Standards Committee Research Articles

Measurement of Ambient Millimeter Wave Exposure Levels around Small Base Stations

Abstract This study investigated the implementation and impact of fifth-generation (5G) wireless millimeter wave (mmW) technology. 5G offers significant advancements over previous generations and supports additional frequency bands, including mmW, to enhance mobile broadband with ultra-reliable, low-latency communications, supporting a high volume of diverse communications. This technology is expected to enable billions of new connections in the Internet of Things (IoT), fostering innovations in various sectors including healthcare, manufacturing, and education. This research contributes to the understanding and safe implementation of this transformative technology. Global adoption of 5G is rapidly increasing, with over 1.5 billion subscriptions as of 2024, projected to reach 58% of all wireless subscriptions by 2029. Despite its benefits, 5G mmW installations have raised concerns regarding exposure to electromagnetic fields. This study was conducted using a dual-polarized horn antenna and relatively inexpensive spectrum analyzers to measure typical ambient mmW radiofrequency field power densities near operational radio base stations (RBS) in urban and suburban environments. The measurements were taken at various times of the day and in different weather conditions to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the ambient mmW exposure. The study's results provide reassuring evidence that the ambient mmW exposure from RBSs is significantly lower than the safety limits set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and other international standards. The exposure levels ranged from 0.0003% to 0.0082% of the public maximum permissible exposure (MPE), with the highest levels being more than 25,000 times lower than the allowed continuous public exposure. This study concludes that typical mmW exposure from 5G RBSs is minimal and substantially below established safety limits.

N-Alkyl Chain Induced Molecular Aggregation in Mononuclear Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes for Blue Light Emitting Applications.

The gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) molecule exhibits outstanding luminescent properties along with high thermal stability due to its strong carbene gold bond. Gold(I)-NHC complexes are known to emit green to yellow color, while blue emission is limited. Herewith, we report the photoluminescence and thermal stability correlation between blue emitting mononuclear gold(I)-NHC chloride complexes, N-(9-anthracenyl)-N'(n-alkyl)imidazol-2-ylidene gold(I) chloride (alkyl=n-butyl (1), n-pentyl (2), n-hexyl (3)). These complexes were synthesized by transmetallation route and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, TGA, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The solid-state study reveals a unique molecular packing due to hydrogen bonding, aurophilic interaction, and CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions in all 1-3. In addition, the π⋅⋅⋅π stacking has been found in 1. All these complexes show good thermal stability due to the strong metal-ligand bond strength along with crystal packing. In addition, 1-3 emits a blue colour in both solution and crystalline state. The quantum yield in the crystalline state was found to be higher for 1 (22.44 %) compared to 2 (9.90 %), and 3 (14.98 %). A similar high quantum yield for blue-emitting gold(I)-NHC chloride complex is rare. This promising quantum yield for 1 can be ascribed to the crystal packing effect. The theoretical calculations were carried out to understand the electronic and structural properties of 1-3. Computational studies revealed the origin of the luminescence behaviour of complexes. The blue light emitting thin film and LED are demonstrated using 1 exhibited the emission peak at the blue region with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates near the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) value.

The urgency of refining the accounting standards of state tax revenue and receivables

Indonesia's Central Government Balance Sheet reflects substantial amounts of tax revenue and receivables, indicating the potential for significant state budget receipts. However, for the past 5 years, the audit report of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, BPK) on the Central Government Financial Report (LKPP) has consistently identified accuracy issues of tax receivable balances. Accordingly, this study explores the accounting problems related to tax revenue and receivables within the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) and proposes solutions how to improve them. A qualitative case study approach was employed using data collected through documentation and triangulated interviews with the Ministry of Finance (DGT and Directorate General of Treasury), BPK, and the Government Accounting Standards Committee. Results showed that inadequate regulation on the accrual-based reporting of tax transactions leads to underreported state revenue and receivables. The findings also provide empirical evidence that adopting International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) 23, which covers revenues from non-exchange transactions (taxes and transfers), into Indonesia’s Government Accounting Standards could solve tax revenue and receivable accounting problems. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of ASEAN countries revealed that Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines have already incorporated IPSAS 23 into their accounting frameworks.

