Commercial Soybean Meal Research Articles

An initial investigation replacing fish meal with a commercial fermented soybean meal product in the diets of juvenile rainbow trout

The inclusion of PepSoyGen (PSG), a commercially-available fermented soybean meal product, was evaluated with juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in an initial 70-day feeding trial, with a supplemental trial involving a subset of the experimental diets continuing for an additional 40 d. Six diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% PSG, with the PSG directly replacing fish meal, were used in the first trial. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the fish meal-based control diet and diets containing up to 30% PSG. However, weight gain was significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio significantly increased with the 40% and 50% PSG diets. No health assessment differences were observed in fish receiving any of the diets, and no evidence of gross gut inflammation was evident. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio among the four dietary treatments ranging from 0% to 30% PSG which were fed for an additional 40 d after the initial 70-d trial (110 days total). Based on these results, juvenile rainbow trout diets can contain up to 30% PSG without any loss of rearing performance, thereby replacing at least 60% of the fish meal.

Enterobacter amnigenus GG0461 균주의 생산을 위한 배지개발 및 질산이온 흡수

농업 환경 중에 과잉으로 축적한 질산이온의 제거를 위하여, 질산이온 흡수력이 우수한 Enterobacter amnigenus GG0461 균주를 분리하였다. 이 균주는 Pseudomonas agar F (PAF) 배지에 배양하였을 때, 3,000 ppm (50 mM) 이상의 질산이온 흡수가 가능하므로, 농업용 토양, 축산폐수, 산업폐수를 포함한 오염된 환경의 질산이온 제거를 위한 좋은 후보 균주가 될 수 있다. GG0461 균주의 대량생산을 위한 상업용 배지를 개발하기 위하여 PAF 배지 성분을 상업용 재료로 대체하고, 균주의 성장과 질산이온 흡수 활력을 측정하였다. 탄소원인 글리세롤은 상업용 제품으로 대체하였고, 질소원으로 tryptone과 효모추출물, 대두박, 생선발효액을 배양실험에 사용하였다. 균주의 성장과 질산이온 흡수활력은 2% tryptone을 첨가한 배지에서 가장 우수하였고, 효모추출물, 대두박, 생선발효액의 순으로 효과가 나타났다. Tryptone을 2% 첨가한 배지에서 균주의 질산이온 흡수는 배지의 pH를 낮추었으며, 이것은 질산이온의 흡수가 nitrate/proton antiporter의 활성으로 나타남을 의미한다. 이상의 결과에서 상업용 tryptone을 사용한 배지는 균주의 생리활성에 적합하였으며, peptone을 제외한 PAF 배지의 각 성분은 그것에 해당하는 상업용 재료로 대체할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, GG0461 균주의 배양을 위한 상업용 배지성분 조성은 2% tryptone과 1% glycerol, PAF 배지를 위한 무기이온들로 결정하였다. To remove excess nitrate from the agricultural environments, Enterobacter amnigenus GG0461 has been isolated as a bacterial strain having high capability of nitrate uptake activity. This strain was able to remove nitrate more than 3,000 ppm (50 mM) in the Pseudomonas agar F (PAF) medium. Therefore, it could be a candidate strain for a nitrate scavenger in the various contaminated environments, such as agricultural soils, livestock sewage, and industrial wastewater. In order to develop medium for the large-scale production of the strain GG0461, each component of PAF medium was replaced with the corresponding commercial product and the optimal conditions for bacterial growth and nitrate uptake activity were measured. Glycerol was replaced with the commercially available product and the nitrogen source was substituted with commercial tryptone, yeast extract, soybean meal, and fermented fish extract. Bacterial growth and nitrate uptake activity were maximal in the media containing 2% tryptone, followed by yeast extract, soybean meal, and fermented fish extract. The pH of the growth medium containing 2% tryptone was decreased by the bacterial nitrate uptake, suggesting that the nitrate uptake is mediated by a nitrate/proton antiporter. This result shows that the medium containing commercial tryptone was good enough for the physiological activity of the strain GG0461. Each component of PAF medium was successfully replaced with the corresponding commercial product except peptone. In conclusion, the composition of medium for the cultivation of the strain GG0461 was determined as 2% tryptone, 1% glycerol, plus required salts according to the composition of PAF medium.

