Commission Of Violent Crimes Research Articles

Защита половой неприкосновенности несовершеннолетних в сети Интернет

Protection of the sexual integrity of minors is one of the key tasks of criminal law protection. The protection of children from sexual violence is enshrined both in domestic legislation and at the level of international acts. At the same time, these crimes have always been considered one of the most dangerous criminal acts, as they lead to the loss of health and life of these children, as well as to a destroyed psyche. Not the last place in the commission of violent crimes against the sexual integrity of children is the Internet. The purpose of the study is a hypothesis about the need to increase the effectiveness of countering crimes that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors through the Internet. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of analysis and synthesis, which make it possible to identify a causal relationship between the Internet and the growth of crimes against sexual integrity. The statistical method makes it possible to trace the dynamics of the growth of the crimes under consideration, the logical method of presenting the research material is also used, as well as the method of modeling and abstraction. We analyze the possibilities of the Internet for committing the indicated crimes. These opportunities include: a variety of special digital programs that allow you to establish contact with a large number of children, also helping to collect data on children and use them to involve minors in committing crimes against them that infringe on their sexual integrity; the widespread use of mobile devices with access to the World Wide Web allows minors themselves to distribute their images of a sexual nature, which become the property of adults who are interested in receiving them. We focus on the means of committing the indicated crimes: mass distribution, placement and promotion on the Internet of materials containing images of sexual abuse of children; direct sale and receipt of financial rewards for such materials; creation of web studios for viewing pornographic materials; organization of child sex tourism. We identify the following forms of sexual exploitation and abuse of children: Internet harassment, drawing children into viewing materials that are detrimental to their development, where alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution are demonstrated and cultivated; involvement of minors in sexual contact; cyberbullying based on real and fake images of the sexual nature of minors; trafficking in minors into sexual slavery, etc. The results of the study are aimed at improving the mechanism for counteracting crimes that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors through the Internet.

ТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ: ПРАВОВОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ

In the article the author comes to the conclusion that in various legislative acts different content of the concept of "terrorist activity" is fixed. The hallmark of terrorist crimes is the commission of violent crimes with the aim of influencing decision-making by the authorities, usually associated with intimidation of the population.

Le transfert différentiel des fibres de coton et de polyester lors d’agressions au couteau

In Canada, the knife is amongst the stabbing weapons most frequently used in the commission of violent crimes, particularly homicides. Although under-exploited, the search for fibres resulting from contact between a textile material and a receiver surface can provide relevant information on the activity at their origin. Although cotton-polyester blended textiles are among the most commonly produced worldwide, no research seems to focus on studying the proportions of fibres transferred to the knife blade during such an attack which constitutes an important lack of information for practitioners in the field. This study involved the construction of a stabbing simulation device that performed perforations under controlled parameters (e.g. force, speed and orientation of perforation) with the use of two kitchen knives with straight and serrated blades. Simulations were conducted on a set of four blended textiles to further investigate the transfer of cotton and polyester fibres and the correlation to donor textile characteristics. The transfer mainly lies on the properties of the fibres. Since cotton fibres are shorter, less resistant and less elastic than polyester fibres, they are favoured during transfer and can be found in greater proportion. Finally, the study provides some guidelines, including the addition of a scraping step, for the recovery of fibres from knife blades.

Inspiring Copycat Violent Crime – A Question of Social Responsibility

The phenomenon of copycat crime, especially copycat murder, is nothing new. One would think that, because it has been around for so long, somehow the problem would have been addressed. Unfortunately, that is not the case, as we continue to see important details of horrible and violent crimes being reported by mass media without reflection on, or consideration of, how this type of information could be used by some in planning their own crimes, imitating the crime reported. This article discusses both the media and the law enforcement aspect of the copycat problem and concludes with the authors’ own recommendations. It is essential that both mass media and police make important changes in their approach to releasing information about crime to the public. It is naïve to believe that only law-abiding people are consumers of mass media, or that important details about the commission of violent crimes that are reported by media are never going to be used by anybody for an illegal purpose.

