Commodity-money Relations Research Articles

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ ПІДСИСТЕМИ ДИСТРИБУЦІЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

The article highlights the transformational trends of the market environment, under which the product distribution model is gaining more and more importance. The explanation for this is the need for manufacturers and sellers to adapt to the needs of consumers and increase the efficiency of their satisfaction, to build systems of distribution and exchange of goods, to develop integrative inter-industry and inter-sectoral connections, to improve the quality of institutional relations. It was concluded that the issue of product distribution and the formation of its logistics subsystem is the object of numerous scientific studies, the main emphasis of which is given to the processes of marketing, technical-technological, information-communication and other support, while adhering to the interests of all market participants – manufacturers, sellers, consumers. The functional aspects of the formation of the logistics subsystem of product distribution have been determined. The distribution system unites a number of product supply chains and thereby qualitatively responds to changes in consumer preferences and ensures a high degree of their satisfaction. The establishment of product distribution has clear signs of creating a complete management system using mechanisms and approaches that primarily take into account technological and information and communication transformations. The characteristics of the fundamental differences of the logistics subsystem from other elements of enterprise management in the context of the features of product distribution are given. The speed of movement of products from the producer to the consumer, while often bypassing the retailer, becomes a decisive factor in establishing stable commodity-money relations. Accordingly, the formation of the logistics subsystem should take into account the numerous features of product distribution and become part of the general mechanism of enterprise management.

Formation of the prerequisites of the analysis of investment activities to the era of the establishment of the market economy

The paper is devoted to the study of the prerequisites for the development of investment activity analysis before the era of the formation of a market economy in the countries of European civilization. In the 21st century, investment activity has gained particular importance, and understanding the historical aspects of economic relations and accounting practices is crucial for its effective analysis. For this purpose, the paper systematizes and periodizes the stages of development of accounting and economic analysis, starting from the early civilizations up to the end of the 19th century. The research employs a comprehensive set of methods, including dialectical, historical, abstract-logical, methods of induction and deduction, as well as expert evaluation and comparison methods. The application of these methods allowed for the identification of patterns in the development of accounting and economic activity analysis in connection with the evolution of socio-economic relations. Significant attention is given to the analysis of the stages of accounting development, starting from its primitive forms in a natural economy to the emergence of complex accounting and analysis systems in the context of expanding commodity-money relations and the establishment of capitalist relations. The development of economic theory concepts, particularly mercantilism, physiocracy, classical and neoclassical theories, which influenced the formation of approaches to accounting and analysis, is also examined. The research results indicate that the development of investment activity was closely linked with the evolution of economic relations, the growth of production scales, trade, and financial market services. Important prerequisites for the formation of investment analysis included the emergence of the institution of property, the development of commodity-money relations, and the need to account for and analyze capital to manage resources effectively. The paper also systematizes information about the formation of investment analysis, which initially had an empirical nature and, with the development of accounting and economic theory, adopted a systematic approach. This laid the foundation for modern investment analysis, which is an important tool for making managerial decisions in a market economy. Overall, the paper emphasizes the importance of a historical approach to studying the development of accounting and analysis, which allows for a better understanding of modern trends and challenges in the field of investment activity.

К истории становления русско-горской торговли на Северном Кавказе в конце XVIII – начале XIX века

The article reveals the features of the formation of trade in the conditions of the North Caucasus, when many unfavorable circumstances complicated this process. In addition to the landscape obstacles that prevented the construction of an extensive network of roads in mountainous areas, the epidemiological threat posed a significant danger. To stop the spread of infectious diseases, quarantine lines were erected, where it was necessary to maintain the isolation periods necessary to detect a possible infection. The funds spent on such measures, as well as the loss of time by merchants, affected the final price of the goods, making them more expensive. For the authorities, trade was a tool of political influence over local peoples. Hence the desire to monopolize contacts between the mountaineers and residents of the settlements bordering them. This approach could influence the range of goods offered, determine the equivalent of their value, limiting the use of money in trade transactions. Gradually, a model of interaction was developed on the established trading platforms (exchange yards, salt stores, fairs). Efforts were made to prevent conflicts, and if they occurred, mechanisms were created to resolve mutual claims. Commodity-money relations replaced natural exchange.