Evaluation of an expeller-extruded soybean meal for broilers

SUMMARY Any variation in processing soybeans for inclusion in poultry diets requires validation of the ability of the soybean meal to sustain growth performance similar to what is achieved with solvent-extracted soybean meal. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding an expeller-extruded soybean meal vs. a commercial solvent-extracted soybean meal. Growth performance attributable to the source of soybean meal did not differ for 0- to 18-d-old broilers fed 2 levels of Lys (1.0 or 1.3%) and 2 levels of ME (3,000 or 3,300 kcal/kg). Similar growth performance was obtained for broilers fed solvent-extracted soybean meal vs. expellerextruded soybean meal for 0 to 49 d. However, broilers fed the expeller-extruded soybean meal had lower breast meat yield (24.95 vs. 26.30%). True digestibility values determined with adult cecectomized roosters for the expeller-extruded soybean meal indicated digestibility values of 86.6, 83.5, 87.4, 85.5, 86.5, and 86.7 for Lys, Thr, Met, Val, Ile, and Leu, respectively, which are lower than those reported by the NRC for solvent-extracted soybean meal. The feeding value of expeller-extruded soybean meal used in these experiments was similar to that of solventextracted soybean meal; however, consideration must be given to amino acid digestibility to achieve optimal breast meat yield.

Effects of the partial substitution of dietary fish meal by two types of soybean meals on the growth performance of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier 1828)

The effect of partial substitution of dietary fish meal with a high-value soybean meal (HVS) and a commercial soybean meal (CSM) on the growth performance in juvenile Japanese seabass (8.3±0.2 g body weight) was determined. Nine isonitrogenous (crude protein 44%) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g−1) practical diets replacing 0 (the control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% fish meal protein by soybean meal protein (HVS or CSM) were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to four replicate cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m). Fish were fed twice daily for 10 weeks. Growth was significantly reduced with increased soybean inclusion in fish fed both the soybean sources. Independent of the soybean source used, increased inclusion of soybean meal decreased the growth performance. When the substitution level was 45% or more in CSM and 60% in HVS, the specific growth rate (SGR) and the feed efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly lower compared with the control. These results indicated that CSM protein could substitute for 30% fish meal protein, while the substitution level of HVS protein could be 45%, which did not influence the growth of juvenile Japanese seabass. The higher substitution level for HVS compared with CSM was probably due to better nutritional values.

Chemical composition and standardised ileal digestibilities of crude protein and amino acids in grain legumes for growing pigs

The study was conducted to determine chemical composition and standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in currently available grain legume cultivars for growing pigs. Three consecutive experiments were conducted with six barrows each, fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas. In total, 18 assay diets including six different cultivars of faba beans ( Vicia faba) and peas ( Pisum sativum), respectively, five different cultivars of lupins ( Lupinus luteus, Lupinus angustifolius) and one assay diet with a commercial soybean meal (SBM, 490 g kg − 1 CP as-fed) were fed according to a row-column-design. The assay feed ingredients were added to a corn starch casein-based basal diet at the expense of corn starch. Each diet was formulated to supply approximately 50% of CP and AA from the assay feed ingredient and casein, respectively. Furthermore, the basal ileal endogenous losses and SID of CP and AA in casein were estimated by regression analysis from apparent ileal digestible and total dietary contents of CP and AA. The SID of CP and AA in the grain legumes were determined in difference to SID of CP and AA originating from casein, after correcting the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and AA in the assay diets for basal ileal endogenous CP and AA losses. The average SID of CP in faba bean cultivars (76%) and pea cultivars (79%) were lower compared to lupin cultivars (87%) and SBM (87%) ( P < 0.05). The SID of all AA in faba bean cultivars were lower compared to lupin cultivars and SBM ( P < 0.05). Digestibility values measured in the present study provide further information to accurately formulate diets for pigs based on standardised ileal digestible contents of CP and AA in currently available grain legumes for growing pigs.

