Commercial Complex Research Articles

A residue-free and effective corncob extrusion pretreatment for the enhancement of high solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis to produce sugars

To convert biomass into biofuel, pretreatment is the first stage required to de-structure lignocellulose – twin-screw extrusion is one of the viable pretreatment technologies. The enzymatic hydrolysis of corncobs pretreated with twin-screw extrusion to obtain sugar was evaluated. Corncob extrusion (115–130 °C; 14 rpm) was enhanced through the employment of additives (water and glycerol, 25:25, % w/w). By reproducing the response surface methodology (RSM) technique, the maximized glucose productivity (0.69 g L −1 h −1 ) and conversion of cellulose to glucose (90.4 % w/w), as well as hemicellulose to xylose and arabinose (44.0 % w/w) were established with the dosage of the commercial enzymatic complex Cellic Ctec2 (32 FPU/g dry lignocellulosic material ) and solids loading (17.8 % w/w). Total sugar yield was of 471 kg (glucose 323 kg; xylose and arabinose 148 kg) for a dried corncob ton. Kinetic constants of the Michaelis-Menten model, V max and K m , for converting cellulose to glucose were of 6.00 % (w/w)/h and 22.59 g cellulose /L solution , respectively. A residue-free and effective corncob extrusion pretreatment enhanced high solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis to achieve a glucose-rich solution. • Corncob clean extrusion pretreatment favored enzymatic hydrolysis for sugar release. • Corncob extrusion was optimized using additives (water and glycerol, 25:25, % w/w). • Glycerol as a corncob extrusion additive did not interfere in the enzymatic hydrolysis • Higher extruded corncob loading favored high cellulose-to-glucose conversion (> 90 %). • Kinetic study showed 40.6 %-time improvement for extruded corncob enzymatic hydrolysis.

Indicators of visual integration in urban development projects in the commercial markets in the city center of Erbil

The last decade was characterized by enormous urban development projects within the center of Erbil where commercial land use is dominant and it is represented by traditional markets or Bazaars. Neshtiman commercial complex is an example that has some distinguishing features in comparison with the adjacent traditional Bazaar.
 The issue of visual integration in urban development is regarded as an essential matter which gives more positivity to the project and enhances the whole area. Urban masters had mentioned and established some indicators of the visual integration.
 This paper tries to explore the visual integration indicators of the Neshtiman complex with its traditional surroundings in order to improve the existing situation and to obtain some guidelines that may be helpful in future development projects.

Structural Behavior of steel frame Infilled with Ferrocement Precast Panel S ubjected to Lateral Load

Background: When a severe earthquake ground motion hits the structure even if it doesn’t collapse it may undergoes inelastic deformations. Steel structure infilled with precast panels becomes less efficient when subjected to large lateral loads like strong wind and earthquake. Hence assessment of actual performance of steel frames provided with infills in the event of earthquake is essential. Methods: In the current study, a prototype model of steel frame size 4m x4m bay & 4m height with G+2 story is scaled down and subjected to lateral seismic load by conducting shake table test to assess modal frequencies, the same structure is modelled in Hypermesh and analyzed in Nastran, ETABS software. The results obtained are validated for a 16X16m bay of 4m height commercial complex of G+9 Multi-storeyed structure infilled with Ferrocement Precast panels analysed in ETABS software for base shear, response spectrum and pushover analysis to assess the performance of the structure. Findings: The frequency from modal analysis was found to be 45.21 Hz, for G+2 storied model in ETABS, values obtained for frequency, base shear, performance point of the structure are in appreciable. Novelty: As per the traditional earthquake design methods, structures are designed for less forces than maximum considered for earthquake. The overall performance of the structure is found to be safe even infilled with Ferrocement precast panels. Advantages: Ferrocement panels as infills has benefit as they are slender from structural point of view. Compared with steel bare frame dynamic behavior of bare steel frame which is infilled with Ferrocement precast panel subjected to lateral loads is high that helps in assessing the damage in the event of an earthquake in critical zone V. Keywords: Infill; Ferrocement precast panels; Pushover Analysis; Performance point; Response spectrum

Analysis and Comparison of Energy Saving for Construction Scheme of a Large Commercial Complex Project

With the development of urbanization, large-scale commercial complex projects emerge as the name cards of cities. The construction of large-scale urban complex projects is large in scale and complex in business form. After completion, energy consumption expenses account for nearly 80% of the entire operation cost. Therefore, it is particularly important to select energy saving schemes for the construction of large commercial complex projects. This paper takes a large commercial complex project in a city as an example, analyzes and compares its energy saving schemes, and calculates the comprehensive energy consumption of the selected schemes, so as to demonstrate whether the energy saving schemes meet the energy consumption policies advocated by the state and provide reference for other similar projects.

