ukrainian goods to compete, thus fulfilling one of Ukraine’s accession criteria. Calculated on the basis of market shares, the increase in the ability of Ukrainian goods to compete is confirmed by estimates of export competitiveness indicators: the Balassa index of revealedcomparative advantages and the Lafay index. Levels and changes in the three indicators varied between commodity groups. The increase in the market shares of three commodity groups (raw materials, so-called “other manufactured goods” (medium and low technology) and food products) was accompanied by significant and increasing levels of export competitiveness indicators. The decline in the market shares of other commodity groups was accompanied by low and declining levels of export specialisation indicators. Thus, Ukraine’s integration into the EU has so far been based on the expansion of competitive and competitive-enhancing goods, in the production of which Ukraine specialises.

Features of Sales Management in Agricultural Enterprises

Purpose: The sales policy of agricultural enterprises in the foreign and domestic markets can only be successful when the quality of products sold is constantly improved, its range is updated, marketing departments of enterprises are constantly working to establish cooperative relations with processing enterprises and export positions will improve. The objective is to characterize the management of sales activities of agricultural enterprises and the search for ways to improve it. Design / Methodology / Approach: To achieve this goal of the study, such methods of cognition were used as: comparison; Generalization; analysis and synthesis. Also, for a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the features of sales management of agricultural enterprises, the following interdisciplinary and special methods were applied: monographic; abstract-logical. The application of a systematic approach in the study was due to the need to consider the management of agricultural enterprises as a system. We also applied methods: historical-logical method; statistical method. Findings: Considering the peculiarities of sales management of agricultural enterprises, we conducted a thorough analysis of the current state of sales management and outlined prospects for its improvement. It is proved that a significant role in helping primary producers to obtain favorable prices for their products has cooperation with enterprises of both one industry and processing enterprises. Having considered the commodity structure of exports and imports of the main types of crop production and products of its processing, it can be stated that the export potential of our country tends to increase. Analysis of import items of crop processing products makes it possible to conclude that the need for such products in the domestic market of Ukraine is only growing. It is emphasized that the export of processed products or finished products brings much more profit than the sale of raw materials. It is substantiated that in order to improve the management of sales activity of agrarian enterprises, it is necessary at each enterprise to develop a marketing concept, form a marketing system and minimize marketing risks. Timely response of specialists of the marketing department of enterprises to modern market challenges can be a decisive moment for the successful promotion of an enterprise in a particular business. Originality / Value: The necessity to consider management of sales policy of agricultural enterprises as a system that will take into account all features of production and marketing of products in agriculture has been proved. Practical Meaning: It is substantiated that cooperation with processing enterprises will ensure satisfaction of the demand of the domestic market with domestic products of appropriate quality. Processed products or finished products have high value added. Further Research: Development of directions for improving the management of sales policy of agricultural enterprises.

Trends in the Production of Crop Products in the Context of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation

Relevance. The market for agricultural products and its production itself continues to be one of the most important indicators of the country's food security, the protection of citizens and the export item that always consistently brings income to any state.The purpose is to consider the dynamics of achieving the main targets for crop production in the Russian Federation and to identify the nature of the problems associated with the under-fulfillment of some indicators.Objectives: to study the indicators of export/import of agricultural products in accordance with the indicators of domestic consumption and sown areas; correlate the country's agricultural development indicators for 2021 with the indicators of the Food Security Doctrine; identify problems and ways to solve the further development of crop production in the Russian Federation.Methodology. The study used data from FAOSTAT, a database administered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and used online databases from domestic databases from Rosstat, Rosreestr, and the Federal Customs Service of Russia.Results. The commodity structure of exports / imports of the Russian Federation for crop products for 2021, the dynamics of expansion and the structure of sown areas of agricultural crops are analyzed; presented withthe knowledge of achieving the planned values of indicators for 2021. It is proved that Russia has achieved food security values in almost all key areas: grain, vegetable oil, sugar, etc.Conclusions. Thus, the results obtained showed that there are still a number of unresolved problems, including investment in domestic agricultural science and their effectiveness, a reduction in the personnel potential of the innovative activity of the Russian agro-industrial complex, inefficiency of communications between key stakeholders, resource provision of the agro-industrial complex.