Evaluation of the nutritional equivalency of soybean meal with the genetically modified trait DP-3Ø5423-1 when fed to laying hens

An experiment using 336 Hy-Line W-36 Single Comb White Leghorn hens was conducted to evaluate transgenic soybeans containing the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and the gm-hra gene. Transcription of the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment results in an increased level of oleic acid (18:1) in the seed, and expression of the soybean acetolactate synthase protein (GM-HRA) encoded by the modified gm-hra gene, is used as a selectable marker during transformation. Pullets (20 wk of age) were placed in cage lots (7 hens/cage, 2 cages/lot) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal dietary treatments (6 lots/treatment) formulated with the following soybean meals: nontransgenic near-isoline control (control), nontransgenic commercial reference soybean meal A (92M72), nontransgenic commercial reference soybean meal B (93B15), or transgenic soybean meal produced from soybeans containing event DP-3Ø5423-1 (305423). Weeks 20 to 24 were a preconditioning period, and the 4 experimental diets were then fed from 25 to 36 wk of age. Differences between the 305423 and control group means were evaluated, with statistical significance at P < 0.05. Body weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, feed consumption, and feed efficiency for hens fed the 305423 soybean meal were not significantly different from the respective values for hens fed diets formulated with the near-isoline soybean meal. Likewise, egg component weights, Haugh unit measures, and egg weights were similar regardless of the soybean meal source. This research indicates that performance of hens fed diets containing 305423 soybean meal, as measured by egg production and egg quality, was similar to that of hens fed diets formulated with the near-isoline control and commercial soybean meals.

Use of Byproducts of Food Industry for Production of Antimicrobial Activity by Bacillus sp. P11

Production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was tested on different byproducts of food industry, like fish meal, grape waste, an industrial fibrous soybean residue, soybean meal, and cheese whey. Bacillus sp. P11 produced the higher amount of antimicrobial activity on soybean meal, followed by fish meal and fibrous soybean residue. Soybean meal was the selected medium to determine the effect of three variables (temperature, initial pH, and substrate concentration) on bacteriocin activity by response surface methodology, using a 23 factorial design. Statistical analysis showed good adequacy to the model (R2 of 0.8268). In the range studied, temperature and initial pH of the medium have a significant effect on bacteriocin production, and substrate concentration has no significant effect. Response surface data showed maximum bacteriocin production at initial pH between 7.0 and 8.5 and temperature between 39 and 42 °C. In the optimum conditions (initial pH 7.0 and 42 °C), production of bacteriocin activity by Bacillus sp. P11 was compared using a commercial medium (BHI broth) and soybean meal. Maximum activity achieved with the soybean meal-based medium was similar to that obtained with BHI, indicating that soybean meal may be a cost-effective substrate for production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus sp. P11.

Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Event DP-3Ø5423-1, Nontransgenic Near-Isoline Control, or Commercial Reference Soybean Meal, Hulls, and Oil

DP-3Ø5423-1 (305423) is a genetically modified soybean that was produced by biolistic insertion of the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and gm-hra genes into the germline of soybean seeds. Expression of gm-fad2-1 results in greater concentrations of oleic acid (18:1) by suppressing expression of the endogenous FAD2-1 gene, which encodes an n-6 fatty acid desaturase enzyme that catalyzes desaturation of 18:1 to linoleic acid (18:2). The GM-HRA protein expressed by the gm-hra gene is a modified version of the soybean acetolactate synthase enzyme that is used as a selectable marker during transformation. A 42-d feeding trial was conducted with broiler chickens to compare the nutritional performance of 305423 soybeans with nontransgenic soybeans. Diets were prepared using processed fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) from 305423 soybean plants. For comparison, additional diets were produced with soybean fractions obtained from a nontransgenic near-isoline (control) and nontransgenic commercial Pioneer brand varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Diets were fed to Ross x Cobb broilers (n = 120/group, 50% male and 50% female) in 3 phases. Starter, grower, and finisher diets contained 26.5, 23, and 21.5% soybean meal, respectively. Soybean hulls and oil were added at 1.0 and 0.5%, respectively, across all diets in each phase. No statistically significant differences were observed in growth performance (BW, mortality, feed efficiency), organ yield (liver and kidney), or carcass yield (breast, thigh, leg, wing, and abdominal fat) variables between broilers consuming diets prepared with isolated fractions from 305423 or near-isoline control soybean. Additionally, all performance and carcass variables from control and 305423 soybean treatment groups fell within tolerance intervals constructed for each response variable using data from broilers fed diets prepared with reference soybean fractions. Based on the results from this study, it was concluded that 305423 soybeans were nutritionally equivalent to non-transgenic control soybeans with a comparable genetic background.

