Commodity-money Relations Research Articles

Intelligentsia in modern conditions

Society as artifi cial formation of big and small groups of people, which diff er by sex and age, social and professional status and also predilections and wishes provides individual self-preservation thanks to social coordinate system, which is set by legal, moral and civilization codes of behavior. Intelligentsia unites values of diff erent social groups, is a subject of human outlook and provides optimal options of upbringing, enlightenment and education. On the basis of cultural memory it preserves the succession of generations and gives a decent response to the challenges of the time. One should not forget that intelligentsia has ideologically justifi ed revolutions and provoked violence. Speaking about the necessity of the intelligentsia return to the history arena, it’s worth thinking how to avoid negative consequences of its appeals to truth and justice. Intelligentsia is an Association of free and independent people using moral refl ection to evaluate the situation. Intellectuals are the prism through which society can watch itself. Intellectuals observe and evaluate events guided by the voice of conscience and sense of duty. Popular culture is transformed into a form of lifestylea manipultion on the basis of commodity-money relations. Th is leads to increased confl icts. On the contrary, intelligentsia has an important teaching and educational work, which can be called promotion of society. If you previously took into account the economic situation of the population, today the behavior of the masses in the political arena is determined by the State and patriotic values. Schools and universities discussed in cultural-anthropological dimension must form not only knowledge, but the moral values of youth. Refs 11.

The Main Directions to Overcome the Challenges of the 21st Century in Agriculture

In the article, on the basis of the world and national approaches to the solution of the food problem, the main vectors of the agricultural development aimed at overcoming the challenges of the XXI century and eventually attain the food independence of Russia are proved. The reasons for the decline per capita food production in the world are revealed; the increasing influence, in addition to the population growth, of the equalization of level and quality of food on its dynamics is noted. The dominant current public incentives form the growth rate of demand in advance the production. It is proposed to correct the strategy of agrarian development, while maintaining the principles of multiculturalism in the economy, focusing on the leading role of the large, vertically integrated business entities, and on the import substitution of the basic foodstuffs through the involvement of regional internal resources, including the development of cooperation principles, historically attended the emergence of commodity-money relations in the village. The growth of productivity of production factors is grounded as the main vector that may rectify the situation. It is recommended to diversify a set of cultivated plants and breeds of animals, as well as to develop a new commodity structure of production. The need for food imports is stressed in view of the fact that for the imported products, which are manufactured using primarily the renewable resources, Russia has to pay the price of the potential non-renewable natural resources, making it strategically disadvantageous. In order to achieve the sustainability of the basic parameters and enhance the results of the agricultural activity, it is recommended to use the tools of economic and mathematical modeling of the distribution of economic resources. The findings will be reflected in the justification of the strategy for the regional agricultural development.

E-trade with Direct Lending and Normalized Money

The article presents the advanced technology of the normalized commodity-money relations. The technology is considered as updating the model of the normalized economic mechanism. The core of this technology is the e-trade with direct lending where deferred portion of the payment is documented as the buyer's debt to the seller (not to the bank!). The technology of e-trade with direct lending provides the possibility of early repayment of debt amounts to the sellers of priority goods. This repayment is fulfilled by the debt department of the state central bank. Rules of emission of debt amounts are presented in the advanced model of normalized money. The important innovation in normalized e-trade is the rule of obligatory state online certification of transactions.

Consumer Rights Protection in International and Municipal Law: Problems and Perspectives

