Commercial Orientation Research Articles

Фальсификация рукописей Анны Ахматовой как актуальная проблема текстологии

The article provides an overview of the falsification of Anna Akhmatova’s since the mid1990s, when the first forgeries of Akhmatova’s manuscripts appeared, up to the early 2020s. A periodization of falsifications of various types is proposed, the history of attempts to identify the forgeries and prevent their inclusion into the heritage corpus is outlined. The first forgeries of Anna Akhmatova’s manuscripts can be considered unique: these were rather attempts by falsifiers to claim the co-authorship with Akhmatova – not only through handwriting, but also through poetic creativity. That is why in the 1990s several of Akhmatova’s works, considered lost or mentioned in memoirs have resurfaced. Many scholars believed in their authenticity, and despite of being proved to be fake, these texts are still discussed in the scientific literature under the guise of originals. The second stage of the falsification of Akhmatova’s manuscripts dates back to the mid2010s, when the principles of falsification underwent serious change and at the same time have been simplified. This stage is characterized by an overt commercial orientation of falsifications, which is reflected in the content of the manuscripts and inscriptions. Specific examples demonstrate the effectiveness of literary analysis as an instrument of exposing fakes. The debatability of the authenticity of Akhmatova’s manuscripts is regarded as an actual problem of the textual criticism of the leading authors of Russian literature.

The Far East and Prospects of Shipping Operations of the Voluntary Fleet

I study the role of Voluntary Fleet in the expansion of shipping operation in 1891-1914 between the European and Far Eastern regions of Russia. My paper presents the first comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of the state shipping enterprise and contributes to a valuation of commercial performance of sea freight and passenger transportation during Russian Empire. Empirical analysis reveals a robust relationship between the state support and the stability of cabotage operations. I also find that revenue growth of a state-owned company was mainly driven by an increase in transportation of commercial cargo incomes. Using archived papers, the corporate statistics, and duma debates, it establishes that the attempts to volume and activity of interregional transportation led to a major changes in the principles of government regulation that the origins of the reform lay in the desire to support cargo transportation rather than passengers that reform was characterized by cooperation between officials and business circles and that the legislative acts (of 1892, 1902, 1912, 1914), although deficient in some respects, created the bases for future public-private partnership. This parallels findings, that development of the transport business was to a large extent caused by increase top earned incomes, owing to infrastructure sector of Russia transformations, regional innovations of the government, and private interests associated with the processes of international trade cooperation. My findings offer support to arguments that the government support may have accelerated the transformations in the shipping business and contributed to commercial orientation in the state-owned company's activities.

Физиологические основы детоксикации организма человека и роль детокс-диет

The idea of alternative medicine which aims to rid the body of toxins, i.e. “alternative detox”, is not new, extremely popular, and diverse. This article presents the result of a systematic review of 100 scientific literary sources on the use of detox diets in population health improvement. Literature review has shown that traditional natural detoxification, which the body copes with on its own, creates preconditions for the development of a new direction of therapy, a personalized detox diet. This is due to the current dramatic increase in exposure of the organism and excretory organs to various xenobiotics. Information is being accumulated about chemicals that place a certain burden on the body and various dietary options and individual food substances that can eliminate this burden. The currently known advantages and disadvantages of detox diets will help physicians properly evaluate them for health concerns. The various detox diets used as detoxification often carry a commercial orientation and require health authorities to monitor their safety. Further development of this therapeutic direction will allow not only to elaborate methods of diagnosis of toxins and ways of application of detox diets in different diseases, but also to correctly estimate their efficacy for wider introduction into the practice of physical and rehabilitation medicine and sanatorium resort treatment. Key words: detoxification, detox diets, detox programs, recovery, rehabilitation

Management Control Systems as the Protagonist in Public Sector Reforms: Observations from Worldwide Selected Literature

Management control systems are used in private sector in assisting management to achieve the goals of the organizations. In the 1980s the performance of public organizations in industrial economies has been the target of severe questioning and the main reason for such questioning is the comparisons with private sector standards of returns on investment and it turned public sector organizations from service orientation to commercial orientation. In this context the practitioners started to adopt new management approaches as the basis for improving performance in the public sector. This new management approach or management control systems in the public sector creates the changes to the structures and processes of public sector organizations with the objective of getting them to run better. The introduction of this new management approach in the public sector was to promote a culture of performance. The present study is an effort to understand the role of management control systems in the worldwide public sector reforms agendas by illustrating literatures from various parts of the world.