Organization of Passenger Transportation in the Ob-Irtysh Water Basin (End of XIX – Early XX Centuries)

In modern historical literature the problem of the formation and development of river companies is actively studied by historians, which allows us to trace the formation of new forms of economic relations, primarily in remote regions. But the development of entrepreneurial companies is primarily associated with customers, consumers, and potential clients. The transportation of passengers at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, including in the Ob-Irtysh water basin, became a popular commercial service, which, in the absence of alternative transportation options, brought in good income. The purpose of this article is to show the organization and dynamics of passenger transportation in the Ob-Irtysh water basin. In preparing this work, a statistical method and a method of selective analysis of data from the reporting documentation of several river companies were used. This made it possible to identify not only categories and groups of passengers of river companies, but also to show the conditions of accommodation during transportation along the rivers of the Ob-Irtysh water basin. Although there were seven groups of passengers transported, the main customers of this service were local residents, and the most profitable client was the state. These conclusions confirm the opinion of contemporaries, as well as the conclusions of historians about the interest of all participants in the process of commodity-money relations in Western Siberia in the development of not only railway transport, but also river transport. Sources also indicate that large river transport companies sought to diversify their capital by investing it in areas that had just taken shape in the Ob-Irtysh water basin. Of interest is the organization of passenger transportation both by the company itself and under contracts with the executive authorities of local routes in the Ob North.

The transformation of the institute of bais in the conditions of modernization processes of the 19th – early 20th centuries

The article is devoted to the study of the social and institutional history of the prosperous estate of a nomadic society – the Kazakh bais. The main content of the topic of this study is the history of the bais estate as a social community – its condition, social behavior, place and role in the system of social relations, sources of material well-being, social alliances and conflicts, social preconditions and consequences of political, cultural and economic transformations. Integration of the Kazakh economy into the system of the all-Russian economy in the second half of the 19th century caused changes in the social stratification of the traditional nomadic society. The category of wealthy individuals – bais had begun to play an increasing role in its structure. The article is aimed at studying the traditional authoritу – bais, its transformation in the conditions of change of socio-economic and political life in the Kazakh territory under the influence of strengthening of colonial policy and penetration of elements of the market economy in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The methodological basis of the article is the theory of modernization and frontier modernization. Being part of the Russian Empire, Kazakhstan in the 19th – early 20th centuries actually was a frontier zone. As a result of the study, it was revealed that bais, actively involved in the sphere of commodity-money relations, used intensive forms of livestock breeding. By increasing the number of livestock, bais formed initial capital, which contributed to the development of entrepreneurship and trade. This, in turn, intensified charitable activities.

Мероприятия Ростовской конторы Государственного банка по развитию торгово-промышленной деятельности в Области войска Донского во второй половине XIX – начале XX века

Failures in the Crimean War, the ruined national economy and the crisis in the economy put into great doubt the future of the Russian Empire as a leading European power. The tsarist government saw overcoming the technological, military-technical and economic lag of Russia from the capitalist countries in the restructuring of the existing banking system. Shifts in the financial sector led to the opening of the State Bank, which carried out credit and financial operations for the development of commodity-money relations with the country. In the Don region, credit and financial support for local sectors of the national economy was provided by the Rostov office of the State Bank. The economic situation of the Don Army Region led to lending primarily to representatives of the peasant population, merchants and firms selling grain crops. The author studies the production of operations for the issuance of grain loans Separately, the influence of elevator facilities on the development of grain trade in the south of Russia is considered. The activity of the Rostov office of the state bank in the field of issuing a loan for the purchase of agricultural tools is analyzed. The influence of the Rostov office on lending to medium and large businesses of the Province of the Don Cossack Host is investigated.

