Commercial Particleboard Research Articles

Analysis of the density profile and bending properties of commercial particleboard

Analysis of the density profile and bending properties of commercial particleboard

Study on the characteristics of glass fiber‐reinforced polymers from recycled wind turbine blades as reinforcement in particleboard

AbstractGlass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP), extensively employed in diverse industries, generates considerable waste, especially from decommissioned wind turbine blades. Our research group has developed a new method of mechanical recovery for GFRP from wind turbine blades. In this study, waste GFRP was processed into a mixed particle size of 0.9–6 mm using a crusher and a screening machine, and then added as reinforcement materials to particleboards. The effects of different levels of four factors (GFRP addition, hot pressing temperature, hot pressing time, and binder dosage) on the properties of GFRP particleboards were evaluated by orthogonal experiments. The study results showed that the particleboards with 30 wt% GFRP improved modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding strength (IB) by 74.94%, 42.28%, and 92.05%, respectively, compared to pure poplar particleboards. Moreover, GFRP particleboards demonstrated better water resistance and dimensional stability than commercial particleboards and excelled in thermal stability. Recycling GFRP waste from decommissioned wind turbine blades and incorporating it into particleboard production can reduce environmental pollution, increase the resource recovery utilization rate, and contribute to sustainable manufacturing practices.Highlights Low‐cost and efficient methods of recycling wind turbine blades were proposed. Recycled GFRP from wind turbine blades can be used as reinforcement for particleboard. The prepared particleboards have excellent physical and mechanical properties and are thermally stable. Determination of the optimal glass fiber‐reinforced polymer addition level in particleboard at 30 wt%.

Gas-diffusion microextraction combined with HPLC-DAD for the comprehensive analysis of volatile carbonyl compounds in wood-based panels

This work presents a novel application of gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the comprehensive analysis of volatile carbonyl compounds released from wood-based panels. GDME is a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly technique that allows the simultaneous extraction and derivatization of volatile carbonyls directly from solid samples. Commercial particleboards were analysed together with particleboard panels specifically produced using controlled conditions, materials, and reagents, to evaluate the differences in the emission profile of volatile carbonyl compounds. The effect of different production parameters, such as the type of wood particle, resin, and moisture content, on the emission profile of volatile carbonyls from particleboards was investigated using principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that GDME-HPLC-DAD could successfully differentiate particleboards according to their emission of carbonyl compounds, such as formaldehyde, furfural, benzaldehyde, and other aliphatic carbonyls. Besides the differences on the emission of formaldehyde caused by the type of resin used, UF (urea-formaldehyde) and mUF (UF fortified with melamine), it was found that pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) particleboards exhibit higher emissions of compounds such as acetaldehyde or hexanal when compared to the higher emissions of compounds such as furfural or benzaldehyde on the recycled particleboards.

Influence of mixing waste tobacco stalks and paper mulberry wood chips on the physico-mechanical properties, formaldehyde emission, and termite resistance of particleboard

The study investigated the use of tobacco stalks and paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) wood chips for producing particleboard at various ratios. Properties tested were thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), flexural strength (MOR and MOE), internal bond, formaldehyde emission (FE) and drywood termite (DWT) resistance. Results showed that tobacco stalks and paper mulberry wood chips could be used either solely or in mixed ratios to produce commercial particleboard that could pass the requirement for general purpose particleboards suitable in dry conditions as specified in PNS ISO 16893 (2017). Adjustments in manufacturing conditions might be needed to pass the WA, TS, MOR and MOE requirements for general purpose particleboard and furniture grade particleboard for use in high tropical humid conditions. Mixing tobacco stalks and paper mulberry wood chips at 75:25 ratio produced low FE particleboard with improved DWT resistance. The utilization of the two biomasses for particleboard production could alleviate the solid waste disposal problem for tobacco stalks, and at the same time manage and control the rapid spread of the invasive paper mulberry tree and add utilization value to its wood.

Effect of outer core-layer density on bending properties of commercial particleboard

ABSTRACT Face-layer density is widely known to be important for bending properties such as modulus of rupture (MOR), static bending Young’s modulus (Es), and dynamic bending Young’s modulus (Ed), whereas outer core-layer density is not. According to this study, the outer core-layer density is more important than face-layer density in commercial particleboard. Core and face layers were manufactured with coarse and fine particles, respectively. The coarse particles increased bending properties due to the presence of long wood fibers. However, fine particles did not increase the bending properties due to the absence of long wood fibers. Long wood fibers in the outer core layers, as opposed to the face layers, increase the bending properties. MOR can be predicted using Es (or Ed) and outer core-layer density. Furthermore, shear modulus (G) was determined, and the effects of layer density on G were investigated. However, they were not indicated.

