Commercial Test Research Articles

Status of selected feline infectious diseases in Gwangju, Korea

From 2008 to 2017, blood samples from 280 and fecal samples from 149 stray cats in Gwangju, South Korea, were examined for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Dirofilaria immitis, and Giardia infections using commercial diagnostic tests. Overall, the combined prevalence of FeLV, FIV, D. immitis, and Giardia was 8.6%, 1.4%, 0.4%, and 2.0%, respectively. FeLV exhibited the highest prevalence rate among the 4 pathogens surveyed, both in the 2008–2009 (9.6%) and 2015–2017 (6.3%) surveys. The results of the feline Giardia study represent the first prevalence report of Giardia infection among stray cats in Korea.

A Deep Dive into Cobalt Strike Tool

Cobalt Strike is a popular commercial penetration testing tool that has also been widely used in cyber attacks. This paper provides a review of the Cobalt Strike and its use in cyber attacks, including an analysis of the tactics, techniques, and trends associated with its use. Conducted a literature review and data analysis of academic research, industry reports, and news articles on Cobalt Strike and its use in cyber attacks, as well as case studies of specific attacks involving Cobalt Strike. This research is based on cases in which Cobalt Strike has been used in a wide range of attacks: ransomware attacks, espionage campaigns, and advanced persistent threats. Attackers using Cobalt Strike tend to be highly sophisticated and motivated by a range of factors, including financial gain, political espionage, and cyber warfare. The tool's flexibility and adaptability make it a formidable threat to organizations seeking to defend against cyber attacks. Our research highlights key features and explains thoroughly the logical structure of the Cobalt Strike.

Adding a Coefficient for Race to the 4Kscore Improves Calibration for Black Men.

Black men face a higher incidence of high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) compared with non-Black men. While the 4Kscore is a widely utilized commercial test for PCa risk assessment, it does not currently account for racial differences. The aim of this study is to describe and validate a prespecified race coefficient for the 4Kscore with the goal of improving the accuracy of this test for Black men. Using data from 85 Black men from the initial US prospective validation study, a race coefficient of 0.6 on the log-odds scale was prespecified. We calculated discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility of the 4Kscore with and without this coefficient for Black race in our primary analysis cohort of 205 Black men undergoing biopsy for PCa in a Veterans Affairs (VA) institution. We performed a sensitivity analysis using a combined cohort from the US prospective validation and the VA studies. The mean probability of high-grade PCa from the 4Kscore in the primary cohort increased from 25% to 37% with race coefficient addition. Incorporating the race coefficient improved 4Kscore's calibration in Black men, with consequent improvements in clinical utility based on decision curve analysis. Model discrimination was maintained (AUC 0.825 vs 0.828, P = .14) in the combined cohort of Black and non-Black men from the US prospective and VA studies and the calibration remained largely unchanged. Incorporating a prespecified coefficient for Black race improved calibration and clinical utility of the 4Kscore among Black men and should be added to the 4Kscore.

Plasmon-Enhanced Digital Fluoroimmunoassay for Subfemtomolar Detection of Protein Biomarkers.

Rapid and accurate quantification of low-abundance protein biomarkers in biofluids can transform the diagnosis of a range of pathologies, including infectious diseases. Here, we harness ultrabright plasmonic fluors as "digital nanolabels" and demonstrate the detection and quantification of subfemtomolar concentrations of human IL-6 and SARS-CoV-2 alpha and variant proteins in clinical nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples from COVID-19 patients. The resulting digital plasmonic fluor-linked immunosorbent assay (digital p-FLISA) enables detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, both in solution and in live virions. Digital p-FLISA outperforms the "gold standard" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), having a nearly 7000-fold lower limit-of-detection, and outperforms a commercial antigen test, having over 5000-fold improvement in analytical sensitivity. Detection and quantification of very low concentrations of target proteins holds potential for early detection of pathological conditions, treatment monitoring, and personalized medicine.

Dental Abnormalities in Two Dental-Skeletal-Retinal Anomaly-Positive Cane Corso Dogs: A Case Series.