Air pollution characteristics and human health risk assessment of underground parking garages in Xi’an, China

Due to the rapid increase of population density and automobile vehicle numbers in mega-cities, large underground garages have become universal supporting facilities to meet the demand for parking spaces in the recently-built commercial complexes and high-rise residential communities. Natural ventilation was insufficient to discharge vehicle-induced pollutants out of the enclosed underground spaces, which could pose a potential threat to people’s health. This study aims to determine the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of pollutants concentration and the health risk of underground parking garages (UPGs)’ staff and users. Field measurements were conducted on the air pollutants concentrations and the users’ exposure characteristics in 11 commercial UPGs and three high-rise residential UPGs with natural ventilation in Xi’an. The pollutants concentrations were higher in the afternoon and morning of commercial and high-rise residential UPGs. In general, the particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10), HCHO, TVOC and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) concentrations in commercial and residential UPGs were 0.069/0.067 mg/m³, 0.12/0.097 mg/m³, 0.014/0.017 mg/m³, 1.8/1.8 mg/m³, 0.056/0.10 mg/m³, 0.19/0.29 mg/m³ and 0.41/0.49 mg/m³, respectively. TVOC and BTEX concentrations in UPGs significantly correlated with traffic volume ( p < 0.01). In different groups, the entropy values of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were: staffs > children travelling with adults > adults. In particular, occupational long-term (employee) exposure could lead to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.

Low-cost Media from Agro-industrial Wastes for the Cultivation and Metabolite Production of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most well-documented, “generally regarded as safe” microorganisms used in food fermentation, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Many probiotic strains are utilized for the production of beneficial metabolites, such as bacteriocins and lactic acid, which influence the preservation, organoleptic characteristics, and nutritional properties of food. However, these strains are usually cultured using complex and expensive media, which significantly contribute to the cost of the final product. Thus, this study aims to develop a low-cost alternative medium (LCAM) for the growth and metabolite production of industrially important LAB strains. After several preliminary experiments, an LCAM containing rice bran extract, waste coconut (mature) water, baker’s yeast extract, table sugar, and salts was subjected to a statistically-guided optimization study for growth support of a model LAB strain Lactobacillus plantarum BS. Based on the second-order response mathematical model, the optimized medium composition was 35% rice bran extract and 58% waste coconut water, 1% baker’s yeast extract, 1% table sugar, and 5% salt solution (LCAM A) plus a modified version without baker’s yeast and table sugar (LCAM B). Predicted values were acceptable at 95% (8.91 and 8.88 log CFU/mL) and highly comparable (102% relativity) with the commercial complex medium used as control. Both LCAM formulations were found to support the growth and metabolite production of different LAB genera (L. plantarum BS, Lactococcus lactis NCDO 497, Enterococcus faecalis M4-3, Streptococcus thermophilus BIOTECH 1555, and Pediococcus acidilactici BIOTECH 1068). The LCAM supported the metabolite production of these LAB strains comparable with the commercial medium but is 7.4–7.6-fold cheaper than the cheapest commercial medium. This significant cost reduction has a huge prospect on the large-scale utilization of LAB. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to enhance the nutritive composition of LCAM for other genera of LAB.

