Commercial District Research Articles

외식사업자의 창업환경이 창업 후 성공인식에 미치는 영향

This study is to identify the effect of the venture environment according to the business type and venture area on the perception of success after venture. Based on the theoretical background, some attributes were derived for this study. In this study, 426 valid questionnaires, which were investigated for members of the Korea Food Industry Association in 11 autonomous districts in Seoul, were used for empirical analysis. The results are as follows. First, competition, capital, loan and commercial district of venture environment had a significant impact on perception of success after venture. Second, it has shown that there was moderating effect on perception of success after venture derived from venture environment according to venture area. However, the moderating effect of the business type was not supported. Implications of this study provide practical suggestions, and limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.

Lighting techniques considering the safety and comfort of the elderly in the railway station space

Modern railway station spaces are being developed to be large and multifunctional through integration with commercial districts. They can go beyond their usual functions of transportation facilities to meet social requirements. The staircase space is a dynamic component of railway space where many users move simultaneously, and it requires appropriate safety measures. The objectives of this study are twofold: to clarify the effect of (1) the lighting environment of the staircase space and (2) the change in mounting height of the handrail lighting on mobility and safety. An on-site survey and impression evaluation of 28 railway stations in Tokyo indicated that illuminance and uniformity at the lower line of sight considerably affected the psychology of users. Therefore, handrail lights that can illuminate the surface of the stairs from a low position need to be installed to achieve a safe and comfortable light environment. No significant influence was detected based on the installation height of the handrail lighting; However, compared to the ceiling lighting, the handrail lighting was found to be higher in brightness, safety, and comfort items of impression evaluation. In addition, the elderly group evaluated the lighting environment with handrail lighting as more preference and safer than the young group.

Comparison of precise and approximated building height: Estimation from number of building storeys and spatial variations in the Tokyo metropolitan region

Precise building height is indispensable for evaluating variability in building heights. However, relevant data are not always available. Conventionally, building height is approximated as the product of the number of building storeys and floor height, called approximated building height. However, there is no consensus on how floor height, a key determinant of approximated building height, should be set. In Japan, increasingly precise building height data are becoming available as an open 3D urban model. This provides the motivation for answering the following research questions, in the context of the Tokyo metropolitan region: (1) What is the difference between approximated and precise building height? (2) How should we set floor height to minimise the difference between approximated and precise building height? The results show that (1) the average difference is −3.46 m if floor height, c, is 5 m, −0.87 m if c is 4 m and 1.71 m if c is 3 m; (2) c = 4 can effectively estimate building height from the number of storeys; and (3) the greatest difference between approximated and precise building height is spatially clustered where commercial zones and industrial zones are allocated, with their degree being dependent on how floor height is set. Furthermore, it is found that (1) in commercial zones and industrial districts, the optimal floor height, defined as the optimal solution which minimises the sum of squared differences between approximated and precise building height, is greater than 4 m; (2) in mid/high rise residential districts, the optimal floor height ranges from 3 to 3.4 m; and (3) in low-rise residential districts, the optimal floor height ranges from 3.5 to 3.9 m. The findings of this paper can help urban planners find the optimal floor height in each district and understand spatial variations in building and floor heights.

The culture of parking on the sidewalks

It has long been known that automobility marginalizes other types of mobility inside cities. This is extremely visible in Bucharest, a city with a high density of people and cars. This research aims to understand car–pedestrian dynamics on residential sidewalks. While most research on the hegemony of the car has focused on the congested public spaces in commercial districts, I explore sidewalks in residential ones. The ethnographic data indicate that the parking practices in a central neighborhood of Bucharest blur the distinction between sidewalk and street, requiring new ways of conceptualizing the infrastructures of automobility and walking. The sidewalk is a space invaded by cars, and sectioned off and almost captured by the residents of adjacent properties, all under the auspices of a generalized hostile privatism. This is aggravated by the lack of any involvement from the local authorities, which support car culture. Sidewalk parking in Bucharest has thus become the local emblem of a privatist culture of appropriating public space.