Dental-skeletal-retinal-anomaly (DSRA) is a newly described collagenopathy in Cane Corso dogs. The causative mutation has been linked with splice defects within the melanoma inhibitory activity member 3 (MIA/3) gene that codes for the TANGO1 protein. This case series presents the first dental-related radiographic and histopathological abnormalities in two dogs with genetically confirmed DSRA. The clinical, radiological, and histological features are similar to those reported for MIA3/TANGO1 splice defects previously reported in humans and knockout mice. Common clinical features of these patients include generalized opalescent discoloration of the permanent dentition (intrinsic dyschromia), enamel defects, fractured teeth, vision loss, shortened physical stature, and orthopedic abnormalities that resulted in chronic, early-onset lameness. Intraoral radiography revealed delayed dentin deposition, evidence of endodontic disease, and dental hard tissue loss in both cases. Histopathologic findings for both cases were consistent with dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI). DSRA exhibits autosomal recessive heritability and commercial diagnostic tests are now available. Clinicians should be aware of the etiopathogenesis, genetic inheritance and associated comorbidities in order to treat and counsel clients on the management of this condition. It is recommended that all breeding individuals be tested, and carriers be sterilized or omitted from the breeding population. This case study describes intraoral diagnoses, treatments, and follow-up of two DSRA-positive dogs.

Serosurvey and associated risk factors for Neosporacaninum infection in Egyptian water buffaloes (Bubalusbubalis)

Neosporosis is a parasitic disease that causes reproductive disorders in animals, making it a barrier to maximum efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Neosporacaninum (N.caninum) antibodies in water buffaloes from four governorates in northern Egypt. A commercial indirect-ELISA test was used to detect antibodies against N.caninum in the serum of 450 water buffaloes. The total seroprevalence of N.caninum in water buffaloes from Egypt was 31.3%, and the highest prevalence was observed in Gharbia governorate. The identified risk factors for N.caninum infections in water buffaloes were sex (OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.22−4.17), buffaloes more than 4 years of age ( OR = 5.80, 95%CI: 2.26−14.86), abortion in second trimester (OR = 16.48, 95%%CI: 2.99−34.03), history of abortion (OR = 3.45, 95%CI: 1.58−7.52) and contact with dogs (OR = 2.55, 95%CI: 1.51−4.32). Thus, more studies are needed to determine the role of buffaloes in the epidemiology of neosporosis in Egypt.

Metanalysis of the Diagnostic Performance of Western Blot for the Early Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis

BACKGROUND: Congenital toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii a protozoa obligate intracellular parasite that appears after a mother´s primary infection occurs during pregnancy. The congenital infection can cause severe symptoms such as: hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, seizures, hepatosplenomegaly, and chorioretinitis, leading to irreversible neurological and ocular lesions. Its early diagnosis is critical to obtain good outcomes after treatment where the western blot is considered as the gold standard. Western blot discriminate antibodies for specific proteins of the microorganism enabling differentiation between antibodies transmitted by mother from those elaborated by the newborn (compared immunological profiles) and can be obtained commercially or be elaborated by the clinical laboratory test (“house made”). However, there is not metanalysis about the diagnostic properties of the test that can support evidence-based recommendations for its use. METHODS: The research terms used were: “congenital toxoplasmosis” and “western blot”. Databases for bibliographic searches were PubMed and Scopus, without restriction of date or language. Selection criteria were studies of evaluation of the diagnostic performance of western blot assay that included newborn with a definitive diagnosis of congenital infection by Toxoplasma according to the European network case definition (IgG anti-Toxoplasma persistent at 10 months of age) and controls that were defined by IgG antibodies that disappears in the serum of children in absence of treatment before six months of age. Screening and literature selection was done by the four researchers and disagreement were settled by reaching a consensus by discussion with mentor to avoid the erroneous exclusion of eligible articles. The PRISMA statement (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) was followed for quality assessment of the manuscript. The data were organized in an evidence table matrix, and sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) index were calculated. RESULTS: Of 44 articles related to the search terms were found in literature databases, 10 fulfill criteria to be included in the metanalysis. The sensitivity obtained was 93.8 (95 CI: 79.2-98.4) and the specificity of 96.6% (95 CI: 89.8-98.9). However, heterogeneity was observed between the studies. Causes for heterogeneity were the different methods to elaborate the western blot assay. Commercial methods showed better performance that homemade methods. The results suggest that better accuracy can be obtained by using standardized commercial test. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the meta-analysis supports the use of the Western Blot test as an effective method for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in terms of sensitivity and specificity. However, further research is needed to establish more accuracy regarding sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis in different settings by using well standardized assays.