Manufacturing and utilization of novel sustainable composites using pulled wool fibers waste from leather tanneries: Mechanical, physical, and dynamic characterization

This paper introduces a novel composite from discarded pulled wool fibers as a sustainable alternative to commercial particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF). The investigation aims at designing composites with prominent properties in terms of thermal insulation, water absorption, flexural strength, and dynamic properties. Composites specimens are synthesized from recycled pulled wool fibers at three different densities namely 500, 800, and 1000 kg/m3, with and without fabric skin (core-only and sandwich specimens). Thermal conductivity test shows that core-only specimens with the lowest density (500 kg/m3) has lower thermal conductivity than particleboard and MDF by 30% and 50%, respectively. The sandwich specimens demonstrate 30%, 40%, and 70% less water absorption than MDF and particleboard. The results reveal high potential of pulled wool fibers to produce economic composites with appropriate thermal and physical properties that can be utilized for green buildings envelops. Dynamic tests show that the proposed composites exhibit higher damping values (70% higher in case of core-only specimens) as compared to particleboard and MDF. A main contribution of this work is presenting novel sustainable composites with high damping capacities, which promote their use as light weight structure components in critical applications such as aerospace panels subjected to high dynamic loading conditions.

Effects of Density Profile on Bending Strength of Commercial Particleboard

Abstract Face layer density is widely known to be important for increasing bending strength (i.e., modulus of rupture [MOR]), whereas outer core layer density is not regarded as such. This study reports the importance of the outer core layer density for commercial particleboards. The core and face layers were manufactured with coarse and fine particles, respectively. The coarse particles increased MOR because of the long wood fibers retained in the particle, whereas fine particles did not increase MOR because of the absence of long wood fibers. Long wood fibers in the outer core layer, as opposed to face layers, increase MOR. Moreover, the sampling position of the density profile specimen was important for the MOR. The MOR was influenced with the density profile specimens obtained near the center of the MOR specimen; thus, the low-density part near the center of the MOR specimen exerted a large influence by significantly decreasing the MOR.

Mechanical properties of dense mycelium-bound composites under accelerated tropical weathering conditions

Mycelium, as the root of fungi, is composed of filamentous strands of fine hyphae that bind discrete substrate particles into a block material. With advanced processing, dense mycelium-bound composites (DMCs) resembling commercial particleboards can be formed. However, their mechanical properties and performance under the working conditions of particleboards are unknown. Here, we show how weathering conditions affect the DMC stress and elastic modulus. DMC was made using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium grown on a substrate of sawdust and empty fruit bunch. The DMC was then subjected to weathering under tropical conditions over 35 days and tested under flexural, tensile, and compressive loading with reference to international standards. After exposure to specified weathering conditions, the maximum stress in flexure, tension, and compression decreased substantially. The addition of a protective coating improved the resistance of DMC to weathering conditions; however, the difference between coated and uncoated samples was only found to be statistically significant in tensile strength.

Mechanical Properties of Commercial Particleboard from Rubberwood (Hevea Brasiliensis) and Recycle Mix-Tropical Wood with Different Board Density

In this study, mechanical properties of commercially manufactured hybrid particleboard from mix-tropical wood and rubberwood with four different densities at 25mm thickness have been investigated. The particleboard sample cutting and testing was in accordance to EN312:2013. The density of particleboard is identified with interval of 10kg/m3 for different densities which include 660kg/m3, 670kg/m3, 680kg/m3 and 690kg/m3. Particleboards were made with the ratio of 40:60 for mix-tropical wood particle and rubberwood particle respectively. The particleboards were prepared with urea formaldehyde (UF) with E1 formulation with addition of wax and hardener. Increment of 10kg/m3 density for each particleboard led to increase in internal bonding (IB), bending testing include modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), surface soundness (SS) and screw edge (SE) withdrawal. It was found that with board increment of 10kg/m3, the improvement was not statically significant except that for MOR. All panels met the minimum requirements of standard.