Integrated framework for optimization of air- and water-side HVAC systems to minimize electric utility cost of existing commercial districts

Summer peak electric demand of commercial buildings and districts is typically driven by the cooling load. This paper presents a novel approach to holistically optimize both the air- and water-side of the HVAC system in existing commercial districts. Therefore, this paper is different from the existing literature in its focus on integrated optimization of both air- and water-side of the HVAC system in a district scale as opposed to only airside or waterside. Methodologies proposed in this paper for integrated optimization of air- and water-side are brand-agnostic and their capabilities are demonstrated using a chilled water plant at Colorado School of Mines’ campus. Based on the results for the test district, Mines’ integrated air- and water-side optimizations of the HVAC system reduces its peak electric demand by 15% and 13%, respectively, for August 19 and 20, 2019. The air- and water-side optimization of the HVAC system resulted in greater savings than that achieved with only the waterside demand optimization method discussed in authors' previous paper focused on existing commercial districts.

Selection Criteria of Ordinary Urban Heritages Through the Case of Bangrak, a Multi-Cultural & Old Commercial District of Bangkok

This paper examines preservation of an old and multicultural commercial district of Bangrak, Bangkok through application of ordinary urban heritage, which is an alternative approach, but one which can fill a gap in the heritage conservation process. The dual objectives of this paper are 1. Introducing an alternative lens for considering the heritages of ordinary people in an urban context through the case of Bangrak in Bangkok, Thailand; and 2. Identifying selection criteria of ordinary urban heritages. 
 Bangrak, the study area, is an old commercial district of inner Bangkok that is characterized by diversity in the different groups who live and work there, their cultures, and their heritages. This paper studied four areas comprising groups whose members originated from China, India-South Asia, Western countries, and Thailand. 
 The ordinary urban heritages discussed in this paper are outcomes of identifying selection criteria based on the methodology of three processes: (1) theoretical reviews of vernacular heritage, ordinary heritage, and urban heritage, making use of AHD (Authorised Heritage Discourse) to distinguish “official” heritages identified by Thai government agencies, and the ordinary urban heritages of Bangrak. (2) analysis of historical maps, and (3) non-participant observational surveys to verify locations and appearances of ordinary urban heritages identified by the analysis of historical maps. 
 The selection criteria of ordinary urban heritages of Bangrak are outcomes of five factors: (1) The amount of time the heritage has been present in the area, (2) Heritages of ordinary people, (3) Repetitive appearance or cluster of heritages, (4) Ability to adapt to urbanization, and (5) Present-day existence of heritages in four areas of different cultures. 
 The ordinary urban heritages identified as the result of selection criteria comprise shophouses, urban patterns of “Trok” (small alleys), and sacred places in the communities. As buildings, shophouses are, per se, ordinary urban heritage from a physical aspect, and they are the centers of the commercial activities of everyday life. “Trok”, or small alleys, have been built by ordinary people, and they help form the particular urban pattern of Bangrak. Small sacred places represent a legacy of the beliefs of different cultures represented through their physical spaces and appearances.

민간 중심 상권활성화가 기성시가지 건축물 용도분포변화에 미치는 영향 연구

Recently, the number of new stores created by young businessmen and their class has been increasing area since the Gaehang-ro project. It can be seen that this study created a trend of change from the opening of the food service industry in an area where the influx of people was limited, centering on the retail industry. This can be identified through changes in the distribution of uses, and the majority of them have changed their uses from vacancies to restaurants. In addition, it can be seen that the number of general restaurants that opened due to the project is steadily increasing, and the distribution of restaurants penetrates into the alley, forming an alley commercial district.

Different places, different problems: profiles of crime and disorder at residential parcels

Certain places generate inordinate amounts of crime and disorder. We examine how places differ in their nature of crime and disorder, with three objectives: (1) identifying a typology of profiles of crime and disorder; (2) assessing whether different forms of crime and disorder co-locate at parcels; and (3) determining whether problematic parcels explain crime and disorder across neighborhoods. The study uses 911 and 311 records to quantify physical and social disorder and violent crime at residential parcels in Boston, MA (n = 81,673). K-means cluster analyses identified the typology of problematic parcels and how those types were distributed across census block groups. Cluster analysis identified five types of problematic parcels, four specializing in one form of crime or disorder and one that combined all issues. The second cluster analysis found that the distribution of problematic parcels described the spectrum from low- to high-crime neighborhoods, plus commercial districts with many parcels with public physical disorder. Problematic parcels modestly explained levels of crime across neighborhoods. The results suggest a need for diverse intervention strategies to support different types of problematic parcels; and that neighborhood dynamics pertaining to crime are greater than problematic properties alone.