CRISPR-Cas12a-Mediated Hue-Recognition Lateral Flow Assay for Point-of-Need Detection of Salmonella.

Nucleic acid detection of pathogens in a point-of-need (PON) manner is of great significance yet remains challenging for sensitive and accurate visual discrimination. Here, we report a CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated lateral flow assay for PON detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S.ty) that is a prevailing pathogen disseminated through tainted food. The variation of the fluorescence color of the test line is exploited to interpret the results, enabling the discrimination between positive and negative samples on the basis of a hue-recognition mechanism. By leveraging the cleavage activity of Cas12a and hue-recognition readout, the assay facilitated by recombinase polymerase amplification can yield a visual detection limit of 1 copy μL-1 for S.ty genomic DNA within 1 h. The assay also displays a high specificity toward S.ty in fresh chicken samples, as well as a sensitivity 10-fold better than that of the commercial test strip. Moreover, a semiquantitative detection of S.ty ranging from 0 to 4 × 103 CFU/mL by the naked eye is made possible, thanks to the easily discernible color change of the test line. This approach provides an easy, rapid, accurate, and user-friendly solution for the PON detection of Salmonella and other pathogens.

Should Commercial Diagnostic Testing Be Stimulated or Discouraged? Analyzing Willingness-to-Pay and Market Externalities of Three Commercial Diagnostic Tests in The Netherlands.

Consumers may purchase commercial diagnostic tests (CDT) without prior doctor consultation. This paper analyzes three CDT markets-commercial cholesterol tests (CCT), direct-to-consumer genetic health tests (DGT) and total body scans (TBS)-in the context of the universal, collectively financed health care system of the Netherlands. An online willingness-to-pay (WTP) questionnaire was sent to a representative sample of 1500 Dutch consumers. Using contingent valuation (CV) methodology, an array of bids for three self-tests were presented to the respondents. The results were extrapolated to the Dutch population and compared to current prices and follow-up medical utilization, allowing analysis from a societal perspective. Overall, 880 of 1500 respondents completed the questionnaire (response rate 59%). Of the respondents, 26-44% were willing to pay a positive amount for the CDT. Willingness-to-pay was correlated to age and household income, but not to health status or prior experience with these tests. At mean current prices of €29 for CCT, €229 for DGT and €1,650 for TBS, 3.3%, 2.5%, and 1.1%, were willing to purchase a CCT, DGT, and TBS, respectively. All three CDT resulted in net costs to the health system, estimated at €5, €16, and €44 per test, respectively. Reducing volumes by 90,000 CCTs (19%), 19,000 DGTs (5%) and 4,000 TBSs (2.5%) in 2019 would optimize welfare. Most respondents were unwilling to consume CDT at any price or only if the CDT were provided for free. However, for a small group of consumers, societal costs exceed private benefits. Therefore, CDT regulation could provide small welfare gains.