Manufacture of all-wood sawdust-based particle board using ionic liquid-facilitated fusion process

Traditional particle board can generate harmful indoor air emissions due to the volatile resin-based compounds present. This study investigated the preparation of sawdust particle board using the novel ionic liquid based fusion approach with [EMIM]OAc. The dissolution parameters were investigated using the thermal optical microscopy technique. The particle board sheets were prepared by hot pressing sawdust in the presence of ionic liquid (IL) ([EMIM]OAc) and subsequently purifying the fusion sawdust matrix from the IL with methanol. The fusion process of the sawdust particles was analysed with SEM and mechanical testing. The raw materials and the produced materials were investigated with elemental analysis, FTIR, and 13C-SS-NMR. IL fusion of the sawdust required a temperature above 150 °C, similar to the glass transition temperature (tg) of lignin. At lower temperatures, strong particle fusion was not obtained. It was observed that the sawdust/IL weight ratio was an important parameter of the fusion process, and a 1:3 weight ratio resulted in the strongest particle boards with a tensile strength of up to 10 MPa, similar to commercial particle boards. The particle fusion process was also studied with a twin-screw extruder. The extrusion enhanced the fusion of the sawdust particles by increasing dissolution of the sawdust particles, which was subsequently seen in elevated tensile strength (20 MPa). The study provides a practical view of how sawdust-based particle board can be manufactured using ionic liquid-based fusion.

Long-Term Formaldehyde Emission Potential from UF- and NAF-Bonded Particleboards.

As a result of the dominance of urea formaldehyde (UF)-bonded particleboard, it seemed worthwhile to examine formaldehyde emissions years after production. A California Air Resources Board (CARB) phase II-compliant commercial particleboard produced with a UF resin adhesive was compared to a no-added formaldehyde (NAF)-particleboard produced with Soyad™ adhesive resin for formaldehyde emissions during exposure to elevated humidity and temperature conditions after being in a room at 21 ± 1.9 °C, 50 ± 3.3% relative humidity for 3.5 years. A modified version of EN 717-3 was used to collect formaldehyde emissions under typical along with higher temperature and humidity conditions. The formaldehyde emissions from the commercial particleboard panel bonded with a UF adhesive even after the 3.5 years of exposure greatly increased only during exposure of the panels to elevated heat and humidity compared to typical testing conditions. The amounts were the same as those with the previous shorter-term study. In contrast, formaldehyde emissions from the NAF-bonded particleboard were not as susceptible (in absolute terms) to increases in temperature and relative humidity conditions.

Mechanical and physical properties of binderless particleboard made from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) with addition of natural binder

Malaysia produces a very high amount of oil palm biomass especially the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) every year. The OPEFB in reality can be converted into value-added panels such as particleboard. The application may vary such as use for furniture, indoor building materials, door, window, floor, office partition and many more. Normally, the commercial particleboard were made from biomass with addition of formaldehyde based resins and it is harmful to the environment due to the formaldehyde released. In this study, the formaldehyde based resins were excluded and the binderless particleboard made from OPEFB with addition of natural binder such as corn, potato, tapioca and wheat starch were evaluated. These panels were manufactured with a target density of 0.8 g/cm3. The hot pressing temperature, hot pressing time, and pressing pressure used were 180 °C, 20 min, and 12 MPa respectively. From the results, the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were found to be the panel with the addition of potato starch as the natural binder (15.33 MPa, 2078 MPa) following by wheat (14.41 MPa, 1823 MPa), tapioca (14.18 MPa, 1771 MPa) and corn starch (12.59 MPa, 1335 MPa) respectively. The highest dimensional stability was also found to be the panel with the addition of potato starch with the lowest water absorption (69%) and thickness swelling (50%) value. Overall results has met the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) for type-8 and type-13 except for water absorption and thickness swelling. Therefore, particleboard made from OPEFB without using any synthetic resin was successfully made with the addition of natural binder such as potato, wheat, tapioca and corn starch and probably can be replace as a substitute for conventional particleboard in future.

Flexural influence on screw withdrawal behaviour of selected commercial particleboard

A study was conducted to evaluate the influenced of flexural strength toward screw withdrawal (SW) and surface soundness (SS) based on selected commercial particleboard. The SW and SS is an important criteria for utilization of boards in application involving board surface properties and board reaction towards usage of fastener. The material was collected from MIECO Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. The selected commercial particleboard includes 3 different thickness of board (16mm, 18mm and 25mm) were tested. The particleboard ratio was 60% rubberwood and 40% mixed tropical wood with dimension of 60 cm x 120 cm x thickness of board. This study is to investigate the mechanical properties of board that determined internal bonding, flexural, SW and SS of board. The result shows there is correlation on flexural. Meanwhile for SS, the positive correlation was with value of 0.415 according to Pearson correlation analysis.

COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE OF THE MYCELIUM COMPOSITE

Compressive resistance of the mycelium composite. Mycelium composites are a type of novel, economical and environmentally sustainable materials. The advantage of this material is that it forms a compact unit without the use of any adhesives. In this study mycelium boards were prepared from middle wood chipped particles for the manufacturing of commercial particle boards by using the growth activity of fungus Trametes versicolor. The compressive resistance of the mycelium composite was low but acceptable and comparable with other materials.

Size-effect independence of particleboard fracture toughness

The present paper aims to prove the size-effect independence of particleboard (PB) fracture toughness when the Modified Two-Parameter Model (MTPM), recently proposed by some of the present authors, is used to measure such a parameter. Firstly, three-point bending (TPB) tests on single-edge notched specimens characterised by three different values of thickness are performed for a commercial particleboard. By exploiting such experimental data, the value of the fracture toughness is analytically determined through the MTPM. Then, a fracture toughness index is defined by taking into account the dependence of fracture toughness on the material density. Finally, the mean value of such an index is compared with that obtained from the results (available in the literature) related to a previous experimental campaign performed on the same commercial PB.

Evaluation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Hybrid Composites from Food Packaging and Textiles Wastes

In the present work, hybrid composites were designed by using shredded Tetra Pak packages as food packaging wastes and wool yarn wastes as textiles wastes for potential alternative construction and building materials. Hybrid composites were fabricated by mixing different ratios (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) of wool yarn wastes with shredded Tetra Pak wastes. Mechanical properties in terms of flexural, tensile strength, internal bonding (IB) in addition to the impact properties and physical properties in terms of thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA) and density of the fabricated composites were analyzed and compared with the properties of commercial wood particleboards. Results showed that when the ratios of wool yarn wastes increased to 15% in hybrid composites, modulus of rupture value reached 15.10 ± 1.01 MPa which is higher than that of particleboards (types P2, P4, and P6 as per the British Standards—BS). The highest IB strength was found to be 0.60 MPa for the hybrid composites with 10% wool yarn content, while IB values of the other samples reduced with increasing the amount of wool yarn wastes. Moreover, TS and WA of the fabricated hybrid composites were found to be better than commercial particleboards and they also encountered the minimum strength requirements in BS. Overall, we concluded that the developed hybrid composites from agro-industrial waste materials could be utilized as promising alternative source of raw materials to manufacture value added eco-friendly, advanced and sustainable structural applications such as wood panels.

Comparison of Finite Element Models for Particle Boards with Homogenous and Three-Layer Structure

This paper shows the results of finite element (FE) models of three-layer particle boards. Two particle board FE models were made with differently defined structures. In the first model, the structure of commercial three-layer particle board is defined as single-layer with isotropic (PB-1L) properties, while in the second model, it is defined as three-layer with orthotropic properties (PB-3L). The results of FE models were compared with values obtained by testing the commercial particle board. Dimensions of FE models and applied loads were prepared according to bending strength testing mode defined according to EN 310:1993. Model comparison is based on comparison of sample deflection and von Mises stress in the middle of the sample. The analysis was done only in linear elastic region. The obtained results show that models with homogenous material (PB- 1L) achieved greater agreement with measured results (deviation app. 2 %), while models with three-layer material (PB-3L) displayed deviation of app. 7 %. Lower agreement of results obtained for PB-3L model and measured values of commercial particle board is due to a greater number of approximations (elastic characteristics) involved in the simulation model. Despite the greater deviation, the preparation of a three-layer model would be more acceptable for the analysis of strain distribution across the cross-section of the particle board.

Mechanical and Dynamic Characterization of Sustainable Composites Based on Food Packaging Waste

Composites made from food packaging waste are recently introduced to the industry as promising materials that aim to reduce the environmental waste and to develop cost effective products. They possess good physical properties, which makes them potential competitors to wood based composite structures such as commercial particleboard (PB), and medium density fiberboard (MDF). Despite the expected advantages, the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of this genuine structure still needs to be studied and tested to evaluate its suitability for light weight structure applications. Experimental modal analysis is conducted on specimens made of food packaging waste, sandwich structured packaging waste with woven glass-fiber skin, MDF and PB. The dynamic testing results show superior damping ratio for the food packaging waste composites compared to the wood-based specimens. Natural frequencies exhibit comparable dynamic stiffness with respect to MDF, and PB. Further investigation has been made to evaluate both the modulus of rapture and the static stiffness of the material by conducting flexural tests on all specimens. Sandwich structure produced from food packaging waste and veneered with woven glass-fiber fabric exhibit excellent magnitudes for the modulus of rupture in addition the highest damping ratio.