PRIORITIES AND MECHANISMS FOR BALANCING THE FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS BASED ON COMPLEMENTARITY

The research paper aims at carrying out a systematic analysis of the complementarity of foreign trade in agricultural products and to substantiate on this basis the priorities for the expansion and balancing of Ukrainian agricultural exports at the micro, macro, and mezzo-levels. The concept of complementarity of foreign trade is defined as the level at which the economic systems of different countries are balanced on the basis of mutual complementarity of the commodity structure of export and import and effective participation in the international division of labour. The methodological approaches to the study of complementarity of foreign trade are systematized. The article uses a complex approach to the analysis of foreign trade relations in the agrarian sphere and the extent to which it is balanced. The main trends and features of the development of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products are determined. It was found that the imbalance of the foreign economic sphere in the agricultural sector is manifested in the dominance of export activities of large agricultural holdings, the monocultural nature of agricultural production and export, and ineffective institutional support of small farmers and agrarians. An empirical assessment of the complementarity of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products has been carried out using complementarity indices, indices of revealed comparative advantage, and applying the method of cluster analysis. The conducted calculations proved that the Ukrainian agricultural sector has a significant unused potential for the development of exports on the basis of complementarity. A set of priorities of balancing foreign trade in agricultural products based on complementarity are substantiated, in particular, the following: forming a system for monitoring the complementarity of Ukrainian foreign trade in agricultural products; concluding and comprehensively supporting the implementation of interstate agreements on the development of mutually beneficial trade in complementary products, including on a barter basis; providing support for export development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and for small-scale production; enhancing diversification of the assortment of agricultural exports of Ukraine, especially in the niches of craft and organic products; supporting complementary foreign trade relations at the level of individual regions of Ukraine; providing a strong and efficient consulting support for exporters, giving assistance in the process of finding foreign partners and entering foreign markets.

RISKS AND SOURCES OF THREATS THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY OF UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study modern risks and sources of threats in the sphere of ensuring Ukraine's foreign economic security. Method. In order to solve scientific problems, the research used: comparative analysis of empirical data; abstract-logical generalization, grouping methods, statistical methods. Results. The work identifies the existing and potential risks of Ukraine's foreign economic activity. On the basis of the conducted comparative analysis, it is proven that the current low state of foreign economic security is the result of russia's military aggression; high level of dollarization of the economy; vulnerable export commodity structure; low competitiveness of domestic producers; dependence on the import of energy carriers and certain types of products; certain discrimination of Ukrainian enterprises in trade relations. The main way to improve foreign economic activity should be the simultaneous implementation of structural reforms in all economic spheres of the country. Scientific novelty consists in a comprehensive study of the current level of foreign economic security and the identification of potential risks and threats, the implementation of which can significantly worsen the state of Ukraine's foreign economic activity. Practical significance. Individual results and conclusions can be used by national regulators in the process of determining ways to improve the state of foreign economic security.

Role of Customs and Tariff Regulation in Foreign Trade with China (by the Example of Regions of the Siberian Federal District)