한국, 미국, 일본의 도시재생 모델 비교

Currently, the topic of discussion in most developed countries is the urban regeneration project to prevent local extinction and urban decline. Unlike the resumption of the resumption and reconstruction of the urban regeneration in the improvement of the physical environment, the urban regeneration is aimed at the purpose of activating the central market, activating the central market, activation of the center of the right, It is a large-scale business that is done. Existing urban regeneration projects were planned by the government and implemented by local governments. However, the New Deal policy for urban regeneration implemented under the Moon Jae-in administration is a local government that is not the central government but is promoted by local governments together with local residents. It aims to revitalize and revitalize the city center. This study compares the cases of the United States and Japan, where urban regeneration projects were implemented before Korea, with those of Korea. Urban regeneration projects and policies of each country, enhancement of regional economic vitality through revitalization of commercial districts, support from local governments, participation methods of each project entity, and performance and continuity after the completion of the urban regeneration project were analyzed. However, since this study only compared public data published by each country with previous studies in related fields, it is insufficient to listen to opinions from stakeholders or analyze follow-up management. It is expected that better results will be obtained if interviews with related parties and on-site investigations are conducted in parallel.

Pandemic polycentricity? Mobility and migration patterns across New York over the course of the Covid-19 pandemic

Abstract The expectation of a mass movement out of cities due to the rise of remote work associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, is counter to longstanding theories of the benefits of agglomeration economies. It suggests centrifugal shifts of economic activity which could boost neighbourhood economies at the expense of the downtown core. Using mobile phone data from SafeGraph, we track migration and daily mobility patterns throughout the New York metropolitan area between July 2019 and June 2021. We find that diverse suburban centres and exurban areas have bounced back more quickly than the dense specialised commercial districts in and around Manhattan.

Distracted pedestrian behavior: An observational study of risk by situational environments

Objective Pedestrian-related death rates are increasing in the United States, partly due to increased use of distracting smartphones by pedestrians. Previous research documents high frequency of smartphone use while crossing streets near college campuses and in downtown business districts, but little is known about distracted pedestrian behavior in other urban environments. The current study used observational methods to examine and compare distracted pedestrian behavior in four urban areas – near an urban college campus, in a downtown commercial business district, near middle and high schools, and in entertainment districts – as well as examining whether the occurrence of distraction was associated with unsafe crossing behaviors. Methods We observed 112 intersections in 46 downtown, 30 school, 25 entertainment district, and 11 college campus-area intersections. Coders recorded distraction, crossing safety, pedestrian demographics, and traffic volume. Chi-square tests compared pedestrian characteristics by intersection type. Log binomial regressions estimated risk ratios (RRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between pedestrians walking alone and traffic volume with distracted crossing behavior, adjusting for age and gender. Similar models examined risk of unsafe crossing behavior by distraction behavior. All models were stratified by intersection type. Results Distraction incidence was highest in campus locations (52.9%) and lowest in entertainment districts (16.2%). Walking alone was associated with a 45% higher risk of distraction (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.30-1.62), although the increased association was limited to entertainment locations (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.25-2.08) and was significantly decreased in all other locations. Higher traffic volume was associated with lower risk of distraction in downtown locations (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56-0.85) but higher distraction risk in entertainment locations (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.27-2.31). Associations between distraction and unsafe crossing behaviors were minimal. Conclusion Distracted pedestrian behavior occurs at different rates and in different circumstances, depending on the setting. These results offer valuable data to inform intervention programs that target appropriate populations in appropriate locations.

Exploring the operational characteristics of ride-sourcing in an urban area

The emergence of ride-sourcing services has radically changed travel behavior and has important implications for future urban mobility. However, despite the growing market for mobility-on-demand (MOD), empirical studies on the operational characteristics of ride-sourcing systems are sparse. This paper provides an exploratory analysis of the operations of ride-sourcing using large-scale dis-aggregate mobility service data and documents the findings. From a case study in Singapore, we found that the demand follows reproducible patterns, which allows for realistic estimates of fleet operations over time and space. High travel demand during peak periods is observed along with a surge in prices (by 1.6 times on average). Shift behavior such as number of shifts, shift duration, and choices of shift start and end time affect fleet operations and fleet utilization rate. From the user metrics, we found that passengers may experience higher waiting and travel time due to the longer distance required to pickup in residential areas, the network congestion in commercial and business districts, and the detouring effects for sharing. Finally, the driver's total and marginal revenue were analyzed, which indicated a lower average revenue per unit time, distance, and service item in a shared ride compared to a single ride. These empirical observations can help understand the spatio-temporal characteristics of ride-sourcing operations in an urban area and provide insights for transportation planning and operations.