Introduction At present under the conditions of forced economy industrialization, the government of Kazakhstan creates equal opportunities for all the parties of commodity-money relations regardless of their form of ownership. Laws of competition in the economy do not always stand for consumers. Chasing the profits, businesspeople tend to forget about the consumers' needs, and that is when the laws of consumer rights protection should be applied. Civil legislation treats the parties as equal under a commercial treaty, so an entrepreneur as a seller and a consumer as a buyer may be regarded as partners. However, it is only a facade of these relations as it is the consumer who is a crucial party. As the consumer possesses purchasing power, the eventual outcome of manufacturer's activity depends on consumer's actions. Many of the wold countries have initiated government measures of consumer protection in order not to allow a manufacturer to have a dominant position at the market, to protect a consumer from defective goods and lack of essential information about the manufacturer and the goods, to enable guaranteed equal conditions at the market for consumers. It was the squeezed position of consumers that made them actively protect their rights. In this way, the so-called consumer movement appeared which contributed to formation of modern consumer protection legislation. All the living people are consumers regardless of their age, sex, complexion and creed [1, p.32]. Commercial organizations, manufacturers and performers of the work and services provide satisfaction of consumer demands for different goods and services. Beyond controversy, in Kazakhstan the development of market relations is primarily aimed at saturation of market with different goods and services. However, besides positive sides of market economy, it also has negative features: fraud, cheating on the weights, cheating in accounts, sale of adulterated and defective products, providing of inconsistent services. Under such conditions each consumer needs government support and protection from such negative phenomena. Kazakhstan asserts consumers' rights, forcing businesspeople to offer only high-quality goods, services and work. Consumers' rights are vested in different laws and regulations. Nevertheless, adoption and development of such laws does not reduce the quantity of consumers' rights infringements. The problem of relations regulation between manufacturers and consumers as to the goods quality exists in all the countries. Having used global experience in this sphere, the government of Kazakhstan has also created quite effective legal framework for consumer rights protection. A need to develop the framework for consumer rights protection in view of global trends is reflected in the Conception of Kazakhstan Legal Policy for 2010-2020. In this regard a new version of the law is a measure for enhancement of efficiency of consumer rights protection [2, 3]. At present Kazakhstan legal system for consumer rights protection is based on the Constitution the Republic of Kazakhstan and includes the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (CC RK), the Consumer Rights Protection Act of the May 4, 2010 and other regulative acts of Kazakhstan. The laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan stipulate consumer rights in the spheres of finances, social relations, medicine, tourism and other services. In case there is an international treaty ratified by Kazakhstan, which establishes rules different from those established by the Consumer Rights Protection Act, the international rules prevail [3]. The Article No. 13 of the Constitution of RK states: 1. everyone shall have the right to be recognized as subject of the law and protect his rights and freedoms with all means not contradicting the law including self-defence. 2. Everyone shall have the right to judicial defence of his rights and freedoms. …

THE FACTORS OF EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VYATKA PROVINCE CREDIT SYSTEM (XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES)

The main purpose of the article is to reveal the preconditions of emergence and development of capitalistic credit system in the Vyatka province (XIX – beginning of the XX centuries). The author studies the evolution of industry, agriculture, trading and transport in the region. The method of analysis is used in combination with problem-chronological method. The following results were achieved. In the XIX century the Vyatka region remained agricultural and peasant region, though it became drawn into universal course of capitalistic evolution. The increase of commodity-money relations intensifies the economical influence of the cities. The large-scale mining district, that joined together 10 metallurgical plants, was organized in the northern part of the region. The investments of local merchants and peasants into manufacturing grew. The social stratification of the peasantry began. It was stimulated by the state-owned status of the most of the Vyatka peasants. Simultaneously, the so-called usurer’s credit stroked roots into the peasantry. Because of the growth of the city dwellers the territory of the region was covered by the net of trading posts. Money turnovers of the trading enterprises increased. The further development of industry and trading was promoted be the emergence of both steam navigation and railway transport.

The Factors of Modern Competetiveness

The world market today is a major component of the world economy which is composed of the general publics’ sphere of demand and the supply and exchange of commodities and services. It also includes commodity-money relations between countries which are connected to participation in the international division of labour. World economic relations are expanding and national borders are constantly being altered owing to the development of globalization. Countries which engage in such market exchanges mutually benefit one another while economically weak ones have a lot of drawbacks. This is because they cannot withstand the competition, which due to processes of globalization is increasing and reaching a Hyper level. This article is devoted to analysis of competitiveness of business structures in Russia in globalization conditions. The publication focuses on the development of transnational corporations amidst hyper-competitive conditions. Specific problems and prospective solutions are mentioned which Russia has been forced to in the 21 century. Nowadays it is paid a big attention to the branches which are connected with information technology. Thus, Russia that is rich in a vast reserve of scientists and various technical and scientific organizations has benefits in this field. Russian enterprises may get advantages from the globalization processes and raise their position in the world economics. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p411

COLONIZATION AS A SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

Colonization is not just spoiling virgin landscapes or conquering and annihilating indigenous peoples. In fact, it implies a clash of two cultures, of two modes of living and of two ways of being part of ecosystems. Geological and biological particularities of the American continent had their imprint on its food range leaving there certain gaps which led to serious demographic and social consequences. In contrast to the indigenous population, colonizers had all the necessary crop plants and domestic animals making it possible to turn American ecosystems into full replicas of European agrocenoses. Transplanted on the American soil, European agriculture paved the way for mass migration there of Europeans who brought with them a complex socio-political structure and European institutions. As a result of this influx of migrants Indians got to know not only commodity-money relations but also numerous infectious diseases of theOld Worldwhich triggered off deep ecological and social transformations. Diverging Indian and European concepts of proper soil exploitation and the biological success in theNew Worldof the suitcase biota resulted in the Indian dominated American ecosystems giving way to the European versions of agrocenoses dominated by Europeans. Under such conditions the traditional way of life of the Indians and the way they used to interact with ecosystems was no longer viable.