The current situation in the world dictates new rules for conducting foreign economic cooperation for Russia. Russia has fully deployed the vector of cooperation to the East. Over the past decades, China has been the main trading partner in this direction. The article analyzes the foreign trade of the regions of the Siberian Federal District with China. The subjects of the Siberian Federal District are strategically important territories for foreign economic transactions due to their geographical location and economic potential. The regions of the Siberian Federal District, according to their commodity specialization, deliver to China: timber, products of the fuel and energy complex, food products and agricultural raw materials. China imports machinery and equipment, products of the chemical industry to the regions of the Siberian Federal District. Given the desire of our state to increase the share of exports of value-added products, the role of customs and tariff regulation in achieving these goals is highlighted. So, using the example of the export of the commodity group "Wood and pulp and paper products" to China by the regions of the Siberian Federal District and the level of export customs duties, it is shown that there has been a redistribution in the commodity structure of timber exports from unprocessed timber in favor of processed. An analysis of China's weighted average import tariff rate showed that the principle of tariff escalation is applied to Russia: rates are low for raw materials, and high for value-added products. At the same time, the level of the weighted average import tariff rate in relation to Russia for many commodity items is lower than in relation to the whole world. It is proposed to increase the volume of production and supply of consumer goods and agricultural products, taking into account the solution of logistical problems.

Economic Security, Sanctions and Reorientation of Russian Foreign Trade Flows

Relevance. Under the conditions of sanctions pressure, Russia needs to protect its economic interests and strengthen economic security. Therefore, the reorientation of foreign trade flows requires additional analysis. The purpose is to consider the direction of reorientation of Russian foreign trade flows in the context of anti‒ Russian sanctions.Objectives: to determine the main agenda of world trade policy; to identify common priorities of world trade; to provide quantitative data on the volume of trade of countries, to analyze the specifics of trade agreements over a decade, to identify the main economic method of pressure on states; to provide data on Russia's trade with other countries; to consider the Russian export commodity structure; to identify the relationship between the share in the commodity structure goods and growth rates in stable and crisis periods; identify priority export Russian goods in modern conditions.Methodology. The research methodology included the use of methods of analysis of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, correlation analysis, description, retrospective analysis, abstraction, generalization of the analyzed information.Results. The reasons for the forced change in the direction of foreign trade flows are not only direct pressure on the Russian economy, but also global trends of deglobalization and regionalization. The current trading partners, despite the restrictions imposed, continue to trade with Russia. When finding potential allies, the focus is primarily on the reliability, security and strength of partners on the world stage. The Russian economy should not deviate from the current export structure, as the demand for energy resources continues to be high. And Russia retains the role of one of the guarantors of global energy security.Conclusions. The issue of reorientation of Russian trade flows to alternative directions will remain one of the prevailing ones today. This is able to stabilize the economy and protect the economic interests of the country, to ensure the economic security of Russia. By diversifying and transforming trade flows by changing channels, the Russian economy will be able to discover new opportunities for the development of the world market.

Russia's foreign trade under sanctions in 2014–2022

Subject. The article considers the state, structure, and dynamics of Russia's foreign trade turnover under sanctions. Objectives. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive quantitative assessment of changes in the volume, structure and dynamics of foreign trade in conditions of a new phenomenon for modern Russia, i.e. unprecedented sanctions by European countries and the United States. Methods. I employ methods of structural and comparative data analysis, time series studies, methods of generalization of official statistical and customs information materials, and data published in the mass media. Results. The paper revealed dynamic and structural features of Russia's foreign trade turnover, exports and imports under the influence of sanctions, considered directions of foreign trade restructuring in modern conditions. Conclusions. The dynamics of foreign trade in the conditions of sanctions is fluctuating, having no clearly expressed tendency to rise or fall. In the export commodity structure, the share of metals and forest products, as well as liquefied natural gas, decreased, while maintaining the volume of oil supplies. Due to the termination of supplies of European equipment to Russia, enterprises in a number of industries began to experience difficulties in the production of high-tech products. The most important direction in the development of modern foreign trade is a reorientation of exports and imports to Asian countries and Latin American and African States.