Interaction of Calcium and Phytate in Broiler Diets. 2. Effects on Total and Soluble Phosphorus Excretion

Dietary Ca has been reported to influence the amount of phytate excreted from broilers and affect the solubility of P in excreta. To address the effects of dietary Ca and phytate on P excretion, 12 dietary treatments were fed to broilers from 16 to 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of phytate P (0.10, 0.24, and 0.28%) and 4 levels of Ca (0.47, 0.70, 0.93, and 1.16%) in a randomized complete block design. Feed phytate concentrations were varied by formulating diets with 3 different soybean meals (SBM): a low-phytate SBM, a commercial SBM, and a high phytate Prolina SBM having phytate P concentrations of 0.15 to 0.51%. Fresh excreta was collected from cages during 2 separate 24-h periods; collection I commenced after the start of dietary treatments (16 to 17 d) and collection II followed a 3-d adaptation period (19 to 20 d). Ileal samples were also collected at 21 d. Excreta samples were analyzed for total P, water soluble P (WSP), and phytate P, whereas ileal samples were analyzed for total P and phytate P. Results indicated that excreta total P could be reduced by up to 63% and WSP by up to 66% with dietary inclusion of low-phytate SBM. There was a significant effect of dietary Ca on both the excreta WSP and the ratio of WSP:total P. As dietary Ca increased, the excreta WSP and WSP:total P decreased, with the effects being more pronounced following a dietary adaptation period. There was a linear relationship between the slope of the response in WSP to dietary Ca and feed phytate content for excreta from collection II (r2 = 0.99). There was also a negative correlation between excreta phytate concentration and excreta WSP during both excreta collections. The response in WSP to dietary manipulation was important from an environmental perspective because WSP in excreta has been related to potential for off-site P losses following land application.

Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Event DP-356Ø43–5 (Optimum GAT ), Nontransgenic Near-Isoline Control, or Commercial Reference Soybean Meal, Hulls, and Oil

Event DP-356Ø43–5 (356043; Optimum GAT) is a genetically modified soybean (Glycine max) that was produced by insertion of the gat4601 and gm-hra genes. The expression products of these genes are the glyphosate acetyltransferase 4601 and acetolactate synthase proteins, respectively. Expression of the glyphosate acetyltransferase 4601 protein confers tolerance in planta to the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate, whereas expression of the acetolactate synthase protein confers tolerance to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional equivalence of 356043 soybeans to nontransgenic soybeans in a 42-d feeding trial in broiler chickens. Diets were prepared using processed fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) from untreated 356043 soybean plants or from soybean plants treated with a mixture of glyphosate, chlorimuron, and thifensulfuron (356043 + Gly/SU). For comparison, additional diets were produced with soybean fractions obtained from a nontransgenic near-isoline (control; 091) and nontransgenic commercial Pioneer varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Diets were fed to Ross × Cobb broilers (n = 120/group, 50% male and 50% female) in 3 phases. Starter diets contained 30% soybean meal, grower diets 26% soybean meal, and finisher diets 21.5% soybean meal. Soybean hulls and oil were added at 1.0 and 0.5%, respectively, across all diets in each phase. No statistically significant differences were observed in mortality, growth performance variables, or carcass and organ yields between broilers consuming diets produced with 356043 or 356043 + Gly/SU soybean fractions and those consuming diets produced with near-isoline control soybean fractions. Additionally, all performance and carcass variables from control, 356043, and 356043 + Gly/SU soybean treatment groups fell within the tolerance intervals constructed using data from reference soybean groups. Based on the results from this study, it was concluded that 356043 soybean was nutritionally equivalent to nontransgenic control soybean with a comparable genetic background.