Measuring the process of urban gentrification: A composite measure of the gentrification process in Toronto

Gentrification is being experienced by cities around the world. Its drivers and characteristic features are complex and diverse, ranging from the displacement of low-income households to the redevelopment of commercial districts. This paper combines multiple data sources to explore the coevolution of gentrification in the residential market and developments in non-residential sectors in the Canadian city of Toronto. Analysis starts from a max-p-regions clustering based on a composite measure of the gentrification process, which includes measures of household income, educational attainment, building permits, and the composition of establishments. The variables that describe each region are examined for patterns of gentrification. We then develop a Bayesian hierarchical spatial (BHS) model to describe the change in residential property prices over the five-year period between 2011 and 2016. The results show that establishment entropy and composition are found to influence residential property prices, with significant spatial variation in its effect. The combination of endogenous region definitions and hierarchical modeling is strongly supported by model results.

On place and privilege: Varieties of affluence in cities and neighborhoods

AbstractAffluent people have long used places, including residential areas and their associated commercial districts and public spaces, as markers of class status. In doing so, they have often sought places that are homogeneous in terms class, and often race/ethnicity, and sought to preserve elite enclaves through a variety of policies and practices. But as we detail here, affluent people are now drawn to different types of residential settings, and their presence influences these places in sometimes surprising ways. In this essay, we review both exclusionary forms of affluent placemaking and more complex and varied forms emerging in gentrifying and super‐gentrifying places. There, the strategies that affluent residents use to create and preserve places have become more varied, as have the relationships between place and class status. These more nuanced understandings of class and place reflects scholars' heightened interest in the cultural dimensions of social class, intersections of race and class, and attention to the ways in which class and affluence reflect and influence the political context.

Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in outdoor dust samples on Tibetan Plateau, China

The urbanization of Tibetan Plateau (TP) probably results in a significant contamination of organic pollutants in the area, such as phthalate esters (PAEs). However, there is a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their occurrence and risks in the outdoor dust on TP. This study for the first time investigated the concentrations, distributions and health risk of PAEs in outdoor dust samples on TP, China. A total of 132 outdoor dust samples were collected from five different functional areas, and results showed the ubiquitous detection of all PAEs in the samples. The Σ6PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 31.49 μg·g−1 with a mean of 3.57 μg·g−1. High concentrations of Σ6PAEs in the outdoor dust were found in commercial districts, which were attributed to the heavy use of PAEs in the public commerce such as consumer products, commodities, and building materials. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant components accounting for 30.65% and 53.19% of the Σ6PAEs. Principal component analysis, positive matrix factorization, and correlation analysis were used to apportion the potential sources of PAEs in outdoor dust samples. The PAEs in the outdoor dust originated mainly from wide application of plasticizers as well as cosmetics and personal care products. The main pathways of human exposure to PAEs in the outdoor dust were ingestion and dermal absorption of dust particles. The total intakes of PAEs from outdoor dusts for children and adults were 1.50 × 10−5 and 2.47 × 10−6 mg·kg−1·d−1, respectively. Children were more susceptible to the PAEs intake than the adults. Although the estimated health risks of the six PAEs are currently acceptable, caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these PAEs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other medium.

Analysis of success factors and policy directions for revitalizing commercial districts