Management Control Systems as the Protagonist in Public Sector Reforms: Observations from Worldwide Selected Literature

Management control systems are used in private sector in assisting management to achieve the goals of the organizations. In the 1980s the performance of public organizations in industrial economies has been the target of severe questioning and the main reason for such questioning is the comparisons with private sector standards of returns on investment and it turned public sector organizations from service orientation to commercial orientation. In this context the practitioners started to adopt new management approaches as the basis for improving performance in the public sector. This new management approach or management control systems in the public sector creates the changes to the structures and processes of public sector organizations with the objective of getting them to run better. The introduction of this new management approach in the public sector was to promote a culture of performance. The present study is an effort to understand the role of management control systems in the worldwide public sector reforms agendas by illustrating literatures from various parts of the world.

# Sponsored-influencer marketing: effects of the commercial orientation of influencer-created content on followers’ willingness to search for information

PurposeDespite the increasing popularity of influencer marketing, there exists a lack of understanding of how content created by social media influencers stimulates the pre-purchase behaviour of followers. Based on the stimulus-organism-response framework, this paper aims to address this lacuna by examining how influencer-created content affects the willingness of followers to search for more information related to the posted product.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional research design uses a web-based questionnaire among Instagram users in Sri Lanka. Structural equation modelling with analysis of moment structures 27 and SPSS PROCESS macro are used for hypothesis testing.FindingsFindings indicate that the commercial orientation of influencer-created content reduces follower trustworthiness towards them and the perceived credibility of the content. Mediation results demonstrate that the commercial orientation of influencer-created content negatively affects follower willingness to search for more information related to the posted product through trustworthiness and perceived credibility.Practical implicationsWhen adopting influencer marketing to stimulate information search behaviour, marketing practitioners should carefully examine the commercial orientation of the content of the messages posted by social media influencers to maintain high levels of follower trustworthiness towards the influencer and positive follower credibility perceptions of the message.Originality/valueThis paper adds to influencer marketing literature by demonstrating the underlying process through which the commercial orientation of influencer-created content impacts follower willingness to search for product-related information.

Is cowpea a ‘women’s crop’ in Mali? Implications for value chain development

Cowpea, which is produced primarily in West Africa, is valued locally for its agronomic benefits in dryland farming, nutritional content, and contribution to the livelihoods of farming families. Many feel that more investment in cowpea research and development is needed for the crop to achieve its economic potential. Cowpea has long been labelled a ‘women’s crop’. We tested whether this is the case in Mali by exploring five indicators with a combination of primary and secondary databases, and interpreting our results in the context of the regional literature. We conclude that, in Mali, cowpea is better characterised as a ‘women’s enterprise’. Men are more likely than women to plant cowpea as either a primary or secondary crop and tend to plant larger areas, with cowpea intercropped. In drier agro-ecologies, women are more likely to grow cowpea than other crops. Although subsample sizes are very small, women cowpea growers appear to earn more on average from selling the harvest from their individual plots than do men. Women represent 99% of traders of processed cowpea products in the open-air markets we surveyed. In the production segment of the value chain, investments to facilitate women’s access to improved cowpea seed and local markets would support their commercial orientation. Investments in women’s trade in processed cowpea products, including the provision of credit, storage, and training in organisational capacity, would enhance their incomes and their livelihood