Development and testing of an endometrial status assessment test based on RNAampliSeq technology

BACKGROUND: Approximately two thirds of all implantation failures are due to impaired endometrial receptivity. The lack of implantation may be due to an implantation window failure found in approximately 25-30% of women with a history of failure to perform assisted reproductive technology protocols. The receptivity phase in such patients can be shifted in terms of timing, have a short duration, or not form. Currently, there are several commercial tests for determining endometrial receptivity based on transcriptomic data. However, these tests differ very significantly from each other in the set of genes studied, and the exact mechanism of endometrial receptivity is still not fully understood.
 AIM: The aim of this study was to create and check our own test based on RNA AmpliSeq technology to assess the receptivity status of the endometrium and the implantation window.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We previously created an RNAampliSeq panel containing 421 gens. With its use, the differential expression of these genes was analyzed in 38 endometrial samples taken in the proliferative and receptive phases.
 RESULTS: The studied samples form clearly distinguishable clusters with the receptive and proliferative endometria. 271 genes from our panel are differentially expressed in different phases of the menstrual cycle.
 CONCLUSIONS: We have created and tested a model that allows clearly distinguishing between the proliferative endometrium and the receptive one and identifying patients with disorders of the menstrual cycle.

Evaluation of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in Urine Samples for the Diagnosis of Imported Schistosomiasis.

Migratory flows and international travel are triggering an increase in imported cases of schistosomiasis in non-endemic countries. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the LAMP technique on patients' urine samples for the diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis in a non-endemic area in comparison to a commercial immunochromatographic test and microscopic examination of feces and urine. A prospective observational study was conducted in sub-Saharan migrants attending the Tropical Medicine Unit, Almería, Spain. For schistosomiasis diagnosis, serum samples were tested using an immunochromatographic test (Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM). Stool and urine samples were examined by microcopy. Urine samples were evaluated by combining three LAMP assays for the specific detection of Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and for the genus Schistosoma. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, a latent class analysis (LCA) was performed. In total, 115 patients were included (92.2% male; median age: 28.3 years). Of these, 21 patients (18.3%) were diagnosed with schistosomiasis confirmed by microscopy, with S. haematobium being the most frequent species identified (18/115; 15.7%). The Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM test result was 100% positive and Schistosoma-LAMP was 61.9% positive, reaching as high as 72.2% for S. haematobium. The sensitivity and specificity estimated by LCA, respectively, were: 92% and 76% for Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM, 68% and 44% for Schistosoma-LAMP, and 46% and 97% for microscopy. In conclusion, the Schistosoma-LAMP technique presented a higher sensitivity than microscopy for the diagnosis of imported urinary schistosomiasis, which could improve the diagnosis of active infection, both in referral centers and in centers with limited experience or scarce resources and infrastructure.

A bead-based multiplex assay covering all coronaviruses pathogenic for humans for sensitive and specific surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity

Serological assays measuring antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are key to describe the epidemiology, pathobiology or induction of immunity after infection or vaccination. Of those, multiplex assays targeting multiple antigens are especially helpful as closely related coronaviruses or other antigens can be analysed simultaneously from small sample volumes, hereby shedding light on patterns in the immune response that would otherwise remain undetected. We established a bead-based 17-plex assay detecting antibodies targeting antigens from all coronaviruses pathogenic for humans: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV strains 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63. The assay was validated against five commercial serological immunoassays, a commercial surrogate virus neutralisation test, and a virus neutralisation assay, all targeting SARS-CoV-2. It was found to be highly versatile as shown by antibody detection from both serum and dried blot spots and as shown in three case studies. First, we followed seroconversion for all four endemic HCoV strains and SARS-CoV-2 in an outbreak study in day-care centres for children. Second, we were able to link a more severe clinical course to a stronger IgG response with this 17-plex-assay, which was IgG1 and IgG3 dominated. Finally, our assay was able to discriminate recent from previous SARS-CoV-2 infections by calculating the IgG/IgM ratio on the N antigen targeting antibodies. In conclusion, due to the comprehensive method comparison, thorough validation, and the proven versatility, our multiplex assay is a valuable tool for studies on coronavirus serology.