No apparent differences in intestinal histology of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed heat-treated and non-heat-treated raw soybean meal

The histopathologic effects of feeding heat-treated soybean meal to fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were studied. Fish were fed one of six diets: a diet containing 450 g kg(-1) commercial soybean meal (CSBM), or diets with the CSBM replaced by non-heat-treated raw soybean meal (RSBM0), or RSBM heated at 130 degrees C for 5 min (RSBM5), 10 min (RSBM10), 20 min (RSBM20) or 40 min (RSBM40). After 10 weeks, tissue samples were taken from the stomach, proximal intestine, distal intestine, liver, pancreas and spleen from fish in each group for histologic examination. Mild necrotic lesions were found in the gastric glands, pancreas and liver of fish in all the groups (treatment and control groups). Hepatic glycogen deposition was also observed in all the groups, and the spleen samples exhibited considerable brownish-black pigment deposition around the splenic corpuscles and diffuse mild-to-moderate congestion in all of the groups. Generally, these histologic effects appeared to be equivocal between all of the groups, and no abnormalities were noted in the proximal or distal intestine. These findings suggest that feeding channel catfish a diet containing 450 g kg(-1) non-heat-treated RSBM did not cause severe histologic changes associated with soybean meal anti-nutritional factors as have been reported in salmonids.

Evaluation of broiler performance when fed insect-protected, control, or commercial varieties of dehulled soybean meal

We evaluated the nutritional value of broiler diets containing approximately 35% soybean meal from insect-protected soybean containing CrylAc protein, or from a similar nontransgenic control, or from 7 reference commercial soybean varieties. The feeding trial lasted 41 d, and each treatment consisted of 10 replicates of 1-d-old Ross 508 broilers (5 pens males and 5 pens females). Each pen contained 12 birds, and at d 13, birds were randomly removed until 9 birds remained. Body weight and feed intake were measured on pen basis at 41 d. At d 42, 4 broilers per pen were slaughtered. The carcasses were dissected, and cut-up yields were determined. Dry matter, protein, and fat contents of breast meat as well as shear force of breast meat were determined. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The BW and feed conversion ratio at d 41 averaged 2,435 g and 1.52, respectively. There were no significant treatment x sex interactions. Data for final BW, feed conversion, carcass yield, and breast meat data were not different (P < 0.05) between broilers fed insect-protected and those fed commercial soybean meal varieties. Thus, insect-protected soybean meal was nutritionally equivalent to nongenetically modified soybean varieties when fed to broilers.

Effects of Corn and Soybean Meal Particle Size on Phosphorus Use in Turkey Poults

Two 28-d experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of grinding corn or soybean meal (SBM) to various particle sizes on P utilization in turkey poults. Dietary Ca was formulated to be 1.20% in the corn-SBM-based diets of both studies and nonphytate P (NPP) was calculated to be 0.40% in experiment 1 and 0.48% in experiment 2. In experiment 1, corn that had been processed through a roller mill was used or was ground through 3 different screen sizes in a hammer mill to yield 4 corn particle sizes ranging from about 600 to 1,100 μm. Initial (7 d) growth was reduced when the coarsest corn was fed due to lower feed intake. Phosphorus utilization was improved the first 2 wk as corn particle size increased as measured by incidence of rickets, tibia ash, and total P retention. Gizzard weight and phytate P retention were increased at 28 d as corn particle size increased. In experiment 2, corn was ground to approximately 850 μm and commercial SBM (856 μm) was used or ground to 2 finer particle sizes in a hammer mill. Gizzard weight and phytate P retention were increased at 28 d as SBM particle size increased. Other parameters were not affected at least partially due to the higher dietary NPP level fed to prevent severe rickets observed in the first trial. These studies show that young poults can utilize P better from coarser corn and soybean meal, especially when dietary P is low.

The Effect of Particle Size of Commercial Soybean Meal on Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Broiler Chicks

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on broiler performance, particularly P utilization. This experiment utilized a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with the following variables: SBM particle size, P level, and diet type, either corn-SBM or semipurified. SBM was obtained from a processing plant before (geometric mean diameter 1,239 μm) and after (891 μm) hammer milling. The P levels were 0.5% total P for deficient diets and 0.7% total P for adequate P diets. The coarse SBM improved bone ash (P < 0.05), gain:feed ratios (P < 0.1), and plasma P levels (P < 0.1). The diets with 0.5% P resulted in overall poorer performance as 16-d BW was reduced, gain:feed ratio decreased, bone ash decreased, and rickets incidence increased. Chicks fed the semipurified diets also had lower 16-d BW, lower gain-to-feed ratio, and lower bone ash. There was a significant interaction between the diet type and the soy particle size when the corn-SBM meal diets were fed because the coarse SBM increased plasma P levels, whereas there was little effect when the semipurified diets were fed. There were also significant interactions observed between these variables on growth and gain:feed ratio in that the coarse SBM elicited a much more dramatic response when incorporated into the semipurified diets as opposed to the corn-SBM diets. The results suggest that large particle size soybean meal may be more efficiently utilized than fine particle size soybean meal.