Characteristics, source apportionment and health risks of indoor and outdoor fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China.

To investigate the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indoors and outdoors and their influencing factors, PM2.5 samples were systematically collected from both environments in Jinan during the summer and autumn seasons. During the observation period, the concentration of ∑ 19PAHs was 18.57±10.50 ng/m3 indoors and 23.79±16.13 ng/m3 outdoors. Most PAHs exhibited indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios less than 1, indicating that indoor PAHs were primarily derived from the infiltration of outdoor sources. Correlation analysis underscored the significant influence of temperature on both outdoor concentrations and I/O ratios of PAHs. By utilizing diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), vehicle emissions were identified as the predominant source of outdoor PAHs. Our study found that the toxic equivalents of benzo[a]pyrene (TEQBaP) values exceeded the European Commission's standard of 1 ng/m3, with indoor values at 2.78 ng/m3 and outdoor values at 3.57 ng/m3. Moreover, the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRTotal) associated with exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs surpassed the acceptable level of 10E-6, indicating potential adverse health effects. These results underscore the urgent necessity for more stringent regulatory measures to reduce PAH emissions. Additionally, our findings provide valuable insights into how environmental factors shape the relationship between indoor and outdoor PAHs.

Systematic Review of the Comparative Studies of Image-guided Thermal Ablation, Stereotactic Radiosurgery, and Sublobar Resection for Treatment of High-Risk Patients with Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

The Clinical Practice Standards Committee of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery assembled an expert panel and conducted a systematic review of the literature detailing studies directly comparing treatment options for high-risk patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A systematic search was performed to identify publications comparing outcomes following image-guided thermal ablation (IGTA), stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), and sublobar resection-the main treatment options applicable to high-risk patients with stage I NSCLC. There were no publications detailing completed randomized controlled trials comparing these treatment options. Several retrospective studies with comparisons were identified, some of which used large, population-based registries. The findings in 18 of these studies are summarized in this Expert Review article. Registry studies comparing IGTA with SABR in propensity-score matched patients with stage I NSCLC found no difference in overall survival. The use of thermal ablation was less frequent and had wider variation depending on geographic region as compared with SABR, however. Studies yielding high-quality data comparing SABR with sublobar resection have been limited. When comparing sublobar resection with IGTA, sublobar resection was associated with superior primary tumor control and overall survival in the retrospective cohort studies. Retrospective comparative studies are difficult to assess due to the inherent biases or treatment selection and the definitions of loco-regional control. Prospective randomized trials are needed to fully evaluate the outcomes of treatment options applicable to high-risk patients with early-stage lung cancer.

Systematic Review of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR)/ Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Treatment of High-Risk Patients with Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has emerged as an alternative, non-surgical treatment for high-risk patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with increased use over time. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Clinical Practice Standards Committee (CPSC) assembled an expert panel and conducted a systematic review of the literature evaluating the results of SABR, which is also referred to as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), prior to developing treatment recommendations for high-risk patients with stage I NSCLC based on expert consensus. Publications detailing the findings of 16 prospective studies of SABR and 14 retrospective studies of SABR for the management of early-stage lung cancer in 54 697 patients were identified by systematic review of the literature with further review by members of our expert panel. Medical inoperability (93-95%) was the primary reason for utilizing SABR. The median rate of histologically confirmed cancer in treated patients was 67% (range 57-86%). In retrospective studies and prospective studies, the most common dosing regimens were 48-54 Gy in 3-5 fractions and 44-66 Gy in 3-5 fractions respectively. The median follow-up after SABR was 30 months (range 15-50). The complications, oncological results and quality of life after SABR in high-risk patients with early-stage NSCLC are summarized in this Expert Review article. Further prospective randomized trials are needed and are currently underway to compare outcomes after SABR with outcomes after sublobar resection to fully evaluate treatment options applicable this high-risk group of patients.