Evaluation of the Environmental Components that Affect the Need for User Entertainment in Commercial Complexes of Tehran Metropolis

Evaluation of the Environmental Components that Affect the Need for User Entertainment in Commercial Complexes of Tehran Metropolis

Complex Cases of Source Code Authorship Identification Using a Hybrid Deep Neural Network

This paper is a continuation of our previous work on solving source code authorship identification problems. The analysis of heterogeneous source code is a relevant issue for copyright protection in commercial software development. This is related to the specificity of development processes and the usage of collaborative development tools (version control systems). As a result, there are source codes written according to different programming standards by a team of programmers with different skill levels. Another application field is information security—in particular, identifying the author of computer viruses. We apply our technique based on a hybrid of Inception-v1 and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units architectures on heterogeneous source codes and consider the most common commercial development complex cases that negatively affect the authorship identification process. The paper is devoted to the possibilities and limitations of the author’s technique in various complex cases. For situations where a programmer was proficient in two programming languages, the average accuracy was 87%; for proficiency in three or more—76%. For the artificially generated source code case, the average accuracy was 81.5%. Finally, the average accuracy for source codes generated from commits was 84%. The comparison with state-of-the-art approaches showed that the proposed method has no full-functionality analogs covering actual practical cases.

BIOENERGETIC ASSESSMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION AT COMMERCIAL DAIRY FARMS AND COMPLEXES OF DIFFERENT CAPACITIES

The article presents the results of bioenergetic analysis of milk production at commercial dairy farms and complexes of different capacities. The objects of the study were commercial dairy farms and complexes of State Enterprise “ZhodinoAgroPlemElita” of Smolevichi district, which have a complete cycle of milk production. Studies have shown that the implementation of milk production technology at the CDC “Berezovitsa” with a capacity of 850 heads requires less energy than at the CDF “Zhazhelka” with a capacity of 750 heads and the CDC “Rassoshnoye” with a capacity of 1000 heads.

Characterization of indoor and ambient air quality in modern commercial and recreational complex buildings in Hanoi

The paper provides new information on the correlation between indoor and ambient air quality in selected commercial and recreational buildings, representing a cross-section of metropolitan building complexes in Hanoi, Vietnam. Air sampling carried out simultaneously at fixed locations within the case study directed the varying behavior across different zones and thus highlighted the relationship between parking basements, commercial floors, and ambient air sites. The fractions of coarse and fine particles were analyzed to identify the associated emission sources on a short-term basis. The elevated 8-h average levels of CO in underground parking zones (11–22 mg/m3) were significantly higher than those measured on commercial floors (0.5–0.9 mg/m3) and relatively ambient air (0.8–1 mg/m3) and exceeded the recommended exposure limit of 10 mg/m3 in the corresponding guidelines. Short-term averages of SO2 mass concentration (112–225 μg/m3) remained below the limits of 500 μg/m3 concerning health exposure in existing standards. The correlation of daily NO2 patterns was analyzed accordingly in relation to the operation of the individual building, the central ventilation mechanism, and the penetration of outside air, which is usually conditioned by traffic emission. The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 measured outdoors (21–32 μg/m3 and 12–14 μg/m3) and in parking basements (28–67 μg/m3 and 15–27 μg/m3) were generally higher than those recorded indoors at ground levels (1–29 μg/m3 and 1–20 μg/m3), frequently reaching the reference exposure values (15 μg/m3 and 5 μg/m3) for public health concerns. The determined levels and profiles of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, (m + p)-xylene, and o-xylene corresponding to the relative ratios of T/B and X/E revealed the responsible emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles in parking basements and the influence of associated local traffic.

Investigating Pedestrians’ Exit Choice with Incident Location Awareness in an Emergency in a Multi-Level Shopping Complex

Limited studies have investigated pedestrians’ exit choices in an emergency in multi-level commercial buildings. In particular, the comparison between exit choices before and after awareness of an incident location is non-existent in the literature. Likewise, the influence of individual attributes, such as the presence of a child or a companion, on the individual’s exit choice in complex architectural layouts has rarely been studied in the literature. This paper aims to address these knowledge gaps by investigating pedestrians’ exit choice behavior in an emergency at a multi-level shopping complex considering exit choice behavior before and after awareness of incident location and the influence of personal attributes (e.g., presence of a child or companion). A survey of 1271 pedestrians for two hypothetical emergency scenarios in a multi-level shopping center in Tehran, Iran was conducted. A tablet-based simulator of a multi-story commercial complex was designed, and on-site interviews were conducted. In the first scenario, participants were asked to select their preferred exit door at the start of the emergency alarm without being informed about the incident location. In the next scenario, the scene of an incident (fire) was displayed without altering the conditions, and pedestrians were asked to choose their desired exit. The utility models investigated the differences in pedestrians’ behavior before and after awareness of the fire location. The models show differences in pedestrian decisions to evacuate and select the exit when the fire location information was available compared to when only emergency alarm information was available. Further, differences in evacuation strategy between the people who preferred to delay the exit and those who preferred to exit immediately were observed. Participants with children were more concerned about the ease of moving on the route and preferred a less congested route and exit area. Differences in evacuation behavior on the ground floor and other floors were also observed.