О диалектизмах неисконного происхождения в донских говорах

Flyagina M.V. (Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia) This article analyzes the locally limited vocabulary of authentic origin represented in the dictionary of Don dialects. The emergence of vocabulary authentic origin in the dialect language is the result of cultural and language contacts, which are an integral part of any ethnic culture. Particularly notable was the impact of the Turkic language, related to the pre-Russian indigenous population neighborhoods of Wild Field. Authentic locally marked lexical units reflect the particular social, commodity-money relations, religious beliefs inherent in the culture of Turkic peoples, whose names were borrowed from Russian. Besides Turkisms in the lexicon of the Don dialect, there are also borrowings from other languages - Finno-Ugric, Slavic. Turkisms take the bulk of borrowed words, due to the territorial proximity to the earliest periods of the Don Cossacks. Regional origin covers the entire scope of domestic relations on Don, found among the names of the natural world. Research of dialect vocabulary of authentic origin lets to determine the specifics of formation of Don resettlement negotiations, which took place in a dialogue between different ethnic cultures. Key words : vocabulary neiskonnogo origin, cultural and linguistic contacts, resettlement says proper lexical regionalisms. DOI: 10.18522/1995-0640-2015-4-160-167

Kvaišalų geografija posovietiniame mieste: nelegali narkotinių medžiagų apyvarta ir narkomanija Klaipėdoje, 1990-2010 m.

This study explores transformations of local drug geography in Klaipeda, 1990-2010. Using spatial analysis of geocoded data about 1351 cases of drug crime (manufacturing, storing, possession, and sale) and 1510 registered drug users, we researched spatial-temporal patterns of drug crime and drug abuse in changing post-soviet urban environment. Data for this study was provided by Klaipeda Police Headquarters and Klaipeda Centre for Addictive Disorders. We found, that key changes within local drug geography started in 1997-1999 and were caused by development of new economy expanding drug sale to anonymous customers. Since the collapse of the Soviet regime, drugs were mostly manufactured, circulated and used within underground social networks of drug users. The main features of those networks were trust and direct communication among drug users and dealers, who regularly were drug users also. Therefore drugs were locally produced, stored, sold and used in the same places; places of drug abuse and drug crime regularly overlapped. Nevertheless spatial patterns of such underground networks were more accidental in their nature, they had not clear attributes of spatial identify within urban environment. But newly emerging drug economy was based on commodity-money relations between drug dealers and drug users and new market regime clearly differentiated places of drug sale and drug use. Drug sale moved from blocks to the night clubs, marketplaces and surroundings of huge shopping centres. Sociologically such change within drug economy of post-soviet city might be interpreted as a shift from subcultural networks, where local knowledge and practices of street pharmacology were transmitted to new users, to the conspicuous consumption of branded and recreational drugs.

The impact of the institutional environment on the development of the rural economy in the Belgorod region of Russia

Abstract This article deals with the problems in the development of agriculture in Russia caused by an imperfect institutional environment. The characteristics of institutional conditions and their influence on the development of agriculture is discussed. The main institutional changes which have taken place in Russia over the past 20 years are described, including the ownership of the means of production, commodity-money relations, access to and distribution of profits and competition. The main body of the article presents an analysis of the development of agriculture in the Belgorod region in relation to the status of the institutional environment.

Некоторые особенности экономического развития села в Восточной Галиции в 20–30-х годах хх века

The article deals with the agrarian policy of the Polish government of the interwar period, which was intended to reform the agricultural system to increase productivity of agricultural production, the development of commodity-money relations and the activation of cooperative movement. The governmental policy has led to the formation of a land market, creating conditions for the origin of independent farms of different types and sizes, which were based on a private property of land. The main component of the agricultural policy of the government was colonization, which was intended to strengthen the eastern borders of the Second Polish Republic by creating economies of the colonists. They have become a social and political support for the government on the “Eastern lands.” This state policy influenced hostilely on millions of the local Ukrainian population. In despite the understanding of a significant number of Polish politicians and scientists such activities harm to the interests of the state, during the interwar period colonization of the land remained the main direction of agricultural policy. The Polish government has openly ignored the problems of the Ukrainian village, which led to a tangle of economic, national and social troubles that impacted on the Polish-Ukrainian aggravation of interethnic relations.

The Principle of Effective Marketing Management

Market activity is performed at maximum customer orientation through the use of advances in technology and information technology. The purpose of this study is to use effectively modern marketing management principles to address exchange processes coordination, which are closely related to the market and society. Sources of evidence for this article are as following: Danchenok, S.V Laskovets - Marketing management, textbook, 2010. V. Capon, J. Kolchanov,Makhalbert Managing Marketing in the 21 Century: Developing and Implementing the Market Strategy.The article argues that marketing as the science about management of the commodity-money relations in society integrates such major categories as “quality of life”, “security of production and consumption”, “human values”, “ecology environment”, “social responsibility.” Effective management of marketing first of all reflects extent of harmonization of society and a level of quality of the listed categories.