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Abstract. Introduction. A modern necessity and values of humanity, based on the synergy of the commercial orientation of producers and social requirements in agricultural raw materials and food, are closely linked to the latest trends in building a socially oriented economy. Besides this, the experience of the world shows that most economically developed countries already have an effective and multilevel system of quality control and food safety. Nowadays, our country is only at the initial stage of forming the concept of food quality and safety. An analysis of management processes shows some problems, both regulatory and organizational, and economics, the solution of which determined the relevance of the research topic. Purpose. The article aims to study the organizational and economic conditions of the organization and the implementation of the quality management system also the safety of agricultural products at domestic enterprises. Finally, this will increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise.Results. The European Union is usually the most exemplary in food security and safety. It is the best in the food standardization and technical regulation of their quality. Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union provides for the transformation of food policy in general, in particular, the implementation of the strategy �From farm to fork� (�Farm to Fork�). The reform aims to create a healthy and more sustainable food system in the European Union. The HACCP concept is the basis of the standards of the food safety management system, so to increase the level of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, it is advisable to take the following organizational measures: to create a department to ensure safety and product quality; to introduce the HACCP system in the production process; to improve training and advanced training of enterprise personnel. In addition, companies should use block chain technologies in their practice to quickly identify shortcomings and the causes of their occurrence, as well as take the necessary measures to prevent its further spread. Conclusions. Analysis of global trends' necessity for the sustainability of human life shows that the population has the right to receive a quality product that is safe for consumption. However, cases of food poisoning due to the risk of biological, chemical, physical, and other contamination still occur, and quite often, regardless of whether they occurred naturally due to environmental reasons or due to disruption of the production process. Therefore, to avoid them, the block diagram of the technological process of growing products (for example, winter wheat) identified ten critical points and proposed to pay more attention to traceability or block chain technologies to minimize risks. The HACCP system is an effective regulatory method and maintenance which take everything into account in all stages of the food product life cycle - from the receipt of raw materials to the use of products by the final consumer. The overall advantage is that HACCP is a very effective method of curtailment the risk of failure and maximizing product quality and safety.

DOMESTIC AGRICULTURAL FINANCING THROUGH GOVERNMENT AND COMMERCIAL BANK’S CREDITS AND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

This study focused on understanding the influence of domestic agricultural financing through government and commercial banks credits and agricultural output performance in Nigeria. The study employed time series data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria, Statistical Bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics which covered from 1981 to 2019. The data obtained were analyzed using econometric method like the multiple regression technique. Findings revealed that agricultural performance in Nigeria within the reference period was negatively influenced by the value of commercial banks loans and advances to agriculture and positively influenced by the credit allocation to agricultural sector under ACGSF and by government capital expenditure on agriculture among other factors. The study concludes adequate financing of the agricultural sector is imperative for a positive performance to be recorded in the sector constantly. Finance is inseparable from agricultural performance in Nigeria. For more positive performance to be recorded in the agricultural sector, adequate financing of the sector is indispensable. Both Government and commercial banks in Nigeria should effectively support the provision of adequate credit to the agricultural sector such that farmers could transit from subsistence to commercial orientation in a sustainable manner in Nigeria.

A law and politics contextualization of corporate activism in Nigeria's 2020 anti-police brutality campaign.

Corporate activism—the progressive pursuit of social justice causes by corporations—is a growing global phenomenon. There are increasing expectations and, in many cases, demands that corporations pull off their gloves to actively confront sociopolitical issues bedeviling their communities. Emerging scholarship suggests that corporate activism is influenced by various factors, including the ethical, political, and commercial orientations of corporate minds and the relative political and legal landscape within which corporations operate. Adopting a qualitative research mechanism that reflects on open-source information about relevant actors, collected from blogs, Twitter, and news sites, as complemented by a broad variety of secondary sources, this interdisciplinary research explores the theoretical suppositions of corporate activism in light of corporate intervention in Nigeria’s youth-led nationwide anti-police brutality (#EndSARS) protests of October 2020. The analysis highlights how Nigeria’s legal, political, and socioeconomic dynamics factored into the dimensions of corporate activism in that momentous social justice agitation. As a key finding, the paper observes a relatively greater tendency of tech companies to engage in the Nigerian anti-police brutality movement than firms from other sectors, and attributes this relative involvement to the seemingly greater levels of representation of young tech industry employees as victims of police brutality. This tends to ground a crucial supposition in corporate activism theory: that corporations would more likely engage social issues that affect their business.