Appeal of notarial deeds or refusal to perform them in court in Ukraine: historical and legal aspect of study (middle of the 14th - middle of the 17th century)

The article is devoted to judicial control over notarial activity during the Polish-Lithuanian rule on Ukrainian lands (mid-XIV - mid-XVII centuries).
 The importance of conducting historical and legal studies of the institution of challenging notarial acts or refusal to perform them before the court is noted. The prerequisites for the formation of the notary institution in the specified time period are studied. In particular, it is indicated that the intensification of commodity-money relations led to the growth and development of various contractual forms of economic transactions. The practice of concluding contracts and other transactions in writing is gradually spreading, especially when the state begins to demand it. But private acts in Poland during the 14th and 15th centuries, and in Lithuania until the middle XVI century were treated as secondary evidence in contrast to witness statements. However, the situation is gradually changing with the emergence of the so- called "right of eternity”, which was expressed in the fact that a certain private document entered in the court record book received not just legal force, but became indisputable evidence in the event of a dispute in the future. It was not required to confirm or deny it with the testimony of witnesses.
 The legal status of officials who, along with their main powers, were called to exercise powers of a notarial nature are being investigated. It is concluded that in this case it is not possible to talk about the introduction of the notary as an independent institution, since the official was primarily entrusted with the duties of performing the powers that were determined by his position (the voivode managed the voivodship, the headman managed the county, judges judged, the court clerk recorded procedural actions, etc.). The specified officials were at different levels of management and had different legal status. The resulting situation determined the peculiarity of judicial control over the activities of officials who recorded private acts in court books or made extracts from them. In particular, criminal or civil liability was assumed for improper maintenance of court books. On the basis of this, it is concluded that within the framework of criminal and civil legal means it was possible to control the behavior of officials who entered private acts in court books or made an extract from them. But this does not confirm the presence in the legislation of an independently developed procedure, not related to the imposition of criminal or property liability, the purpose of which would be exclusively to check the legality of the notarial action taken or its refusal.

Units of Account Between Countries at Different Times

Finance has been one of the most valuable source of life for many decades. This article compares monetary units of account between countries at different times. Moreover, the article examines the emergence and role of coins in commodity-money relations. The question of the possibility of using barter relations is also demonstrated in the following article.

Электронный документооборот как фактор влияния на человеческий капитал организаций

The article represents one of the first attempts in the domestic literature on the problems of electronic docu-ment management to link this issue with such a social factor as increasing trust in society and such a problem of modern management as the role of electronic document management in managing the human capital of the organization. On the issue of trust, the article substantiates the fact that the problem initially posed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 2017, to create conditions for increasing trust in electronic documents has not yet been solved. It is emphasized that the rejection of paper media has rather reduced trust in society both at the level of the state-population and at the level of corporate employer-employee relations. In order to confirm this circumstance, the authors stress the social inertia of the transition from paternalistic social and labor relations to liberal-market commodity-money relations in modern society. On the issue of the connection of transition to electronic document flow in the management of a modern organiza-tion, the article substantiates that such a transition from the standpoint of human resource management should be assessed from the standpoint of changing the paradigm of managing the labor potential of an employee, adopted in the Soviet economy, to the paradigm of human capital management in the modern economy. The given conclusion is argued both by references to socio-economic literature and the results of socio-economic research. The article justifies that the transition to management as part of human capital issues solves the prob-lem of trust and social justice in the transition to electronic document flow management.

DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION PROVIDING FOR CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR SMUGGLING

This article examines the development of legislation that provides for criminal liability for smuggling. It focuses on issues such as the first stages of the fight against smuggling in the history of the world, the introduction of the customs service to fight against smuggling in the territory of our country, and the determination of liability for smuggling in the codified criminal law. In particular, "smuggling" as a crime appeared in the 14th century, when capitalism was forming, commodity-money relations were developing rapidly, and countries found it unprofitable to import and export goods without obstacles. Also, this article provides a comparative analysis of the issue of liability for smuggling in the criminal laws of 1926, 1959 and 1994. The need and importance of improving the norms of the criminal law in the relevant periods has been revealed.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION

The modern world order and geopolitical risks have caused large-scale changes that have spread to all spheres of the economy and the behavior of subjects of socio-economic activity.
 The world market as an integral part of the world economy, on the one hand, is a platform for the exchange between participants in trade operations, based on stable interstate commodity-money relations, on the other hand, it is a sphere of collision of emerging contradictions between participants in market trade and the struggle for competitive markets. Violation of international economic, interregional and intersubjective relations due to changes in the value chain, disproportion in the distribution of value between participants in trade relations limits the possibility of using previously formed mechanisms and instruments of international cooperation and becomes a factor in the search for new points of contact and new partners in the processes of international and interregional interaction.
 The relevance of the study is dictated by the key task of national and international development — the transformation of the economic system, ensuring its stability and viability in the face of turbulence and uncertainty, accumulated experience, opportunities and limitations.
 The scientific novelty of the study lies in the formation of new views on the problems of organizing economic relations among participants in the global market.

Peculiarities of hearing cases of insolvency of an individual entrepreneur in court

The development of economic reforms in our country is a vital necessity for market relations. The Bankruptcy Institute as a means of ensuring the development of commodity-money relations based on market principles is one of the most urgent tasks. Although this relationship is not considered new, it is considered an institution that has not yet been thoroughly studied in the practice of law enforcement. During the study of the topic, court practice and legislation were studied.

Mammoth bone collecting as a traditional occupation of the indigenous population of the East Siberian Arctic (17th — early 20th c.)

The paper is concerned with the history of collecting and trade of fossil mammoth bones as a traditional occupa-tion of the indigenous population of the East Siberian Arctic in the 17th — early 20th c. For a long time the indigenous peoples of the North practiced individual collecting, incidental in the course of hunting, of fossil bones for their house-hold needs. Meanwhile, archaic ideas about the mammoth as a sacred chthonic animal served as a regulator of eco-logical balance of the traditional nature management, introducing constraints on the scope of the search and size of the spoils. Starting from the 17th c., the search for and quarry of fossil bone are most closely connected with the history of the colonization and exploration of the Arctic regions of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers. In the context of the de-velopment of commodity-money relations on the sea islands, artels were formed from among the northern Yakuts and Russian Arctic old-settlers, supplying tusk to the merchants who traded in furs and mammoth tusks. The extraction of fossil mammoth bones reached its peak in the middle of the 19th c., when the “Russian, or Moscow ivory” was current on the world market as the fifth grade, with the total assortment of six grades. At the turn of the 19th–20th cc. the mam-moth ivory industry in Yakutia was experiencing a crisis; the demand for the products of mammoth ivory within the coun-try was decreasing, merchants could not find markets, and ivory harvesting in Africa increased. However, despite these factors, this occupation preserved in places until the 1930s. In the modern conditions of the development of the Arctic, inclusion of collection and extraction of mammoth tusks in the list of traditional economic activities will help to solve economic and legal problems in this region in the interests of the indigenous population.

Sociocultural Infrastructure of Tatar Rural Settlements of Tobolsk Province at Beginning of 20th Century

The article is devoted to the characteristics of the socio-cultural image of the Tatar rural settlements of the Tobolsk province population at the beginning of the 20th century. The dynamics of the population and the number of settlements for the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are traced (according to the lists of settlements in the Tobolsk province). The authors focus on the consideration of the socio-cultural infrastructure of the Tatar rural settlements. It is understood as a set of objects of the non-productive sphere (religious, educational institutions, healthcare facilities and communications). They reveal regional and ethnic features of the integration of the Tatar population into the all-Russian system in the period under review. The country has undergone reforms aimed at unifying the management system and actively integrating the national outskirts into national processes. There was an acceleration of migration processes. It caused a violation of the former isolation of the rural Tatar-Muslim communities. Settlers arriving in the region contributed to the active development of commodity-money relations. The educational and cultural needs of the Tatar population grew. All-Russian processes have caused the need to adapt to new realities, in connection with which there is a modernization within the confessional education system.