Rapid monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern through high-resolution melt analysis

The current global pandemic of COVID-19 is characterized by waves of infection due to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying mutations on the Spike (S) protein gene. Since autumn 2020 many Variants of Concern (VOC) have been reported: Alpha/B.1.1.7, Beta/B.1.351, Gamma/P.1, Delta/B.1.617.2, Omicron/B.1.1.529, and sublineages. Surveillance of genomic variants is currently based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of viral genomes on a random fraction of samples positive to molecular tests. WGS involves high costs, extended analysis time, specialized staff, and expensive instruments compared to a PCR-based test. To rapidly identify the VOCs in positive samples, six assays based on real-time PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) were designed on the S gene and applied to 120 oro/nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from October 2020 to June 2022 (106 positive and 14 negative samples). Overall, the assays showed 100% specificity and sensitivity compared with commercial PCR tests for COVID-19. Moreover, 104 samples out of 106 (98.1%) were correctly identified as follows: 8 Wuhan (wild type), 12 Alpha, 23 Delta, 46 Omicron BA.1/BA.1.1, 15 Omicron BA.2/BA.4/BA.5. With our lab equipment, about 10 samples can be processed every 3 h at the cost of less than € 10 ($ 10.60) per sample, including RNA extraction. The implementation of this approach could help local epidemiological surveillance and clinical decision-making.

Possibilities of the personalized approach to solitary thyroid nodules based on molecular profiling

Molecular profiling is currently not yet widespread in Germany and its potential for personalized treatment of solitary thyroid nodules is not exhausted. Narrative assessment of the available options and their evidence based on the current international literature as well as discussion of the options in the German context from the perspective of athyroid surgeon and athyroid pathologist. The commercial tests available, especially in the USA, for molecular profiling of thyroid nodules offer good rule-in and somewhat poorer rule-out options, as many differentiated thyroid carcinomas do not display genetic alterations. The costs of these tests and molecular pathology for nodule assessment are still high and the individual mutations have not yet been clearly characterized. It can be assumed that molecular profiling will become more important in the coming years and find its way into the clinical routine. At this point in time, however, there is not yet sufficient evidence of the clinical significance of most mutations in thyroid carcinomas to derive therapeutic consequences from them.

Seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs in Sukabumi Regency

Dirofilariasis is a serious zoonotic disease in dogs. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and determine the risk factors of dirofilariasis in the Sukabumi Regency. A total of 152 blood samples were collected from dogs in two sub-districts in Sukabumi which have different topographic characteristics, namely Jampang Tengan District which is a hilly area, and Cisolok District which is a coastal area. Blood serum was examined using the commercial rapid test kit CHW Ag Test Kit 2.0 ® Bionote to detect the presence of the Dirofilaria immitis adult worm antigen. The results showed that the seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs in the Sukabumi Regency was 20.4%. Areas with hilly characteristics have a higher prevalence of dirofilariasis than coastal areas do. The incidence of dirofilariasis in the Sukabumi Regency was not influenced by sex, method of keeping, or age of the dog.

Electrochemical Biosensors for Express Analysis of the Integral Toxicity of Polymer Materials.

Biosensors based on an oxygen electrode, a mediator electrode, and a mediator microbial biofuel cell (MFC) using the bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans B-1280 were formed and tested to determine the integral toxicity. G. oxydans bacteria exhibited high sensitivity to the toxic effects of phenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, salicylic and trichloroacetic acid, and a number of heavy metal ions. The system "G. oxydans bacteria-ferrocene-graphite-paste electrode" was superior in sensitivity to biosensors formed using an oxygen electrode and MFC, in particular regarding heavy metal ions (EC50 of Cr3+, Mn2+, and Cd2+ was 0.8 mg/dm3, 0.3 mg/dm3 and 1.6 mg/dm3, respectively). It was determined that the period of stable functioning of electrochemical systems during measurements was reduced by half (from 30 to 15 days) due to changes in the enzyme system of microbial cells when exposed to toxicants. Samples of the products made from polymeric materials were analyzed using developed biosensor systems and standard biotesting methods based on inhibiting the growth of duckweed Lemna minor, reducing the motility of bull sperm, and quenching the luminescence of the commercial test system "Ecolum". The developed bioelectrocatalytic systems were comparable in sensitivity to commercial biosensors, which made it possible to correlate the results and identify, by all methods, a highly toxic sample containing diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate according to GC-MS data.

Quality of patch testing patient's own material in patients with suspected occupational skin diseases throughout Germany: Interim results of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) research project FB 317b.