The Effects of Commercial Orientation on (Agro) Pastoralists’ Household Food Security: Evidence from (Agro) Pastoral Communities of Afar, Northeastern Ethiopia

Commercialization has been increasingly promoted for (agro) pastoral communities as an intervention to improve incomes and food access. Using households from rural Afar, this study examines the food security effects of the livestock commercial orientations of (agro) pastoralists by employing propensity score matching (PSM) procedures. The results show that, despite the fact that the market production of (agro) pastoralists is stressed by a broad range of factors, identified as cultural, infrastructural, and production risks, participation in livestock sales significantly decreased the severity of food insecurity in both the household food insecurity access score (HFIAS), and the reduced coping strategy index (rCSI) measures. However, the results failed to find consistently significant effects via the per capita consumption expenditure measure, in which case, the ‘subsistence’ and ‘commercially’ oriented groups are alike. Yet, given the factors depressing market production, properly addressed with policy measures, the income generated from livestock sales improved the welfare of (agro) pastoralists, at least by some (the HFIAS and rCSI) of the livelihood indicators. This highlights the importance of combining market infrastructure investments with culturally sensitive policy measures in order to sustain the traditional livestock husbandry of (agro) pastoralists. Therefore, in order to sustainably improve the food security situations in (agro) pastoral areas, the promotion of market production through the broadening of market access for both sales and purchases is important.

Challenges for financial inclusion through microfinancing: the goal incongruence between top management and the loan officers

The drift of mission from social orientation to commercial orientation has created issues at the firm level as well as the social level. Foci of the study to explore the reasons for emerging issues in the microfinance field. Mainly through a qualitative approach and from the agency theory standpoint, the study attempt to answer why and how goal incongruences occurred between top management and loan officers. The thematic analysis results reveal that institutional process, agency variables and cost, and personal reasons of loan officers, including self-interest,have contributed to the goal incongruence. Notably, the inability to verify the loan officer’s behaviour and manage bonding cost and monitoring cost at an optimal level due to weaknesses of the internal process can be recognised as the causes for the goal incongruence. In addition, theoretical contribution, implications, and limitation of the research are also considered and discussed.

What makes the right OSS contributor tick? Treatments to motivate high-skilled developers

We study how OSS project owners can manage their repositories so as to motivate particularly high-skilled coders to exert continuous effort after joining a project. Drawing on literature from personnel economics, we lay out how coders’ skill level affects their selection for a focal project in the first place. In turn, we theorize how project-specific norms and quality aspirations that developers learn about after joining an OSS project represent treatments that varyingly entice developers to contribute more code conditional on their skill level. Based on a custom-tailored dataset merging GitHub and Stack Overflow data for almost 50,000 contributor-project-month observations, we find that repository owners are able to motivate their most talented volunteer contributors when they (1) show no visible commercial orientation while managing their projects, (2) show generosity in accepting external contributions, and (3) provide fast feedback. We discuss implications for research and practice in the fields of community-based organizations like OSS as well as personnel economics.

Gatekeeping for Survival: Evidence from Online News Portals in Ghana

Media competitiveness and survival remain a huge responsibility in the digital era which is dictated by technological advancement, with its attendant content creators who publish what they deem as newsworthy. One approach to survival as identified in strategic media management literature is branding, which is portrayed by drawing a balance between journalistic and commercial orientations. Using the Media, Brands, Actors and Communication (MBAC) model and semi-structured interviews with online news editors, social media managers and social media curators of three solely online digital media brands in Ghana, this paper argues that the branding strategy and orientation of solely online news media portals in Ghana is more of commercial than journalistic as perceived in their type of gatekeeping. This is attributed to the need to remain competitive, sustain their small businesses and to survive. The study concludes that to remain relevant and sustainable, solely online news portals need to consider mergers as an option. Keywords: brand identity; branding strategy; gatekeeping; Ghana; online news portals; survival DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/99-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

The Coca-Cola Games: Marketing Legacies of the Atlanta Olympic Games

Abstract The 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta represented a turning point in the commercial orientation of the Olympics. While arguably a commercial success, the Atlanta Games were, and continue to be, heavily criticized for their overly commercial nature. Now, more than twenty years after the Atlanta Games, this article retrospectively examines their long-term marketing legacies. Employing a qualitative case design built from a detailed document analysis using a combination of historical and contemporary sources, this article identifies key marketing and organizational events, circumstances, strategies, and challenges of the Atlanta Games and discusses how they have arguably impacted the future course of Olympic marketing and sponsorship in an effort to expand knowledge and understanding of event management-related legacies.