Artificial Degradation of Two Wooden Species of Different Density and Their Use for Optimization of Thermal Comfort in Climatic Areas of Marine and Mesoandean Desert

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of two species of wood of different density and the most commercialized in the southern regions of Peru: Schizolobium excelsum (pashaco) and Aniba gigantiflora (mohena), in order to choose the appropriate timber species for housing coating and contribute to thermal comfort. Wood is known to be a widely used material in construction due to its mechanical, aesthetic and sustainable properties. However, its durability is compromised by environmental factors. The degradation of wood can manifest itself in the form of cracking, erosion and discoloration, affecting its structural integrity and appearance. On the other hand, several studios have designed multilayered facades as an architectural strategy that seeks to optimize the thermal comfort of the interior spaces. Previous studies have shown that the configuration of multilayer facades with wood can result in a significant improvement of the thermal performance of buildings, for this purpose the best timber species must be chosen. Context: In this context, samples of two timber species were selected and evaluated in their natural state and coated with commercial surface protector, and wood thermally treated at 180 °C; these samples were subjected to accelerated degradation in a QUV equipment under conditions of UV radiation (0.89 W/m2 nm at 340 nm), humidity (by condensation and spray) and high temperatures (up to 60 °C), according to EN 927-6:2018 (European Committee for Standardization, 2018) for a total of 2016 hours. Results: The results showed statistically that the wood in its natural state, and with commercial coating presented cracking, fissures, erosion and discoloration. However, the heat treated wood presented better results of resistance against cracks. Finally, the species Schizolobium excelsum (density 0.33 g/cm3) is more resistant to exposed climatic conditions. Chosen the best timber species, it was configured as part of the multi-layer facade system composed of: heat treated wood, elastomer, air, OSB board and polyurethane insulators and its behavior was simulated to optimize thermal comfort in homes of marine desert climates and Andean meso with THERM software. The result showed an internal temperature concentration of 20 °C versus 0 °C of external temperature, this result considering only structures of walls of the house. Implications of the research: The implications of the research is at the level of material development, since the results reflect the need to develop coatings and treatments for wood that offer greater protection against degradation that respond to demands for durability and sustainability. Another implication is at the level of design strategy, the configuration of multi-layer facade with heat treated wood, can be adopted in architectural design to improve thermal comfort in marine or Mesoandean desert climatic areas. Originality: The originality of this inside research in which an accelerated degradation equipment was used, which allowed to have a realistic frame of reference to evaluate the behavior of materials in adverse climatic conditions. Likewise, it was possible to identify the timber species, more resistant to extreme climatic factors and by simulating the thermal behavior of this material, it is concluded that it is viable against other timber species.

Standardization of confectionery products

The article presents priority areas of standardization in the fi eld of confectionery. Current developments of standards have been identifi ed within the framework of the activities of the technical committee for standardization of TC 149 “Confectionery products”.

A Study Investigating The Presence Of Diatoms On Tooth Samples Using The Acid Digestion Method For The Estimation Of Time Since Death In Drowning Cases

Teeth are a further source of diatoms in establishing the cause of death and time since death by analysis of the stage qualitative and quantitative evaluation of diatoms diversity. Trials also confirmed that diatoms have also been a useful tool in differentiating antemortem and postmortem drowning (Jian Zhao April 2014). Diatoms are a type of algae that belong to the phylum Bacillariophyta. They are unicellular organisms with a unique feature – their cell walls are made of silica, which gives them a glass-like appearance. Diatoms are a diverse group of microorganisms found in various aquatic environments, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and even damp soil. This study mainly focuses on a tooth immersed in a water sample from a known water body for a day and the 7th day to observe the variation and the stages of the life cycle. The method of extraction used is the acid digestion method using concentrated Sulphuric Acid. We could find the centric and pennate types of diatoms. Diatoms are also important as they indicate natural water quality (European Committee of Standardization 2004). According to the results, we cannot deny that teeth are a source for the extraction of diatoms and also an indicator of time since death when other methods fail.

Prevention of Maternal Rh D Alloimmunization: A Comparative Review of Guidelines.