Adaptive re-use of industrial heritage and its role in achieving local sustainability

PurposeThe current study evaluates the success of this project at the local scale by examining the degree of compliance with local sustainability indicators after the revival of the Zanjan Match Factory. Hence, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the prosperity of the Zanjan match factory monument restoration project in achieving local sustainability. The study intention of prosperity implies any action, achievement or positive outcome that contributes to informed decision-making and leads to sustainable neighborhood development.Design/methodology/approachThe current research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical, and survey-field in terms of method. The criteria evaluated in this research include criteria as follows: (1) evaluation of protection and preservation of the building, (2) success of the new function and (3) sustainable local development, which are defined items for each criterion. The questions of the questionnaire are prepared according to the Likert 5 points spectrum, the value of which is answered between 1 and 5 and the hierarchy goes from “very good” to “very poor”. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained for the validity of the questionnaire questions is 0.85, which indicates the appropriate validity of the questionnaire questions.FindingsThe study findings indicate that the applied criteria are at an acceptable level since the criterion of sustainable local development and architecture have obtained the scores of 4 and the new function criterion scores of 3. Field surveys and observations of changes made in the neighborhood including the construction of a thoroughfare, commercial complex, service complex and local parks verify the validity of the findings. The results of the proposed study indicate that adaptive reuse projects should not be taken into account as individual projects since an individual building can be a catalyst for the restoration of other buildings and contribute to the transformation of the whole area by affecting the surrounding environment.Originality/valueAdaptive reuse of building assets is an important approach to sustainability that can be utilized in conserving and preserving industrial heritage buildings was described in this paper. An adaptive reuse project follows three aims of cultural and historical heritage conservation, the success of the new performance and the development of local communities and a successful project appropriately balances these three goals.

A novel approach of day-ahead cooling load prediction and optimal control for ice-based thermal energy storage (TES) system in commercial buildings

Thermal energy storage (TES) is an effective method for load shifting and demand response in buildings. Optimal TES control and management are essential to improve the performance of the cooling system. Most existing TES systems operate on a fixed schedule, which cannot take full advantage of its load shifting capability, and requires extensive investigation and optimization. This study proposed a novel integrated load prediction and optimized control approach for ice-based TES in commercial buildings. A cooling load prediction model was developed and a mid-day modification mechanism was introduced into the prediction model to improve the accuracy. Based on the predictions, a rule-based control strategy was proposed according to the time-of-use tariff; the mid-day control adjustment mechanism was introduced in accordance with the mid-day prediction modifications. The proposed approach was applied in the ice-based TES system of a commercial complex in Beijing, and achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 389 kW and coefficient of variance of MAE of 12.5 %. The integrated prediction-based control strategy achieved an energy cost saving rate of 9.9 %. The proposed model was deployed in the realistic building automation system of the case building and significantly improved the efficiency and automation of the cooling system.

Simple Sn-based coordination complex as cathode interlayer for efficient organic solar cells

Cathode interlayer (CIL) is responsible for electron extraction and hole blocking between the photoactive layer and the electrode. Since the excellent inorganic CIL materials, such as ZnO, TiO 2 and SnO 2 , are difficult to be applied in high performance non-fullerene organic solar cells with conventional structures, novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials have attracted much attention recently, owing to their advantages from both organic and inorganic CIL materials. Herein, we reported that the commercial Sn-based coordination complex, Sn(acac) 2 and BuSnOOH could be employed as excellent CIL in both PM6:BTP-4Cl and PM6:IT-4F based OSCs. Because of the better aligned energy levels, smooth film on the active layer and higher electron mobility, BuSnOOH based device was able to facilitate more efficient charge extraction and reduce charge recombination. As a result, an impressive PCE of 17% was obtained for OSCs with the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PM6:BTP-4Cl/BuSnOOH/Ag structure, while the corresponding OSC with Sn(acac) 2 as CIL displayed moderate PCE of 15.57%. • Two commercial Sn-based coordination complexes were employed as cathode interlayer for organic solar cells. • Both the oxidation state of Sn and the surface ligand lead to the different device performance. • High efficiency of 17% was obtained for PM6:BTP-4Cl based solar cells by using the BuSnOOH as cathode interlayer.