The liberal international trading order (LITO) in an era of shifting capabilities

Abstract There is much debate about the impending collapse of the liberal international order. It is provoked by the shifts in material and military capabilities from emerging peer and near-peer competitors, some of whom were not part of the original grand bargain and others that are in a stronger position to renegotiate the bargain. As one critical element of the liberal international order, we ask, during power shifts: is the liberal international trading order (LITO) durable and resilient? When and why will the LITO collapse? Does the relative decline of the hegemon alone explain these outcomes? In advancing a second-image reversed plus argument, we highlight how a shift in the nature of the foreign commercial orientation of peer and near-peer contenders can alter the domestic balance of power of two broad and logrolled coalitions competing to capture the state and thus affect whether the erstwhile leader defends, renegotiates, or abandons the trading order it created. To better understand these forces, we examine two paradigmatic cases: Britain in the 1930s and the United States in the 2000s.

Commercial organization staff's customer centricity: the level of development and relationship with staff's communicative and emotional

The article analyzes the results of empirical research related to the levels of development of the main components and index of staff's customer orientation in commercial organizations. Among the commercial organization staff's customer orientation components, which were found to be at low levels, the most developed component was "'following customer orientation standards and using special technologies". It was followed by much less developed "organization's customer orientation policies and staff empowerment" and "staff' customer orientation training and encouraging". Only one in four respondents had a customer orientation index at high level. Commercial organization staff's communication and emotional characteristics were shown to have statistically significant positive relationships with some of staff's customer orientation components and customer orientation index (increased levels of staff's customer orientation-relevant characteristics corresponded to the increased levels of each of the staff's customer orientation components and index).

Drivers of success in social innovation: Insights into competition in open social innovation contests

Social innovation is a fast-growing field of practice that has caught the attention of management and entrepreneurship scholars. The recent excitement surrounding “open social innovation” contests raises the question of what makes social innovation solutions successful contenders in these ubiquitous contests. We used uniquely assembled data, including data generated from external evaluators, to explore what determines success in an open social innovation contest (n = 150 out of 871 entries) in the field of poverty alleviation. We found that innovators who had networks with corporations and those who had commercial orientations were more likely to succeed in open social innovation contests. We also discovered that the perceived usefulness and innovativeness of social innovation solutions mediated these positive relationships. Our study offers early insights that deepen our understanding of success in the growing practice of open social innovation.

Recognizing Determinants to Smallholders’ Market Orientation and Marketing Arrangements: Building on a Case of Dairy Farming in Rural Kenya

Smallholder commercialization is central to international development policy and practice. As a result, several arrangements to foster market linkages are being implemented. Especially popular are farmers’ organizations, which are believed to be owned, controlled, and financed by smallholders. As such, their design is considered inclusive given every household in a community is theoretically allowed to become a member, and the governance and management structure encourage participatory decision-making. However, even in the context in which farmers’ organizations are actively promoted, a notable proportion of smallholders may not be able to engage in market-oriented production or may opt for the existing alternative marketing arrangements, as dictated by individual households’ socioeconomic characteristics. Focusing on the case of smallholder farming in Olenguruone, Nakuru county, Kenya, where a donor funded dairy farmers’ cooperative marketing arrangement is promoted alongside existing marketing opportunities, the present research investigated the factors that determine smallholders’ commercial farming orientation and marketing arrangements. It employed a case study approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods for a more complete empirical inquiry. The findings demonstrate that irrespective of the external support provided through marketing opportunities such as farmer organizations, smallholders’ engagement in commercial farming and marketing is dictated by the socioeconomic attributes and market perceptions that are heterogeneous among households in a smallholder community.

Gatekeeping for Survival: Evidence from Online News Portals in Ghana

Media competitiveness and survival remain a huge responsibility in the digital era which is dictated by technological advancement, with its attendant content creators who publish what they deem as newsworthy. One approach to survival as identified in strategic media management literature is branding, which is portrayed by drawing a balance between journalistic and commercial orientations. Using the Media, Brands, Actors and Communication (MBAC) model and semi-structured interviews with online news editors, social media managers and social media curators of three solely online digital media brands in Ghana, this paper argues that the branding strategy and orientation of solely online news media portals in Ghana is more of commercial than journalistic as perceived in their type of gatekeeping. This is attributed to the need to remain competitive, sustain their small businesses and to survive. The study concludes that to remain relevant and sustainable, solely online news portals need to consider mergers as an option. Keywords: brand identity; branding strategy; gatekeeping; Ghana; online news portals; survival DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/99-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2021