Rhesus alloimmunization refers to the sensitization of an Rh D-negative mother after exposure to D-positive fetal red blood cells, which can lead to significant fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to review and compare the most recently published international guidelines on the prevention of maternal alloimmunization. A comparative review of guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the British Committee for Standards in Hematology, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada regarding the prevention of maternal Rh D alloimmunization was conducted. There is consensus among the reviewed guidelines regarding the timing of antenatal antibody screening; the management of an already sensitized pregnancy; the administration and timing of postnatal prophylaxis with a D-positive neonate; and the need for prophylaxis after invasive procedures, abdominal trauma, and external cephalic version. Controversies exist regarding the management of women expressing weak D blood type and the optimal dose and regimen for routine antenatal prophylaxis, with recommendations suggesting administration between 28 and 34 weeks, versus specifically at 28 weeks. Moreover, significant discrepancies exist regarding the need for prophylaxis after some sensitizing events such as threatened, spontaneous, or surgical miscarriage; termination of pregnancy; and molar and ectopic pregnancy, as well as the optimal dose of anti-D globulin after invasive antenatal procedures, abdominal trauma, external cephalic version, and postnatal prophylaxis. Anti-D globulin remains an important tool for the prevention of maternal alloimmunization, thus contributing to a significant improvement in fetal and neonatal outcomes. However, due to lack of evidence, discrepancies exist between relevant guidelines. Hence, further studies and the development of consistent evidence-based protocols and algorithms are pivotal to safely guide through pregnancy and subsequently reduce fetal and neonatal morbidity, without subjecting women to unnecessary treatment.

State of Practice on Transcranial MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound: A Report from the ASNR Standards and Guidelines Committee and ACR Commission on Neuroradiology Workgroup.

Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is a versatile, MR-guided, incisionless intervention with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for neurologic and psychiatric diseases. It is currently FDA-approved as a thermoablative treatment of essential tremor and Parkinson disease. However, other applications of FUS including BBB opening for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, sonodynamic therapy, histotripsy, and low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation are all in clinical trials. While FUS targeting for essential tremor and Parkinson disease has classically relied on an indirect, landmark-based approach, development of novel, advanced MR imaging techniques such as DTI tractography and fast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery has the potential to improve individualized targeting and thus potentially enhance treatment response, decrease treatment times, and avoid adverse effects. As the technology advances and the number of clinical applications increases, the role of the neuroradiologist on a multidisciplinary team will be essential in pairing advanced structural and functional imaging to further this image-guided procedure via a precision medicine approach. This multi-institutional report, written by an experienced team of neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, and neurologists, summarizes current practices, the use of advanced imaging techniques for transcranial MR-guided high-intensity FUS, recommendations for clinical implementation, and emerging clinical indications.

Precise Modification of Organic Cations to Enhance the Moisture Stability and Luminescence Efficiency of Mn-Based Halides.

Eco-friendly organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) are widely recognized as promising candidates for next-generation semiconductor materials. However, achieving inherent moisture stability in OIMHs remains a significant challenge due to the highly hygroscopic nature of the halide structures. In response, a strategy to precisely modify the organic cation (18-ACE: 4,13-diaza-18-crown 6-ether) was developed by introducing hydrophobic benzyl groups into 18-ACE, forming a protective layer that enhances the moisture stability of the OIMHs. Specifically, benzyl groups were incorporated into 18-ACE to create 18-ACE-Bn, which was then used as an organic component to construct zero-dimensional Mn-based (18-ACE)MnBr4 and (18-ACE-Bn)MnBr4·H2O, exhibiting photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 68.18% and 97.17%, respectively. Notably, (18-ACE-Bn)MnBr4·H2O demonstrates exceptional moisture stability compared to (18-ACE)MnBr4, retaining 97% of its initial PLQY even after 180 days of exposure to 70% relative humidity. Molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations indicate that this superior stability is attributed to the terminal benzyl groups embedded within the inorganic framework, forming a compact structure with abundant weak interactions. Leveraging the unique spectral characteristics of (18-ACE-Bn)MnBr4·H2O, a high-performance WLED with a wide color gamut of 125.2% NTSC (National Television Standard Committee) was developed, highlighting its potential for backlight display applications.