Examining the Relationship Between Childhood Animal Cruelty Motives and Recurrent Adult Violent Crimes Toward Humans

Few researchers have studied the predictive ability of childhood animal cruelty motives as they are associated with later recurrent violence toward humans. Based on a sample of 180 inmates at one medium- and one maximum-security prison in a Southern state, the present study examines the relationship among several retrospectively identified motives (fun, out of anger, hate for the animal, and imitation) for childhood animal cruelty and the later commission of violent crimes (murder, rape, assault, and robbery) against humans. Almost two thirds of the inmates reported engaging in childhood animal cruelty for fun, whereas almost one fourth reported being motivated either out of anger or imitation. Only one fifth of the respondents reported they had committed acts of animal cruelty because they hated the animal. Regression analyses revealed that recurrent animal cruelty was the only statistically significant variable in the model. Respondents who had committed recurrent childhood animal cruelty were more likely to have had committed recurrent adult violence toward humans. None of the motives for committing childhood animal cruelty had any effect on later violence against humans.

Intimidation and Street Gangs: Understanding the Response of Victims and Bystanders to Perceived Gang Violence

While research routinely examines the influence of gang membership on the quantity of violent crime involvement, less is known about the influence of gang violence on the situational characteristics of violent victimization. Felson’s discussion of street gangs highlights the possible functional role gang membership plays in the commission of violent crime; what he terms “the street gang strategy.” This study examines the functionality of gang membership during violent crimes by investigating the influence of perceived gang membership on the likelihood of victim resistance, bystander intervention, and police reporting using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Findings offer little support for the idea that gang members intimidate victims and bystanders to the extent that their behavior during and after violence differs systematically from responses resulting from non‐gang violence. Results are discussed in terms of their policy relevance and implications for future research.

Prediction of Violence History in Substance-Abusing Inmates

This study examines the relationship of various developmental factors, drug abuse history, and current adjustment with history of violent criminal activity in 183 drug-abusing inmates. The purpose is to determine factors that discriminate among offenders who (a) have no history of violent criminal behavior, (b) have a history of violent criminal behavior but have never attempted or committed murder, and (c) have attempted or committed murder. Inmates who have attempted or committed murder committed their first crime, on average, as preadolescents, whereas inmates who have not committed violent crimes committed their first crime, on average, in their midteens. A history of torturing animals as a child is predictive of membership in the murder or attempted murder group. Inmates who attempted or committed murder were raised in families considerably more deviant than families of the other two groups. Finally, commission of violent crimes is associated with a higher current level of anxiety.

Reconsidering the Clinical Utility of Bias as a Mental Health Problem: Intervention Strategies for Psychotherapy Practice.

