Commercial Fabrics Research Articles

Chroma Key Visual Feedback Based on Non-Retroreflective Polarized Reflection in Retroreflective Screens

A technique to provide immersive feedback on TV and video production studios employing chroma key video segmentation systems is analysed and demonstrated. The technique exploits the observation that polarized light is reflected in the non-retroreflective mode by commercial retroreflective fabrics. Thus, it is possible to use polarization filters to project onto a retroreflective screen two polarization-orthogonal images (one for the monochromatic key used for segmentation and another showing the background image). Due to polarization filtering the camera only captures the combination of the real object and the monochromatic surface whereas viewers of the real scene can interact with the background image. A theoretical analysis as well as experimental results showing the feasibility of the technique are provided.

Flexible microfluidic cloth-based analytical devices using a low-cost waxpatterning technique

This paper describes the fabrication of microfluidic cloth-based analytical devices (μCADs) using a simple wax patterning method on cotton cloth for performing colorimetric bioassays. Commercial cotton cloth fabric is proposed as a new inexpensive, lightweight, and flexible platform for fabricating two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic systems. We demonstrated that the wicking property of the cotton microfluidic channel can be improved by scouring in soda ash (Na(2)CO(3)) solution which will remove the natural surface wax and expose the underlying texture of the cellulose fiber. After this treatment, we fabricated narrow hydrophilic channels with hydrophobic barriers made from patterned wax to define the 2D microfluidic devices. The designed pattern is carved on wax-impregnated paper, and subsequently transferred to attached cotton cloth by heat treatment. To further obtain 3D microfluidic devices having multiple layers of pattern, a single layer of wax patterned cloth can be folded along a predefined folding line and subsequently pressed using mechanical force. All the fabrication steps are simple and low cost since no special equipment is required. Diagnostic application of cloth-based devices is shown by the development of simple devices that wick and distribute microvolumes of simulated body fluids along the hydrophilic channels into reaction zones to react with analytical reagents. Colorimetric detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in artificial urine is carried out by direct visual observation of bromophenol blue (BPB) colour change in the reaction zones. Finally, we show the flexibility of the novel microfluidic platform by conducting a similar reaction in a bent pinned μCAD.

Survey of Primary Aromatic Amines Originating from Azo Dyes in Commercial Textile Products in Direct Contact with Skin and in Commercial Leather Products in Japan

Survey of Primary Aromatic Amines Originating from Azo Dyes in Commercial Textile Products in Direct Contact with Skin and in Commercial Leather Products in Japan

Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard

Color is the main attraction of any fabric. No matter how excellent its constitution, if unsuitably colored it is bound to be a failure as a commercial fabric. Manufacture and use of synthetic dyes for fabric dyeing has therefore become a massive industry today. In fact the art of applying color to fabric has been known to mankind since 3500 BC. WH Perkins in 1856 discovered the use of synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes have provided a wide range of colorfast, bright hues. However their toxic nature has become a cause of grave concern to environmentalists. Use of synthetic dyes has an adverse effect on all forms of life. Presence of sulphur, naphthol, vat dyes, nitrates, acetic acid, soaps, enzymes chromium compounds and heavy metals like copper, arsenic, lead, cad- mium, mercury, nickel, and cobalt and certain auxiliary chemicals all collectively make the textile effluent highly toxic. Other harmful chemicals present in the water may be formaldehyde based dye fixing agents, chlorinated stain removers, hydro carbon based softeners, non bio degradable dyeing chemicals. These organic materials react with many disinfectants especially chlorine and form by products (DBP’S) that are often carcinogenic and therefore undesirable. Many of these show allergic reactions. The colloidal matter present along with colors and oily scum increases the turbidity, gives the water a bad appearance and foul smell and prevents the penetration of sunlight necessary for the process of photosynthesis. This in turn interferes with the Oxygen transfer mechanism at air water interface which in turn interferes with marine life and self purification process of water. This effluent if allowed to flow in the fields’ clogs the pores of the soil resulting in loss of soil productivity. If allowed to flow in drains and rivers it effects the quality of drinking water in hand pumps making it unfit for human consumption. It is important to remove these pollutants from the waste waters before their final disposal.