Competitiveness of national economy: problems of regulation

The paper focuses on future economic development of Kazachstan. Further, the paper introduces the development key parameters of development and increase of competitiveness of the national economy. The modern market economy of the world developed countries is cemented by general functional-moving origin industrial capital that has transformed the commodity-money relations into the defining mechanism of economic development. It is thought, that increase of national competitiveness in Kazakhstan is possible only on the basis of proportional transformation of sphere of goods production, and also its database. As a result, these transformations should lead, as in all industrially developed countries, to the creation of mixed economy as the elements unity of the classical market and corporate structures. A state in this system is called to carry out the major function of the integrating element providing connection of the market subjects in the system whole. In Kazakhstan market formation is carried out on a way of privatization and privatization of rigidly centralized economy and its transformation to multistructural. It demands a special approach. It is required to add to the aforesaid that the existing technological level of the production industrial base of our country, it also imposes some peculiarities on this process. In the modern economy of Kazakhstan, formation of the competitive environment is connected with decision of some primary goals such as creation of the enterprise sector of economy, formation of organizational legal conditions to overcome monopolistic disproportions, abuse of the leading position in the commodity markets, the prevention of unfair competition, and, at last, the elimination of artificial administrative barriers hampering equal competition. The major value for the future economic development of Kazakhstan has a basic choice between raw and technological orientation of economy. Till now the state support of technological competitive advantages of the firms in Kazakhstan was carried out by means of: restructuring of the state ownership stimulation of domestic competition of economy in Kazakhstan and weakening of pressure on producers of monopolistic factors; privatization of services sphere allowing flexibility increase.

Dependable water use under market conditions

The problems related to the formation of the regulated market of water resources and water management services are discussed. A system of commodity-money relations between the water-resources system and the user based on a scheme of dependable water use is proposed. It is shown that this water use should be paid for, but such payment will not be the price of the actually supplied water or other water economy services; deviations of the actually supplied volumes from the characteristics of dependable water use should be paid for as well. Optimization models were used to determine the tentative rates of such payments. The main elements of the models are production functions that describe the dependence of the economic result on both the dependable and actual volume of water supply, or the rendering of other services of water management.

On the Notion of Value in the Modern Economy

The transformation of value in the modern economy based on interchangeability of resources and the increasing role of knowledge is considered in the article. The author provides critical analysis of denying commodity-money relations in the Soviet economy, the concept of overcoming commodity economy and destruction of value in the post-industrial economy. He argues for synthesis of the theory of labor value and the utility theory.

The Black Market

Every one of us has now and in the past encountered the black market in varying degrees. But to examine it in all its "splendor" has just become possible now, under glasnost'. The black market for goods and services for the population is the other side of continual shortages, an explicit manifestation (without previous permission) of commodity-money relations and of the real role consumers, with their demands, play in the economy.

Development of Commodity-Money Relations in the Countryside

The collective and state farms maintain commodity relations with many socialist enterprises - state, cooperative and inter-collective farm - in their economic activity. In this process, an important role is also played by the relations of the agricultural enterprises with each other, with their personnel, and with the non-farming population. Each of the above groups of relationships has its specific character; their development in the various farms and their influence on the economies of the farms are uneven. The degree of development of the commodity-money relations within them also varies. The most developed at present, from the point of view of commodity-money relations, are the economic ties between the state and the collective farms. In recent years the commodity-money relations between collective farms and collective farmers have been improving rapidly.

The Effect of Public Consumption Funds on Demand and Supply of Consumer Goods

Under the conditions of commodity production existing in socialist society the distribution and transfer to consumers of public consumption funds is necessarily carried out through the use of commodity-money relations. This is expressed primarily in the fact that a considerable portion of the benefits which the working people receive from the public consumption funds are distributed in the form of various money payments (pensions, scholarships, grants). The money incomes received in this way are spent mainly on purchases of consumer goods at trade and public catering enterprises. The distribution and transfer to consumers of that part of the public consumption funds which is intended for collective consumption (consumption in kindergartens, nurseries, children's homes, boarding schools, vocational schools, hospitals, sanatoria, holiday homes, homes for the aged, etc.) is also carried out in a socialist society through the use, to some extent, of commodity-money relations. Outlays of funds of this kind by ...

On a Solid Foundation

With the emergence of socialism beyond the bounds of one country, a world socialist market was formed. It represents an entirely new sphere of international commodity-money relations. Here, in contrast to the capitalist market, planning principles rather than spontaneous ones are in operation.

Economic Substantiation of Purchase Prices of Agricultural Produce

The Program of the CPSU points out that it is necessary in communist construction to make full use of commodity-money relations in accordance with their new content under socialism.