The Advantages of Adopting the ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 Lab Management System in Calibration and Testing Laboratories

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for testing and calibration laboratories are known as ISO/IEC17025:2017, which is the standard for laboratory certification. The testing laboratory's accreditation, the methods of execution, and the tangible advantages of working with such an organization. This study examined the advantages of ISO/IEC17025:2017 implementation in Chengalpat region's calibration and testing laboratories using a descriptive research design. The advantages of putting ISO/IEC 17025:2017 into practice are the main variable in the current study. The investigator utilized a method called purposive sampling. This research is based on a survey with 180 responses. After the data was gathered, analysis was done using SPSS 20. It has been found that to implement best practices and believe in the benefits, Top Management must fully understand the advantages of enacting the ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 Lab Management System, task and lab managers must fully understand the Lab Management System ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 implementation, the management tools for the Calibration and Testing Labs, the infrastructure that is being developed for the Labs, teams must collaborate, and accountability is linked to the Labs.

Efficient and Stable Narrowband Pure-Red Light-Emitting Diodes with Electroluminescence Efficiencies Exceeding 43.

Advanced multiresonance-induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials exhibit exceptional promise for applications in state-of-the-art organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to their unique narrowband emissions and high luminescent efficiencies. Despite substantial progress with blue and green MR-TADF materials, the development of pure-red MR-TADF emitters has lagged behind, thereby hindering the advancement toward high-performance ultrahigh-definition OLED displays. Here, we propose an effective approach for designing pure-red MR-TADF molecules based on the integration of secondary electron-donating units and π-skeleton extension into MR cores, which enables not only a redshift of narrowband emission but also an acceleration of reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate. The proof-of-the-concept emitter BNTPA showcases a bright and saturated red emission centered at 613 nm with a full-width at half-maximum of 0.14 eV, together with a more than twofold increase in the RISC rate. As a result, TADF OLEDs based on BNTPA achieved a record maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of up to 35.2% with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.657, 0.343), approaching the coordinates of the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) red standard. Moreover, phosphor-assisted fluorescence devices exploiting BNTPA as a terminal emitter exhibit an exceptional EQEmax of 43.3%, accompanied by improved operational stability.

Standards Quiz Show: An Introduction to Using Standards in Serials & Electronic Resources Work

Standards are an important part of serials and electronic resources work, which makes standards important to NASIG. Beth Ashmore, Jen Montavon-Green, and Matthew Ragucci discuss the importance of standards to this work, the role of NASIG’s Standards Committee in representing NASIG’s interests to the standards community, and opportunities for others to get involved in shaping standards. Their program was a highly-interactive session which culminated in a Jeopardy!-style game show for session attendees.

STRUCTURAL AND LUMIENESCENT STUDY OF EUROPIUM (III) DOPED TUNGSTATES

Motivated by the need of new red phosphor for white - light - emitting diodes (WLEDs) application, Eu3+ doped Sc2-xInx(WO4)3 (x = 0, 1, 2) solid solutions were synthesized by high temperature solid - state reaction. Structural and luminescent properties were obtained by using X - ray diffraction (XRD), infrared and photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. IR spectrum of the ScIn(WO4)3 doped with Eu3+ contains the characteristic vibrations of the WO4 and MeO6 , (Me = Sc, In) polyhedral, building the Sc2(WO4)3 and In2(WO4)3 structures. An effective energy transfer from the tungstate matrix to the active Eu3+ ion was observed. Intense red luminescence was obtained in these samples under excitation at 394 nm using the sharp 7F0 → 5L6 transition of Eu3+. The calculated asymmetric ratio ( 5D0 → 7F2 / 5D0 → 7F1 ) was about 7.5, suggesting that the obtained materials are characterized with distorted environment around the rare earth ion and with high red emission intensity. The prepared ScIn(WO4)3 solid solution demonstrates the highest emission intensity. The obtained chromaticity coordinates of the Eu3+ doped Sc2-xInx(WO4)3 solid solutions were very close to the red standard recommended by National Television Standards Committee (NTSC).