磁性多壁碳纳米管固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法检测水样中的13种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

An effective method was established for the simultaneous determination of six banned organophosphorous flame retardants in textiles by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) combined with microwave assisted extraction (MAE). By investigating the extraction efficiency of 12 different extraction solvents for the target analytes, the optimal conditions were that the sample was extracted by microwave assisted extraction using acetone as the solvent at 76 degrees C for 30 min. Then the extract was analyzed by GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and the concentration of each analyte was calibrated by external standard method. The linear ranges of tris-(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (TEPA), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCP), bis-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (DDBPP), tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) and tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) were 9.17 - 366.80, 0.95 - 75.98, 1.04 - 83.20, 41.60 - 832.00, 3.80 - 75.90, and 40.48 - 809.60 microg/L, respectively, the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.997 5, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) (S/N = 10) were 3.0, 0.2, 0.3, 25.0, 2.5 and 29.0 microg/kg, respectively. The spiked recoveries varied from 82.62% to 96.88% with the relative standard deviations of 3.80% to 8.79%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of organophosphorous flame retardants in eight commercial textiles. The experimental results demonstrated that the method developed is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, which could satisfy the demand of the analysis of banned organophosphorous flame retardants in textiles.

Special-purpose thermostable sewing thread and a method for producing it

A technology for producing a composite sewing thread for sewing articles made of commercial textile using rusar complex thread and arselon yarn is examined. The mathematical method of experiment planning is used to determine the optimal parameters for producing nonuniform composite sewing thread. The structure of the thread 29.4 tex × 2 × 2 produced with two machining steps using domestically produced twisting equipment effects high quality at an acceptable price.

Coating Technique’s Application in the Improvement of Mechanical Behavior of Polyester Textile in Corrosive Environment

Polyester textiles usually have excellent mechanical properties. However, their mechanical behaviors under extreme conditions such as in the environment with high ozone concentration usually decay after a certain time period. Aiming at increasing the mechanical behavior of commercial polyester textiles under extreme conditions, a PET thin film coated with pure aluminum (Al) on its surface has been introduced as the top layer of the fabricated material with polyester textile as the middle layer. Main purpose of the study is to evaluate the role of aluminum thin film on the surface in improving the mechanical behavior of the polyester textiles after they have been exposed in the environment with extremely high concentration of ozone gas.

Preparation of Activated Carbon Fibers from Cost Effective Commercial Textile Grade Acrylic Fibers

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared from cost effective commercial textiles through stabilization, carbonization, and subsequently activation by carbon dioxide. ACFs were characterized for surface area and pore size distribution by physical adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K. ACFs were also examined for various surface characteristics by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and CHNO elemental analyzer. The prepared ACFs exhibited good surface textural properties with well developed micro porous structure. With improvement in physical strength, the commercial textile grade acrylic precursor based ACFs developed in this study may have great utility as cost effective adsorbents in environmental remediation applications.

The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment

There is scientific agreement that engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production, use and disposal lead to environmental release of ENM. However, very little is known on emissions of ENM to the environment. Currently, techniques are lacking to quantitatively monitor ENM emissions to and concentrations in the environment, and hence data on emissions and environmental concentrations are scarce. One of the few available studies reports the detection of nano-TiO(2) in water leaching from exterior facades. Some experimental evidence is available on the release of nanosized materials from commercial textiles during washing. A handful of modeling studies have investigated ENM release to the environment. These studies modeled either the release of ENMs to the environment from ENM containing products during the consumer usage, or the release throughout the whole life cycle of ENM and ENM-containing products. Sewage sludge, wastewater, and waste incineration of products containing ENM were shown to be the major flows through which ENMs end up in the environment. However, reliable data are particularly lacking on release during ENM production and on the application amounts and empirical information on release coefficients for all life cycle stages and environmental compartments. Quantitative data linking occupational exposure measurements and ENM emission flows into the environment are almost completely missing. Besides knowing the amounts of ENM released into the environment, it is equally important to investigate in what form ENMs are released. First results show that much of the ENM released from products is present in matrix-bound form, but that also some fraction is released as single, dispersed nanoparticles.

고밀도 직물의 반복세탁 및 세탁조건에 따른 투습.발수성 변화

This research evaluates the changes in the comfort-related properties of high-density fabric, such as moisture permeability and waterproofness, in order to assess the relative importance of laundry conditions for clothing properties after repeated laundering and suggest the best laundering conditions for high-density fabric through the identification of the most influential factor. A commercial high-density fabric was washed 25 times in a drum-type washer using nine different laundry conditions based on profiles derived from a fractional factorial design. To evaluate the changes in the comfort-related properties of the fabric, pore size, air permeability, water vapor transport, water repellency, and water resistance were measured. The comfort-related properties of the fabric deteriorated after repeated laundering by the damaged surface finish; in addition, the damaged surface also changed the pore size. As a result, the water repellency and water resistance decreased. The detergent was the most responsible factor to change the properties among the four factors of detergent, hardness, temperature, and RPM. The best laundering conditions for the fabric was a neutral detergent, soft water of 70ppm, a temperature of , and 30rpm.

Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: Part I. Combustion behavior of polyester

AbstractThe aim of this study was the optimization of cone calorimeter to determine the burning behavior of textile fabrics. In particular, the combustion behavior of commercial polyester textile fabrics with varying densities was studied in terms of time to ignition (TTI), heat release rate (HRR), and relative peak (pkHRR) were monitored. Reproducibility and repeatability of the data have been verified by the influence of instrument variable including incident heat flux, the temperature of ceramic backing pads and retaining grid used during sample mounting as well as sample weight (as the number of fabric layers), the density of textiles, and the relative humidity. A low reproducibility has been obtained when a wire grid was not used to stabilize samples during the tests. The effects of these variables on TTI and pkHRR were observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development of asphalt overlay fabric from jute

A jute woven fabric employing leno based construction was designed for developing an asphalt overlay fabric, suitable for low traffic roads. To assess the suitability of this product, pavement models embedded with this fabric were subjected to accelerated cyclic mechanical loading and also to extended hygral loading. For the purpose of comparison, similar tests were also conducted on pavement models without any embedded fabric and also on those embedded with commercial fabrics. The experiments reveal that the pavement models embedded with the leno based product perform far better than the others. As a result of further analysis it was found that the grid-like structure of the new construction as also openings of suitable size were primarily responsible for the observed superior behaviour.

Determination of silver nanoparticle release from antibacterial fabrics into artificial sweat

Silver nanoparticles have been used in numerous commercial products, including textiles, to prevent bacterial growth. Meanwhile, there is increasing concern that exposure to these nanoparticles may cause potential adverse effects on humans as well as the environment. This study determined the quantity of silver released from commercially claimed nanosilver and laboratory-prepared silver coated fabrics into various formulations of artificial sweat, each made according to AATCC, ISO and EN standards. For each fabric sample, the initial amount of silver and the antibacterial properties against the model Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria on each fabric was investigated. The results showed that silver was not detected in some commercial fabrics. Furthermore, antibacterial properties of the fabrics varied, ranging from 0% to greater than 99%. After incubation of the fabrics in artificial sweat, silver was released from the different fabrics to varying extents, ranging from 0 mg/kg to about 322 mg/kg of fabric weight. The quantity of silver released from the different fabrics was likely to be dependent on the amount of silver coating, the fabric quality and the artificial sweat formulations including its pH. This study is the unprecedented report on the release of silver nanoparticles from antibacterial fabrics into artificial sweat. This information might be useful to evaluate the potential human risk associated with the use of textiles containing silver nanoparticles.

내츄럴 이미지의 패션소재기획을 위한 건강소재 - Japan bamboo leaves 추출물 염색소재의 발색성과 항균성 -

― Natural dyes seem to be more profitable on human and environmen t, and recently they could be considered as a better alternative to synthesized dyes. The aim of the current work wa s to investigate the dyeing property and antimicrobial activity of commercial cotton fabrics dyed with kumazasa (usually called in japan) which is known as conventional japan bamboo leaves. Actually, the dyeability and antimicrobial property of dyed fab ric with natural mordant/dyeing was compared with synthetic mordant/dye process. The results of this study obtained are as follows. The apparently colour of kumazasa leaves extract dyed fabrics showed with light green or slightly yellow-green. In colorfastn ess to washing, △E and K/S values of dyed fabrics with natural chitosan as mordant used was shown to be more excellent results , than was synthetic mordant used. However, the decrease rate w as recorded nearly 50% when washing repeated 20 cycles. In result of antimicrobial effect for bacteria, the dyed fabrics didn't s how the significant antimicrobial activity to the both dyed with an d without mordant. Results of this investigation considered tha t low-cost, natural, bio-mordant are relatively effective in natu ral coloration.