Nutritional value of heat-treated soybean meal for channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus)

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of heat treatment of defatted raw soybean meal (RSBM) on the growth performance, hematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Six practical-type diets were formulated to be isocaloric (2.8 kcal DE/kg diet) and isonitrogenous (34% crude protein). A diet containing 45% of commercial soybean meal (CSBM) served as the control. RSBM, non-heat treated (RSBM0) and heated in an autoclave using the dry cycle at 130 °C and 22 psi for 5 (RSBM5), 10 (RSBM10), 20 (RSBM20), and 40 min (RSBM40), was used to isonitrogenously replace the CSBM in the control diet. Each diet was fed to juvenile catfish (4.98 g) in triplicate aquaria twice daily to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Another batch of diets containing 1% of chromic oxide was used for measurement of apparent digestibility coefficients. Heating RSBM for 20 min or longer lowered trypsin inhibitor (TI) content and increased the apparent protein digestibility (APD). The protein dispersibility index (PDI) decreased with an increase in the duration of heat treatment. Fish fed CSBM and RSBM40 diets had similar weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein utilization which were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets. Feed intake significantly increased when RSBM was heated for 20 min or longer. Fish fed the RSBM40 diet had significantly lower feed intake but higher feed efficiency than those fed the CSBM diet. Whole-body protein was highest for fish fed the RSBM40 diet but did not differ from that of fish fed the CSBM diet. Hepatosomatic and visceral indices (HSI and VI) of the groups fed CSBM and RSBM40 diets were significantly lower than those fed other diets. Total cell count, red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Plasma lysozyme activity and protein of fish fed the CSBM and RSBM40 diets were similar and significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets. Cumulative mortality 14-day post challenge with E. ictaluri was significantly lower for fish fed the RSMB5 and RSBM10 diets but significantly increased when heating time was increased to 40 min. Macrophage chemotaxis in the presence of exoantigen and antibody titer against E. ictaluri was higher for the groups fed the RSBM containing diets than those fed the CSBM diet, although the differences were not always significant. Results of this study indicate that autoclaving the RSBM for 40 min lowered the TI and PDI, improved the nutritional value of RSBM and increased plasma lysozyme and protein. However, this level of heat treatment significantly decreased macrophage chemotaxis, antibody titer and resistance of fish to E. ictaluri challenge.

Investigating the possibility of monitoring lectin levels in commercial soybean meals intended for poultry feeding using steam-heated soybean meal as a model

Native soybean lectins (SBL) could potentially have deleterious effects on young animals. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum processing temperature and time at which SBL is inactivated and to investigate the possibility of using urease activity (UA) to predict residual lectin levels in soybean meal (SBM). Raw defatted SBM was steam-heated at incremental temperatures between 90 and 120 degrees C for 5 to 20 min in an autoclave. The processed meals were subjected to native-PAGE and measurement of total carbohydrate-binding lectin (TCBL), agglutinating lectin (AL), UA, and trypsin inhibitor (TI). Processing severity was evaluated by determining protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide. Results indicated that levels of all antinutrients (TCBL, AL, UA, and TI) decreased with increasing processing temperature (P < 0.05). The intensity of the lectin band on the electrophoresis gel was considerably reduced when meal was heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min. This result implied that lectin inactivation occurred at 100 degrees C. More than 90% of all the original antinutrient levels in the raw meal were destroyed when meals were heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min. Meals processed at 100 degrees C for 5 to 20 min had protein solubility values (80 to 85%) indicative of adequate processing. The denaturation pattern of UA was highly correlated with that of SBL (r > or = 0.73), indicating that UA could be used for monitoring lectin levels in commercial meals. We concluded that UA of 0.03 to 0.09 units of pH change are indicative of adequately processed meals that contain negligible lectin levels.