Form of manifestation of value: Heinrich’s monetary theory of value – a review of the Philosophical methodology based on Marx’s labour theory of value

Marx’s scientific labour theory of value is fundamentally inseparable from his philosophical method of advancing from the thinking abstract to the thinking concrete. He employs the power of abstraction to reveal the essential determination of value, and then to accomplish a generalisation of the commonness of all commodity-money relations. Through the intermediate links, Marx advances from the abstract to the concrete, grasping the historical individuality and form of manifestation of value in the specific capitalist phase. Heinrich is acutely aware of the methodological revolution achieved by Marx in his treatment of value theory, and, therefore, advocates examining the value theory from the philosophical methodological perspective. However, in his view, it is the emphasis on the form of value that is Marx’s fundamental critique to the political economy, with money as a necessity in the capitalist society. Consequently, he proposes the term ‘monetary theory of value’ to replace Marx’s labour theory of value. Heinrich, who lacks the scientific power of abstraction, directly focuses on the concrete phase of capitalism and, thus, merely attaches great importance to the external form of manifestation of value. The underlying cause of his deficiency is the philosophical methodology he adheres to, i.e. the formal dialectics.

Ф. Г. Сафронов о развитии товарно-денежных отношений в хозяйстве коренного населения Северо-Восточной Сибири

The scientific point of view of F.G. Safronov on the problem of the formation of commodity-money relations in North-Eastern Siberia during the period of modernization of the Russian economy is considered. A brief biography of the scientist based on his personal diaries is given. It is noted that Safronov formulated the concept of the uniqueness of the development of commoditymoney relations in the economy of the indigenous population of North-Eastern Siberia, where there was no private ownership of land and fishing grounds. It is emphasized that a combination of factors, including the geopolitical status and activities of the Russian-American Company, determined the nature of trade and capital in the macroregion.

Nedozvoljena trgovina u kaznenom pravu

Trade, as a form of commodity-money relations, has a long history. It begins with the first forms of exchange of goods for money and other valuables. Given that the purpose of trade is the acquisition of profit based on the sale and purchase of goods and services, this activity undoubtedly enabled the commercial class of society to accumulate significant wealth. This is why merchants are considered to be among the wealthiest people in the society, from the beginning of the first states, up to the present day. However, trading often represents an 'ideal' way of acquiring illegal gains, which can rapidly increase if it is carried out over a long period of time. The suppression of various forms of illegal trade is carried out at the legal and institutional level. Hence, regulations in this field can be classified into basic ones (governing trading activities), criminal ones (specifying particular criminal offenses), and misdemeanor ones (prescribing penalties for legal entities and individuals). The legal peculiarity in regulating trade, including its legal forms, lies in the extensive catalog of different procedures. In the field of criminal law, there is an independent criminal offense of the same name with multiple forms. In our country, judicial practice is full of various cases in which the criminal ingenuity of the actors of illegal trade is especially manifested. The inspection authorities are the society's first line of defense against various forms of illicit trade. In the process of carrying out regular and extraordinary supervision, they observe and initiate investigation into the responsibility for offenses in the domain of illegal trade. In the field of criminal law, there is an independent criminal offense of the same name, which has several forms. Consequently, this paper gives an overview of the legal mechanisms for suppressing illegal trade in our country.

КИЇВСЬКИЙ КОНТРАКТОВИЙ ЯРМАРОК НАПРИКІНЦІ XVIII – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст.

The article analyzes the role of the largest contract fair in the socio-economic development of Kyiv and Ukraine. The relevance is determined by the state of the historiographical situation regarding the socio-economic development of commodity-money relations that arose on the basis of an artificially created important trading area in Kyiv and dominate modern pro-European perspectives. The authors present the key concept of «contract fair» as a trading area for commodity-money and exchange relations. Based on the collected factual material, the main factors of the contract fair’s impact on the socio-economic development of Kyiv, as well as the conscious perception/understanding of reality by the population, the inclusion of Kyiv residents, Ukrainians and visitors in the life of the city, and changes in its infrastructure are highlighted. It is proved that an important element of Kyiv’s use in the socio-economic development of the Right Bank of Ukraine is its convenient geographical location. Kyiv was an important administrative unit of Ukraine in the historical period studied by the authors. Its status has been preserved to this day. The convenient location of the city and the interest of the Kyiv administration in developing trade relations contributed to the expansion of international relations between city traders and foreign trade institutions. The Russian Empire and Napoleon also had mixed interests in using Kyiv to their advantage. For the Russian Empire, it was an important strategic outpost in the Southwestern region, which served as a military base for Russia’s expansion to the south against Turkey; the spiritual center of East Slavic Orthodoxy. For Napoleon, it was an important military strategic direction. The socio-economic role of the contract fair is important for the development of interethnic trade and monetary relations and the further development of Kyiv. The presented scientific conclusions and generalizations are based on the study of archival materials, sources and literature of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Інституціональне середовище формування механізмів еколого-економічного забезпечення введення об’єктів лісової рекреаційної інфраструктури