Pathological forms of bias, an area unaddressed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), are considered in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Three clinical criteria of pathological bias are proposed: intrusive ideation, aversive arousal, and relationship-damaging behaviors in contexts of intergroup contact. A model of treatment is presented, encompassing dialogical, pharmacological, behavioral, and contextual interventions. Development of a research agenda addressing the clinical utility of pathological bias needs to examine the patient’s functional impairment, risk to commit bias-motivated aggression, and ability to benefit from treatment. Establishment of a reliable and valid methodology for psychotherapy research, as well as the legal and public health implications of viewing bias as a mental health problem, are discussed. Bias as a mental health problem has received very little attention over the past half-century. During this same time, discrimination and intergroup conflict have been recognized as a chronic social problem (Duckitt, 1992), a biological risk factor for the targets of biased behavior (Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999), and a legitimate civil rights issue in the courtroom (Griffith & Griffith, 1986). Racism, for example, may constitute a mental health problem for individuals who experience intense ego-dystonic affects concerning intergroup experiences (Frosh, 1989; Pinderhughes, 1989). Clinical problems of bias may include hostile racist behaviors, fearful preoccupation with cultural out-groups, or the commission of violent crimes that target members of a racial, ethnic, or sexual minority group. In this article, pathological bias is discussed in terms of current and future diagnostic decisions, as well as the multiple pathways for mental health treatment. There has been very little consideration in contemporary mental health literature concerning bias as a clinical problem. As a consequence, there is no standard of treatment for patients who demonstrate severe forms of racist beliefs and concerns. During the 1940s and 1950s, the study of intergroup problems was frequently explained in terms of psychodynamic models (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, & Sanford, 1950; Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939). Subsequent decades of social science research has demonstrated that these pathology-based explanations are inadequate to account for outgroup stereotyping and institutional forms of discrimination. Although this is certainly true, it will be argued that mental health problems related to out-group bias are inadequately represented by attitude research conducted with nonclinical samples. Rather, the study of pathological bias I would like to thank Drs. Carl Bell, Alice Chang, and Megan Sullaway for their encouragement in the preparation of this article. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Edward Dunbar, EdD, Pacific Psychological Associates, 2221 Rosecrans Avenue, Suite 211, El Segundo, CA 90245. E-mail: edunbar@ucla.edu Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training Copyright 2004 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 2004, Vol. 41, No. 2, 97–111 0033-3204/04/$12.00 DOI 10.1037/0033-3204.41.2.97

Community Cohesion and Violent Predatory Victimization: A Theoretical Extension and Cross-national Test of Opportunity Theory

This study extends the research on the opportunity theory of criminal victimization. Specifically, it is proposed that living in a cohesive community directly reduces the likelihood of experiencing violent predatory criminal victimization. Tightly knit communities have higher levels of informal guardianship, and members of such communities are more active in intervening in public deviant or criminal activities, thus limiting opportunities for the commission of violent crimes. This theoretical model is tested with a sample of more than 19,000 respondents to national-level victimization surveys from 15 countries. A replication is also performed with data from over 10,000 respondents to city level surveys in another 12 countries. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that people who live in communities which they perceive to be cohesive have a lower likelihood of violent victimization. The data indicate that net of relevant socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, and neighborhood status characteristics, community cohesion consistently reduces the likelihood of robbery and assault near the home, and robbery and assault near the home by strangers. The consistency of the results suggests that community cohesion may be a major determinant of victimization risk. Although it has long been known that community characteristics are associated with their levels of crime, the bulk of the research investigating this link has focused on explaining neighborhood differences in offendingfrequency. In the last twenty years, criminologists have broadened their focus to develop theories explaining a different phenomenon: individual differences in victimization.

A dialogue of the deaf? New international attitudes and the death penalty in America