Protein and energy evaluation of soybean meals processed from genetically modified high-protein soybeans

A conventional and two genetically modified soybean samples were processed to dehulled soybean meal (SBM) at a pilot plant and were compared with SBM from a commercial processing plant. Crude protein levels (%) of the experimental SBM samples were M700, 52.5; M702, 53.4; and M703, 62.7. The commercial SBM sample (UI) contained 47.5% protein. Amino acid, gross energy, lipid, and fiber analyses were carried out, and true metabolizable energy and true amino acid digestibility were determined with adult cecectomized cockerels. Digestible Lys, Met, Cys, Thr, and Val, and also TMEn, were higher (P < 0.05) and NDF, fat, and phospholipids were lower in M703 than in the other SBM samples. The results of this study indicate that M703 has considerable advantages over conventional SBM as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens.

Assessment of the effect of plant inhibitors on digestive proteases of nile tilapia using in vitro assays

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect that feeding on differently treated soybean meals may have on digestive protease activity of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Untreated full fat soybean (USB), heated fullfat soybean (HSB), soaked fullfat soybean (SSB) and commercial defatted soybean meal (DSB) totally replaced fish meal (FM) in test diets (30% crude protein) fed to fish juveniles (mixed sexes) for 30 days. After this period, total activity of digestive proteases was determined in each group and the ability of such proteases to hydrolyse the different protein sources and formulated feeds was tested in vitro. Significant differences were observed between treatments, with lower values obtained for fish fed on USB, suggesting a modification in the composition of secreted proteases. In addition, an inhibitory effect produced by wheat bran included in the test diets on protease activity of fish was also shown. The usefulness of using in vitro assays for a preliminary assessment of the nutritive value of aquafeed ingredients is discussed.

Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal

A study was conducted with adult Leghorn roosters to determine TMEn, dry matter digestibility, amino acid content and digestibility, and cellulose and hemicellulose content and digestibility of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal (SBM). Results were compared to that of commercially available 47% CP SBM. Twenty-one roosters were utilized; seven roosters were precision-fed each of the two soybean meal treatments, and seven served as feed-deprived controls. Excreta were collected for 48 h after feeding. A second experiment compared the TMEn, as determined with roosters, to AMEn, as determined with male broiler chicks, of 44% and 47% CP SBM and three different ethanol extraction procedures to remove alpha-galactosides. The ethanol extraction procedure concentrated CP, gross energy, and TMEn. Dry matter digestibility of SBM increased from 52.1% (control SBM) to 63.3% (ethanol-extracted SBM) because of the ethanol extraction procedure. The average amino acid digestibility of ethanol-extracted SBM was 91.6%, compared to 88.0% for control SBM. The digestibility of methionine, alanine, valine, and lysine was improved by the ethanol extraction procedure. Total cellulose and hemicellulose digestion, measured as digestion of specific monosaccharide components, was increased by the ethanol extraction. The TMEn and AMEn values for the different control and extracted SBM were similar. These data indicate that the ethanol extraction of SBM to remove alpha-galactosides resulted in a product that is more protein and energy dense than commercial SBM. Advantages in digestion of amino acids and fiber may contribute to the increase in TMEn observed in both young and adult birds.

Influence of soybean meal variety and processing temperature on the growth performance of pigs from 25 to 45 lb (1998)

Three hundred ninety high-lean growth pigs were used in a 17 d growth assay from 25 to 45 lb. Treatments consisted of soybean meal (SBM) from either high-oleic or check-line soybean varieties processed under pilot-plant processing conditions at four temperature ranges (80-85, 85-90, 90-95, 100-105 °C). Positive and negative controls were made using commercially obtained SBM (46.50%CP). Total dietary lysine was maintained at .95% except for the positive control (1.30%). Pigs fed commercial SBM with 1.30% dietary lysine had increased ADG and better F/G than pigs fed any other treatment. A SBM variety x processing temperature interaction was observed for ADG and F/G for each growth period. The interaction likely resulted from improvement in ADG and F/G with high-oleic SBM, but not the check-line SBM, as processing temperature increased. Pigs fed high-oleic SBM had improved ADG and F/G throughout all growth periods as processing temperature increased, so pigs fed high-oleic SBM processed at 80-85 °C had poorer growth performance than pigs fed any other treatment. These results indicate that pigs fed high-oleic SBM processed above 80-85 °C have similar performance to pigs fed SBM from other varieties.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 19, 1998