Due to limited availability of commercial test preparations, patch testing patient's own material (POM) is of great importance to diagnose occupational allergic contact dermatitis. To assess the quality of performance and documentation of patch testing with POM in patients with suspected occupational skin diseases (OSD) in Germany. Retrospective-prospective analysis of protocols of patch tests with POM was conducted between 2013 and 2021 in patients with suspected OSD and submitted to statutory accident insurance institutions. Assessments were done by predefined criteria. Three thousand and four patch tests with POM from 460 patients were included. A full description of the POM was provided in 73.3% of all tests. The test concentration, test vehicle and pH value were documented in 74.3%, 70.5% and 42.2% of tests, for which the respective parameters were considered relevant. One hundred and sixty-one positive reactions to POM were documented. In 72%, sufficient patch testing with commercial test substances was conducted to investigate the positive reaction. In 30.4%, consecutive patch testing of all ingredients of the POM was done. The results not only show considerable shortcomings mainly in documentation but also to some extent performance of patch tests with POM in patients with suspected OSD in Germany.

Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg Virus in Sheep in Belgrade Epizootic Area

Abstract Schmallenberg disease is an infectious disease of cattle, sheep, and goats of viral aetiology caused by the Schmallenberg virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Ortobunyavirus. Schmallenberg disease is a vector-borne disease transmitted by midges from the genus Culicoides but also by other hematophagous insects. The disease has a seasonal character and most often occurs in the warm months, from late spring to autumn. In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Schmallenberg disease in sheep in the epizootic area of Belgrade in the period from 2017 to 2022. A total of 600 sheep serums from the serum bank were tested, 100 serum samples from each year. Sera were tested by commercial ELISA test for the detection of specific antibodies against the Schmallenberg virus. The results showed an average annual seroprevalence of 24.5% in sheep in the Belgrade area in these six years with an increasing trend predicted for the next years.

Особливості ліпідного та вуглеводного обмінів у пацієнтів з гастроезофагеальною рефлюксною хворобою на тлі цукрового діабету 2-го типу залежно від наявності ожиріння

Особливості ліпідного та вуглеводного обмінів у пацієнтів з гастроезофагеальною рефлюксною хворобою на тлі цукрового діабету 2-го типу залежно від наявності ожиріння

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adults based on 2015–2022 bacteriological and molecular genetic studies

The data on etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain contradictory, which is often assessed only according to bacteriological studies coming to a conclusion about the low frequency of major main pathogenStreptococcus pneumoniaеisolation. At the same time, there are very few observations of parallel examination of patients with CAP simultaneously by bacteriological and molecular genetic methods. There are no observations on the etiology of CAP in the long-term dynamics. The aim of the work is to analyze the etiology of CAP in children and adults based on 2015–2022 bacteriological and molecular genetic studies. The etiology of pneumonia was assessed using the data on posterior pharyngeal wall washes from 418 children and 483 adults hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of CAP at two large Perm medical organizations in 2015–2022. The samples were examined by the bacteriological method and polymerase chain reaction using commercial test systems with the amplifier “CFX96” (Bio-Rad, USA). The results showed thatS. pneumoniaе, despite implementing decreed vaccinations against pneumococcal infection, it remains the leading causative agent of CAP in both children and adults. The 2015–2022 frequency of pneumococcal discharge according to bacteriological studies was 9.7 per 100 examined, according to molecular genetic studies — 48.5 per 100 examined among children and adults in the study area. According to 2021–2022 vs 2015–2017 bacteriological studies, the frequency ofStaphylococcus aureusexcretion among children increased significantly, andS. pneumoniaеincreased among adults. According to the results of molecular genetic studies among children and adults, no significant changes in the etiology of CAP were found. In 2021–2022, SARS-CoV-2-positive vs SARS-CoV-2-negative patients with CAP infected had higher rate of isolatedS. aureus,KlebsiellapneumoniaеandHemophilus influenzae, i.e., those pathogens whose number increased in the long-term follow-up observations.