본 연구는 계속되는 노력과 지원에도 불구하고 상권이 활성화되지 못하는 문제에 대하여 고객과 거버넌스, 주변 환경 측면에 집중하여 실제 사업이 진행되고 있는 상권을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 이를 위해 1~4차까지 상권르네상스 사업이 진행되고 있는 18개 상권활성화구역을 대상으로 고객·상권·주변 환경 요인과 방문 방문고객 만족도와의 관계를 다수준 순서형 로짓 분석을 활용하여 사업 성공 요인을 도출하였다. 분석결과, 만족도에 영향을 미치는 유의미한 변수는 총 12개이다. 유의수준 0.01에서는 40·50대 고객, 방문목적 수, 지자체담당자 수, 상생협약 비율, 디지털사업 수 변수가 채택되었으며, 유의수준 0.05에서는 20·30대 고객, 상권인지경로 수, 조직운영형태, 타부처타부서사업수, 주택유형복합지수(HUM6) 변수가 채택되었다. 유의수준을 0.1까지 확장하였을 경우에는 거주지유·무, 배후지 사업체 수 변수가 유의미하게 나타났다. 분석결과를 토대로 배후지 특성을 고려한 고객맞춤 전략, 조직운영 및 참여방법, 설계방향 등을 제시하였다. 또한 상권이 활성화될 수 있도록 지자체에 대한 지속적인 관리와 모니터링이 필요함을 강조한다.

The Han River Development: Planning the Riverfront as Seoul’s Natural Landmark

This paper analyzes the history of the development of the riverfront of the Han River, the river that runs east-to-west in Seoul. In many scholarly works, the development of a commercial leisure district on the one hand, and local uses such as low-cost housing on the other, have formed two opposing waterfront spatial imaginaries. However, it is questionable whether these two visions are applicable to many metropolitan riverfront developments. The historical absence of an industrial port and the focus on the traffic flow in the Han River have contributed to the linear development of the waterfront area. After analyzing archival data and ethnographical interviews, this paper argues that this idiosyncrasy of the Han River waterfront should not be regarded as either underutilization or underdevelopment. Rather, it should be considered as reflecting the unique urban conditions of Seoul, including the legacy of the Cold War, the wide breadth of the river, and the relatively late expansion of the city south of the river. By situating the Han River development in the context of increasing criticism against the copy-and-paste waterfront developments elsewhere, this paper argues the consideration of “place” needs to include a historical dimension as past spatial practices have the tendency to continue to the present even after new developments are established.

Spatio-temporal convolutional residual network for regional commercial vitality prediction.

The vitality of commercial entities reflects the business condition of their surrounding area, the prediction of which helps identify the trend of regional development and make investment decisions. The indicators of business conditions, like revenues and profits, can be employed to make a prediction beyond any doubt. Unfortunately, such figures constitute business secrets and are usually publicly unavailable. Thanks to the rapid growing of location based social networks such as Yelp and Foursquare, massive amount of online data has become available for predicting the vitality of commercial entities. In this paper, a Spatio-Temporal Convolutional Residual Neural Network (STCRNN) is proposed for regional commercial vitality prediction, based on public online data, such as reviews and check-ins from mobile apps. Firstly, a commercial vitality map is built to indicate the popularity of business entities. Afterwards, a local convolutional neural network is employed to capture the spatial relationship of surrounding commercial districts on the vitality map. Then, a 3-dimension convolution is applied to deal with both recent and periodic variations, i.e., the sequential and seasonal changes of commercial vitality. Finally, long short-term memory is introduced to synthesize these two variations. In particular, a residual network is used to eliminate gradient vanishing and exploding, caused by the increase of depth of neural networks. Experiments on public Yelp datasets from 2013 to 2018 demonstrate that STCRNN outperforms the current methods in terms of mean square error.

Stadsvernieuwing en stads- en dorpsgezichten in de periode 1961-1985

Urban renewal and historic urban landscape in the Netherlands, 1961-1985 Many urban sites and rural settlements suffered severely from dilapidation in the Netherlands after the Second World War. Urban renewal focused on large-scale demolition and modern urban development with highways, office buildings and commercial districts in the 1960s and 1970s. Following widespread protest by society, the revitalization of historical areas finally became a primary objective of urban renewal. To what extent and how this was achieved in relation to the 472 protected town- and villagescapes has not yet been studied. The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands is currently researching the post-1965 era and this has yielded new insights in that respect. Area-based and long-term planning, reviving inner-cities, community participation and the human dimension were key principles in achieving results. The European Architectural Heritage Year 1975 and the Declaration of Amsterdam introducing the concept of ‘integrated conservation’ was considerably influential in this matter. And this approach can still be topical looking at the major urban issues of today. The urban renewal period holds up a mirror to us: how to achieve sustainable urban development that serves an integrated perspective encompassing public, social, economic and cultural goals?

Review: Cinque viaggi (1990–98), by Guido Guidi

Review: <i>Cinque viaggi (1990–98)</i>, by Guido Guidi