The influence of decorative surface of commercial particleboards on the formaldehyde release measured by flask method

The formaldehyde release and the formaldehyde content from the commercial particleboards were determined using the flask and perforator methods. Since the melamine faced boards were used in this research, the flask method was applied to evaluate how much the decorative surface (melamine impregnated paper) affects the test results in terms of reducing the formaldehyde emission from the samples. Hence, the flask method tests were performed simultaneously with one test series presenting the melamine faced samples, and the other one presenting the samples with sanded surface. Also, the decorative surface was sanded off from all of the test samples intended for formaldehyde content measurements using perforator method. During this research, it was found that by removing the decorative surface, the formaldehyde emission increased in the range from 12.6% to 16.6%, suggesting that the decorative surface acts as a barrier to formaldehyde emission even for the samples of such a small size used in the flask method. In addition, very high correlation, of 0,989 and 0,959, was found between the formaldehyde content values (perforator method) and the values of formaldehyde release from sanded and melamine faced samples, respectively.

백합나무를 이용하여 제조한 3층 파티클보드와 배향성 스트랜드보드(OSB)의 물성에 관한 연구

본 연구에서는 주요 조림수종으로 선정된 백합나무를 이용하여 파티클보드(PB)와 배향성 스트랜드보드(OSB)를 제조하여 보드 원료로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 두께 15 mm, 밀도 <TEX>$0.7g/cm^3$</TEX>의 파티클보드와 두께 10 mm, 밀도 <TEX>$0.65g/cm^3$</TEX>의 OSB를 제조하였으며, 파티클보드 공장에서 상용하고 있는 <TEX>$E_1$</TEX> 등급의 요소 폼알데하이드 수지와 왁스, 경화제를 첨가하여 실제 생산, 유통하는 보드제품과 최대한 유사하게 제작조건을 맞추었다. 제조된 보드의 품질시험 결과, PB의 경우, 평균두께 15.8 mm, 평균밀도 <TEX>$0.71g/cm^3$</TEX>, 함수율은 5.8% 기준에 적합하였다. 휨강도는 KS 규격(KS F 3104)의 13형 이상(<TEX>$13.0N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상), 박리강도는 18형 이상(<TEX>$0.3N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상), 나사못 유지력은 평면에서는 18형 이상(700 N 이상), 측면 15형 이상(300 N 이상)의 품질을 만족시켰다. 그러나 휨강도가 박리강도, 나사못유지력에 비해서 낮은 강도를 나타내는데 이것은 파티클 길이/두께의 비율(Slenderness ratio)이 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. OSB의 경우, 평균두께 10.7 mm, 평균밀도 <TEX>$0.68g/cm^3$</TEX>, 함수율은 6.3%로 KS F 3104 기준에 적합하였으며, 휨강도 18형 이상(<TEX>$18.0N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상), 나사못유지력 18형 이상(700 N 이상), 박리강도 13형 이상(<TEX>$0.20N/mm^2$</TEX> 이상)의 품질을 만족시켰다. This study was conducted to investigate a potential of Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) as a raw material for the manufacturing of particleboard (PB) and oriented strandboard (OSB). PB panels were prepared at the parameters of <TEX>$0.7g/cm^3$</TEX> density, 15 mm thickness, three-layer, <TEX>$E_1$</TEX> grade urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, emulsion wax, and hardener. OSB panels were manufactured with a density of <TEX>$0.65g/cm^3$</TEX>, thickness of 10 mm, and <TEX>$E_1$</TEX> grade of UF resin. Particle size of the face layer of PB was 20~80 mesh with 7~9% moisture content (MC), while that of core-layer was 3~20 mesh with 3~5% MC, which was similar to the production condition of commercial PB. As a result, the manufactured PB panels with 15.8 mm thickness, <TEX>$0.7g/cm^3$</TEX> density, and 5.8% MC satisfied the requirement of bending strength of 15 type PB of Korean Industrial Standard (KS F 3104). Both internal bonding (IB) strength and surface screw withdrawal resistance also satisfied the requirement of 18 type PB of the standard. But, the edge screw withdrawal resistance satisfied the requirement of 15 type PB of the standard. These differences in properties could be due to the slenderness ratio of raw particles. In case of OSB panels with 10.7 mm thickness, <TEX>$0.68g/cm^3$</TEX> density, and 5.8% MC satisfied all the requirements of bending strength, screw withdrawal resistance, and IB strength of 18 type PB of the standard. These results suggest that Yellow poplar wood has a good potential as a raw material for the production of PB and OSB.