Measurement of helium thermophysical properties and modification of the calculation models in the KTA 3102.1 report

Helium is a commonly used circulating working fluid in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR). The thermophysical properties of helium are crucial for HTGR design and operation. The isobaric specific heat capacity, viscosity and thermal conductivity of helium were determined in this study based on flow method, capillary method and dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, respectively. To fill the data gap, the measurements were conducted over a temperature range of 293 K∼773 K and at pressures up to 7 MPa. The relative uncertainty estimates for the experimental apparatuses of isobaric specific heat capacity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are less than 0.9%, 1.4%, and 2.2%, respectively. Based on the experimental data, the deviation of the existing calculation models for isobaric specific heat capacity, viscosity and thermal conductivity were analyzed. The calculation model posted by the Nuclear Safety Standards Commission (KTA) was modified to improve the reliability in the target p-T region.

Spiro-Carbon-Locking and Sulfur-Embedding Strategy for Constructing Deep-Red Organic Electroluminescent Emitter with High Efficiency.

The discovery of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials with remarkable narrowband emission has opened a new avenue for the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity. However, the lack of construction strategies for purely red MR-TADF materials significantly impedes their application in full-color high-definition displays. Herein, we propose a unique and handy approach of spiro-carbon-locking and sulfur-embedding strategy to modify the parent MR-TADF framework, resulting in a red MR-TADF emitter with high color purity. The reported MR-TADF molecule (namely, FSBN) demonstrates a pure red emission with an emission maximum of 621 nm in toluene solution. The OLED with FSBN as emitter exhibits Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.67, 0.33), which exactly matches the red standard defined by the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC). Importantly, the single-host OLED achieves a high power efficiency (PE) of up to 50.1 lm W-1, suggesting the potential for the development of low power consumption red OLEDs.

Spiro‐Carbon‐Locking and Sulfur‐Embedding Strategy for Constructing Deep‐Red Organic Electroluminescent Emitter with High Efficiency

The discovery of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) materials with remarkable narrowband emission has opened a new avenue for the development of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity. However, the lack of construction strategies for purely red MR‐TADF materials significantly impedes their application in full‐color high‐definition displays. Herein, we propose a unique and handy approach of spiro‐carbon‐locking and sulfur‐embedding strategy to modify the parent MR‐TADF framework, resulting in a red MR‐TADF emitter with high color purity. The reported MR‐TADF molecule (namely, FSBN) demonstrates a pure red emission with an emission maximum of 621 nm in toluene solution. The OLED with FSBN as emitter exhibits Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.67, 0.33), which exactly matches the red standard defined by the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC). Importantly, the single‐host OLED achieves a high power efficiency (PE) of up to 50.1 lm W−1, suggesting the potential for the development of low power consumption red OLEDs.

Bleeding disorder of unknown cause: an illustrated review on current practice, knowledge gaps, and future perspectives

In more than half of the individuals with a clinically relevant bleeding tendency who are referred to hemostasis experts, no biological etiology can be found after extensive laboratory testing. These persons are diagnosed with an unexplained bleeding tendency or “bleeding disorder of unknown cause” (BDUC). The mucocutaneous bleeding phenotype of individuals with BDUC is generally comparable to that of individuals with inherited bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease or platelet function disorders. BDUC definitions applied in literature are heterogeneous, but all comprise 2 main criteria: (1) there is an increased bleeding tendency based on the clinical view of the physician and/or an increased bleeding score; (2) no abnormalities are found with available hemostasis laboratory tests. This is reflected in the recent published BDUC definition by the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, stating that BDUC is a diagnosis of exclusion, characterized by normal hemostatic investigations despite a clinically significant bleeding tendency. Importantly, other nonhemostatic and acquired causes of bleeding should be excluded, but details on exclusion criteria and associated diagnostic testing remain undefined. Patients and health care providers are challenged by the uncertainty and lack of formal diagnosis particularly as there is no clear consensus regarding treatment. Research on the diagnostic value of new laboratory tests in individuals with BDUC has not yet been productive. In this illustrative review, the current practice and knowledge gaps in BDUC are addressed, previous research on BDUC is outlined and future directions with outstanding questions for future research in BDUC are highlighted.