It is found that a necessary condition for preventing the manifestations of excessive recreational load on forest biogeocenoses is the formation of an institutional environment for the development of mechanisms for the ecological and economic support of the introduction of forest recreational infrastructure. It is substantiated that the institutional environment of recreational forest use is a complex of institutions-regulations and institutions-organizations that ensure the economic development of the recreational potential of forests and its further commercialization through various forms of market commodity-money relations. It is identified that the complex of modern institutions-regulations of recreational forest use should be aimed at forming in forest users such worldview orientations that will provide for more efficient use of forest ecosystem services instead of priority development of the most liquid wood component of the forest fund. It is proved that an important component of the institutional environment for the functioning of forest recreational infrastructure is the formation of a set of institutions-organizations that will provide assistance in promoting recreational forestry products to the market of recreational services, in particular, provide consulting services on the specification of forestry activities related to the organization of tourism and recreational activities in the territory of forest biogeocenoses. It i determined that the mechanisms of ecological and economic support for the introduction of forest recreational infrastructure facilities are the following: mechanism for ecological and forestry regulation of recreational load on forest biogeocenoses; mechanism for financial and economic support for the development of forest recreational infrastructure; mechanism for economic stimulation of recreational development of the resource potential of forests. It is substantiated that the specification of mechanisms for environmental and economic support for the introduction of recreational infrastructure facilities should be focused on maximizing the integrated efficiency of recreational forest use, taking into account the requirements of deepening decentralization of power and martial law.

Trade in the structure of private entrepreneurship on the territory of the South Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire (second half of the 19tth beginning of the 20th century)

The aim of the article: to find out the role of representatives of different classes and ethnic groups of the population of the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces of the Russian Empire in the development of stationary trade in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, to determine the number and conditions for the functioning of various trading establishments in the region, the level of their profitability. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, retrospective. Main results: it is noted that the trade sphere of activity concentrated in the post-reform period the bulk of business, enterprising people of the southern Ukrainian provinces. At the same time, the number of trading establishments that were in sole ownership or the property of trading houses in the territory of Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces at the end of the 19th century was approximately 19.5 thousand. It was found that representatives of the business circles of the region most often created guild stores that sold manufactory, haberdashery, etc. And the stores of Kherson region had the most significant income among such establishments – 25.9 thousand rubles per year. According to social characteristics, among the merchants of the South of Ukraine in the modern period, there were representatives of the merchant class with a significant margin from others. It is noted that representatives of almost all groups of the multinational population of the South were involved in trading activities, although this primarily concerns Russians, Jews, Germans and Mennonites. At the same time, no doubt, the role of business people of Ukrainian origin was also noticeable in this. One way or another, the entrepreneurial activity of representatives of different ethnic groups of the population of the region was primarily aimed at making a profit, which means that economic interest naturally dominated among all businessmen. Concise conclusions: it is noted that the development of private entrepreneurship in the field of trade played a decisive role in the formation of the capitalist market in the region, the genesis of commodity-money relations in the post-reform period. The practical significance: is to create a proper basis for a systemic reconstruction of the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Originality: the author used a wide range of published (both act and narrative) sources and carried out their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: A regional-sectoral approach to the study of entrepreneurship in the trade sphere of Ukraine in the imperial period is proposed. For the first time, the main directions of business strategies of entrepreneurs of the South in the trade sector at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are presented comprehensively, their class, property and ethnic composition are characterized. Type of article: research article.