The Causes of Agricultural Trade Growth between China and Central Asia under the Background of "the Belt and Road" -- An Empirical Analysis Based on CMS Model

Central Asia is rich in land, solar and thermal resources, as well as its agricultural labor force. It has superior conditions for agricultural production, which has strong complementarity with China in the agricultural field. Under the current complex international economic and political situation, strengthening cooperation between the two sides in the agricultural field can achieve win-win cooperation, which is also conducive to reversing the situation that developed countries restrict China's agricultural trade. The constant market share model (CMS) is used in this paper to empirical analyze the causes of agricultural trade growth between China and Central Asia from 1995 to 2021 based on UN COMTRADE data. The results show that the interaction between the promotion of the import scale of agricultural products and the improvement of its competitiveness is the main reason for the growth of agricultural exports of both sides; For classified agricultural products, the factors affecting the growth of export volume are different. The main factors restricting export volume growth of China and Central Asia are insufficient competitiveness and unreasonable export commodity structure respectively. In the new era, both sides should strengthen communication and cooperation, adjust the export structure of agricultural products and stabilize the competitiveness of it to further improve trade volume growth.

인민폐 환율변동이 중국의 수출상품 구조에 미치는 영향

인민폐 환율변동이 중국의 수출상품 구조에 미치는 영향

AGROENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AND ENSURING FOOD SECURITY

Agribusiness is a vital area of the economy, which provides a significant volume of production and export in Ukraine. Our state has great potential in agriculture thanks to its land resources and climatic conditions, which contribute to the development of various crop and animal husbandry types. Developing agribusiness can help reduce Ukraine's dependence on food imports and ensure national security in the food industry. The article's purpose is the agribusiness research process in Ukraine in the context of the development of the digital economy and in the context of ensuring food security. The possibilities of agribusiness development with digital technologies and in the context of ensuring food security are explored. The concepts of "agribusiness", and the agrarian sector are summarized. The role of the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the national economy and the economy of other countries is analyzed through the evaluation of the commodity structure of exports in the context of ensuring food security. It is substantiated that the new technologies of the digital economy provide more accurate and effective control of the quality and safety of food products, reducing the impact of harmful factors on the environment, increasing the competitiveness of the national agricultural sector on the international market. Agribusiness is an essential component of the agrarian sphere, which in turn is significant for the economy of Ukraine and ensuring the country's food security. The development of the digital economy and the use of the latest technologies significantly increase the productivity and efficiency of the production of agricultural products. It is noted that it is necessary to maintain the level of food security in Ukraine, ensuring proper control of the quality and safety of agricultural products produced and exported abroad. The development of agribusiness in the conditions of the digital economy has the potential for a significant increase in domestic production and export of agricultural products, ensuring a balance. Keywords: agribusiness, agrarian business, agrarian sector, digital economy, digital technologies, food security.

The commodity structure of export and import of Ukraine during the war – a legacy

The commodity structure of export and import of Ukraine during the war – a legacy

Production capabilities of Russian regions under new sanctions and restrictions

The article reveals the reasons for the introduction of economic sanctions and restrictions against Russia. The commodity structure of exports and imports of the Russian Federation was analyzed; the grouping of Russian regions by the volume of exports and imports with countries of the far and near abroad was carried out, which allowed identifying at least 20 regions of the Russian Federation in each group that are actively engaged in foreign economic activity. It is concluded that the industrial specialization of the regions of the Russian Federation determines the nature of their foreign economic activity: the leading regions in export are the regions in which the raw materials industries of the economy are concentrated, and in import — the regions in which the manufacturing industries, primarily mechanical engineering, are concentrated. It is proved that only nine subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Republic of Tatarstan, Krasnodar and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Sverdlovsk, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow regions) are key regions in the implementation of comprehensive foreign trade operations. At the same time, there are regions that work mainly for import — Kaliningrad and Kaluga regions, Primorsky Krai, and others — mainly for export — Sakhalin and Irkutsk regions. The conclusion is made about the need to develop high–tech industries, IT–sphere (hardware and software), mechanical engineering, production of own feed, seeds, plant protection products in the Russian regions.