The U.S. press spotlighted the recent decision by 120 governments to create an International Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. That the new court would not impose the death sentence went largely unreported. But it was the high-water mark of a decade of efforts to abolish the death penalty in international law. The impact of this new abolitionism on the U.S. became clear in December 1998, when Germany agreed to extradite a suspect in the terrorist bombing of American embassies only on condition that he would not face the death penalty. International law limits to the use of the death penalty are not new, but until recently they have been narrowly drawn. In the 1950s, when the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was being drafted, capital punishment was not generally seen as a human rights violation, provided the defendant was adult and sentence of death followed a trial in which due process rights had been scrupulously honored. This attitude is changing. In the last decade a growing number of states have ended capital punishment under their national laws and are using and interpreting international law as an instrument to restrict its use and, ultimately, to abolish it as a penalty. In the same period, the U.S. has moved in a different direction, expanding the scope of federal and state death penalty laws, cutting back legal challenges by those on death row, and carrying out their execution. One effect of this divergence between the U.S. and many of its key international allies has been to isolate the U.S. on an issue which is seen increasingly by other governments not merely as a question of domestic law and policy, but as implicating internationally protected human rights. As a result, the U.S. is criticized by United Nations (U.N.) rights bodies for breaches of international law, its extradition requests are refused by European states where the prisoner could face a death sentence in the US, and the Supreme Court has found itself in the uncomfortable position of refusing a stay of execution ordered by the International Court of Justice.(1) These developments are part of an international movement to abolish the death penalty which bases itself on the human rights principles of the right to life and the right to be protected from cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Abolitionists also draw support from studies which demonstrate convincingly that a sentence of life imprisonment has as great a deterrent effect on the commission of violent crime as capital punishment. Since 1993, this sea change in international attitudes to the death penalty has produced tangible results. The international community, led by the U.S. in the U.N. Security Council, responded to war crimes in Yugoslavia and genocide in Rwanda by creating the first international criminal tribunals. The statutes of both tribunals expressly exclude the death penalty. In 1994, abolition of the death penalty in peace time became a treaty requirement for all new members of the forty-state Council of Europe. While this may seem no more than a logical development for stable and relatively prosperous western European democracies, it is uncharted territory for new democracies with high crime rates and weak legal systems. Nonetheless, when the Russian Federation negotiated its admission to the Council of Europe in 1996, abolition of capital punishment was one of the terms of the agreement. In 1995, the new South African Constitutional Court reviewed the range of comparative national and international legal arguments advanced for and against capital punishment and ruled it to be unconstitutional.(2) The Rome Diplomatic Conference's 1998 decision that the ICC will have no power to impose death sentences means that those convicted of the most serious international crimes will face only a life sentence.(3) How has this dramatic change in international attitudes come about, what is the actual content of international law, and what does it mean for death penalty opponents in the U. …

Violent crime and punishment: an application of the LISREL model

Public anxiety over violent crime has forged a broad consensus to purchase more crime control. Recently, the President brought into law a federal anti-crime bill that will put an additional 100 000 police on the nation's streets. This paper presents empirical evidence on the deterrence effect of police presence. The principal finding is that police presence deters commission of violent crimes by increasing the risk of being punished for committing those crimes. This risk is modelled as a latent variable, because the probability and severity of punishment for committing a violent crime are generally communicated in an onconsistant fashion. The violent crime commission rate is also treated as a latent variable, because it is almost certainly afflicted with measurement error.

Childhood Victimization, Race, and Violent Crime

This study employed a logit analysis with retrospective self-report data to assess the importance of three types of childhood victimization experiences-physical abuse, spouse abuse, and emotional neglect-to the commission of violent crimes as a young adult. The exploratory model is based on data collected on 100 male inmates incarcerated for crimes of violence and 65 nonincarcerated, nonviolent males matched on age, race, and neighborhood. Findings from the analyses, estimated separately for Blacks and Whites, indicated that the childhood experiences associated with violent crime differed for Blacks and Whites and that the model fit the experiences of Blacks better than those of Whites.

Cofactors in the Commission of Violent Crimes: A Self-Psychology Examination

In many violent crimes a cofactor seems to play a part in the emergence of the violent act. The individuals involved in these cases appear to suffer from significant self pathology. The violent behaviors represent disintegration products of the self designed to maintain cohesion in the face of self-fragmentation. Without the presence of selfobjects, the violent act is less likely to occur. Thus, self psychology provides valuable insights into the commission of certain violent crimes.

Amnesia and crime. How much do we really know?

Claims of amnesia occur frequently after the commission of violent crimes and can have a significant bearing on the outcome of criminal trials. This article considers the relation between amnesia and crime within the broader context of research on memory and amnesia and provides a critical evaluation of current knowledge concerning the issue. Particular attention is paid to the problem of distinguishing between genuine and simulated claims of amnesia. It is suggested that reliable data con- cerning the nature of amnesic episodes that occur after the commission of a crime are sparse, and that there is as yet little evidence that genuine and simulated amnesia can be distinguished in criminal cases. The results of sev- eral laboratory studies are summarized that indicate that feeling-of-knowing ratings distinguished between genuine and simulated amnesia under conditions in which psy- chologists and psychiatrists did not.