Predicting Seam Performance of Commercial Woven Fabrics Using Multiple Logarithm Regression and Artificial Neural Networks

In this study, the capability of artificial neural networks and multiple logarithm regression methods for modeling seam performance of commercial woven fabrics based on seam puckering, seam flotation and seam efficiency were investigated. The developed models were assessed by verifying Mean Square Error (MSE) and Correlation Coefficient ( R-value) of test data prediction. The results indicated that the artificial neural network (ANN) model has better performance in comparison with the multiple logarithm regression model. The difference between the mean square error of predicting in these two models for predicting seam puckering, seam flotation, and seam efficiency was 0.0394, 0.0096, and 0.0049, respectively. Thus, the ANN model was found to be more accurate than MLR, and the prediction errors of ANNs was low despite the availability of only a small training data set. However, the difference in prediction errors made by both models was not significantly high. It was found that MLR models were quicker to construct, more transparent, and less likely to overfit the minimal amount of data available. Therefore, both models were effectively predicting the seam performance of woven fabrics.

Development of a headspace–SPME–GC/MS method to determine volatile organic compounds released from textiles

A method for determining the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in textiles was developed, by the use of high capacity headspace, solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The detection targets contained total organic compounds (TVOCs) and six specific substances (toluene, vinylcyclohexene, styrene, 4-phenylcyclohexene, vinylchloride and butadiene), according to Oeko-Tex Standard 100. A designed experiment was used to optimize the headspace–SPME–GC/MS operation, and the method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and method precision. It was found that at a loading ratio of 10 m 2/m 3, the LODs for toluene, vinylcyclohexene, styrene and 4-phenylcyclohexene were 0.0002 mg/m 2, 0.01 mg/m 2, 0.01 mg/m 2 and 0.0001 mg/m 2 respectively, while for vinylchloride and butadiene they were both 0.08 mg/m 2. SPME exhibited better adsorption performance for toluene, vinylcyclohexene, styrene and 4-phenylcyclohexene, for which the extraction fractions were 10 times of those for vinylchloride and butadiene. The method developed was successfully applied to analyze several commercial textiles, and would be a simple, efficient and promising technique for the analysis of volatile compounds from textiles or other samples (such as polymer materials).

Recent development in surface modification of industrial materials by ion beams and plasma at Chiang Mai University

Recently, programs of surface modification of materials for local industries by ion beams and plasma have been vigorously carried out and related facilities, technologies and applications have been continuously developed at Chiang Mai University on the basis of previous work. Some examples are presented. Punching tools from local industry were N-ion implanted with a specially designed process to achieve both high hardness and impact toughness so as to increase the lifetime of the tools by 3–4 times. High-fluence N-ion implantation in stainless steel of the fuel cell plates increased corrosion resistance. Plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII/D) coated diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films on various substrate materials such as stainless steel of the fuel cell plates, glass of the plastic lens mould, and magnets of the dental rectification accessories to improve both mechanical and chemical properties. Plasma treatment of commercial textiles modified the wettability of the material. The development in the ion beam and plasma applications for industries has promoted research for understanding physics involved as well as student education of the university.

Biocatalytic Production of a Commercial Textile Dye (Indigo) from a Xenobiont

Biocatalytic Production of a Commercial Textile Dye (Indigo) from a Xenobiont

Calorimetric study of the immersion enthalpies of activated carbon cloths in different solvents and aqueous solutions

Abstract The specific and non-specific interactions of twelve activated carbon cloth samples prepared from commercial cotton fabric, and that present different activation degrees are studied through the determination of immersion enthalpies in CCl4 and H2O, and in aqueous solutions of NaOH and HCl. The immersion enthalpies found for the solvents CCl4 and H2O are in a range of 5.49–45.84 and 1.77–7.76 J g−1, respectively. The enthalpic values for the materials in aqueous solutions of NaOH and HCl, allow characterizing the chemical surface of these materials, which are in a range of 6.63 and 21.49 J g−1, finding through them important relations in company with other characterizing techniques used in the study of these materials.

Water repellent cotton fabrics prepared by PTFE RF sputtering

A poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) sputtering technique was employed to introduce water repellency onto the surfaces of commercial cotton fabrics. Sputtering power, time, and argon pressure were varied as processing parameters, when PTFE coatings were applied on the fabrics. Total 27 different samples were prepared to compare their water repellent properties, which were investigated by contact angle measurements. Morphology of the PTFE coatings were probed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, the extent of the coating was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Maximum hydrophobicity was obtained when PTFE coating was extensive enough to cover cotton fabrics almost completely, and the extensive coating was the roughest among the samples prepared in this study.