Retrospective analysis of exports and imports between Georgia and the United States

The article analyzes exports and imports between Georgia and the United States during the period from 2015 to 2020. This period is used to calculate the specific weight of the United States trade with Georgia, both in exports and imports. In addition, the article analyzes the advantages of GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) trading regime in Georgian exports, the export-import balance and the relevant conclusions are made based on the obtained results; The commodity structure of Georgia's exports and imports to the United States is also studied. The article shows that a recent Free Trade Agreement is needed to move Georgia and the United States into a new phase in trade relations. Keywords: Georgia; USA; GSP; Export; Import; Balance; Commodity structure; FTA.

Study of the product structure of Ukraine's exports in the conditions of globalization

Introduction. The urgency of studying the product structure of Ukraine's exports in the face of global challenges is determined by the need to bring its export portfolio into compliance with the requirements of the European Union markets. In order to meet the requirements and standards of the EU during global transformations, Ukraine should adhere to strategic tasks, among which the development of the economy, attracting investments and increasing the export potential are of primary importance. Purpose. Studying the commodity structure of Ukraine's exports, its components and principles of formation, as well as finding ways to improve Ukraine's competitiveness in the context of globalization is the main goal of this study. Method (methodology). The methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, substantiation, statistical analysis, abstract-logical, graphical and tabular analysis were used in the process of work. Results. Modern concepts of the transformation of the commodity structure of countries' exports and the experience of their implementation have been studied and analyzed. It was found that the concept of "commodity structure of export" is connected with the concepts of "export potential", "trade balance", "competitiveness" and "economic complexity", the last of which means a high variety and differentiation of production, which is reflected in a wide range and high the quality of manufactured goods. The commodity structure of Ukraine's exports was analyzed, where the main groups of goods are agricultural products, machinery and equipment, chemical industry, metallurgy and metal products, energy products and IT services. 4 main ways of transforming Ukraine's export portfolio in order to increase its competitiveness are proposed: diversification of the export portfolio, improvement of product quality and competitiveness, development of new export directions in the EU markets, and introduction of environmental standards. It is also necessary to implement economic reforms, stimulate the investment climate, support entrepreneurship and innovation, which are important components of strategic plans for exports.

Розвиток переробної промисловості України як напрям реструктуризації національної економіки

The aim of the article is to generalize the problematic aspects of the functioning of the processing industry of Ukraine. An analysis of theoretical approaches to the positioning of the processing industry as a factor of value creation for industrial products, which, through export, ensures the emergence of added value of other types of economic activity in foreign markets, is carried out. It is noted that against the background of in-depth processing of raw materials, the added value of finished products is growing at a significant pace and ensures an increase in gross domestic product and, accordingly, the development of the national economy. The properties of the processing industry are generalized, which consist in the production of orders for certain types of services, in particular research, information, educational, financial, etc., that ensures the development of innovations for the formation of new sectors of the economy. It is concluded that structural changes in the processing industry generate a transformation of the country’s economic system. Emphasis is placed on deindustrialization as a process of reducing the proportion of industrial activities in the structure of the economy and the share of processing industry in the structure of the country’s industrial sector, which has two forms. The first one is a decrease in the volume of industrial production, the second one is a slowdown in the growth rate of industry compared to other types of economic activity. It is noted that Ukraine is characterized by the first form of deindustrialization, characterized by such main problematic aspects as deterioration of the structure of the economy and negative shifts in the commodity structure of exports. The deterioration of the structure of the economy is determined by the inability to produce products with a high share of value added, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in the share of the processing industry in the structure of gross value added of the national economy, as well as a decrease in the level of manufacturability of industrial products. Negative shifts in the commodity structure of exports are reflected in the rapid decline in the volume of exported manufacturing products against the background of an increase in exports of raw materials. Prospects for further research in this direction are the formation of effective means for the revival of the country’s processing industry, in particular on the basis of the concept of the Novel Industrial Development of Ukraine.