複合型商業施設内のレストランにおけるインテリアグリーンが利用者に与える心理的効果と印象評価

複合型商業施設内のレストランにおけるインテリアグリーンが利用者に与える心理的効果と印象評価

외식산업에서의 경쟁력 있는 프랜차이즈 점포 찾기와 점포 믹스

The restaurant industry continues to grow with the spread of the dining culture and the rapidly changing trend, but the survival rate of individual stores is decreasing. In particular, in recent years, the development of a complex type of residential, business, and commercial facilities has become active, but commercial facilities are subject to individual sales, reckless opening due to lease, and high vacancy rates. Accordingly, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness and survival rate of stores in the restaurant industry, and strategies are needed from opening stores to operating and closing stores. This study aims to select competitive franchise stores in commercial facilities and present an optimized store mix method using commercial facilities in the form of residential and commercial complexes that are recently being developed. Through credit card data, it was analyzed through pre-COVID-19 store sales, and franchise stores that have high sales and can actually pay rent for stores selected as cases were selected by comparing commercial districts similar to those where stores are located. After that, a case study was conducted focusing on finding stable stores by allowing synergy effects between stores to occur through the store mixing method. Studies have shown that in the current uncertain situation of the external environment, opening a franchise that is stable and profitable is needed to minimize risks rather than trying something new.

Overcoming the influence of a 2 metre long pipe offset on water flow capacity of drainage with secondary ventilation in a high-rise building

A potential consequence of installing a 2 m long pipe offset on a ventilated drainage system in a high-rise buildings is that the water seal could be damaged when the flowrate exceeds the maximum discharge capacity of a drainage system, thereby threatening the indoor health safety. Some high-rise buildings are designed for commercial and residential use to achieve economic and social benefits, so the whole building use and layout changes in the vertical direction. The drainage stack may be designed with an offset between floors to avoid structural obstacles inside the building. The flow direction change could destroy the water seal of sanitary appliances and threaten the health of residents. To better understand the influence of the form of a pipe offset on the drainage capacity, a full-scale experiment was conducted to study the secondary ventilated system with an antireflux H-tube pipe, which was equipped with two guide plates inside to improve the air-water flow pattern and prevent backflow, installed between floor. This study also considered a kind of offset where the offset distance was 2.0 m rather than the S-shaped offset joint, which is more common in commercial and residential complexes. The influence on the discharge capacity of installing an extra antireflux H-tube pipe was compared with normal 90-degree elbow and only one antireflux H-tube pipe above the offset point. The pressure fluctuation and water seal losses under constant discharge rates were adopted as experimental parameters to determine the maximum discharge capacity according to Standard for Capacity Test of Vertical Pipe of the Domestic Residential Drainage System. Results show that the installation of an extra antireflux H-tube pipe can release the air accumulation caused by pipe offset, and the combined installation of a large curvature elbow and an extra antireflux H-tube pipe can effectively improve the discharge capacity.Practical Application: 2 metre long offsets are not unusual in ventilated drainage systems in high-rise buildings, however, designers and builders do not pay sufficient attention to the adverse consequences of the pipe offset. An extra antireflux H-tube pipe can be installed above the offset joint to optimise the drainage system to perform as it would without the offset. In a system with 2 m long pipe offset, installing a large curvature elbow together with an extra antireflux H-tube pipe together provides a better effect.

Fast prediction model of three-dimensional temperature field of commercial complex for entrance-atrium temperature regulation

Based on the status quo of poor winter thermal comfort of commercial complexes, we developed a three-dimensional temperature prediction model for the typical space of commercial buildings, the “Entrance-Atrium”. A database of 4500 samples was built by using computational fluid dynamics to simulate different spatial deformations and wind environments based on typical models. The simulation method was verified by on-site measurement. Two indicators, Cr (Compliance rate of temperature) and Tr (Temperature resistance index), were defined to evaluate the thermal environment performance of the spatial form. And S (spatial performance score) was used for the comparison of architectural design schemes. In order to achieve rapid temperature prediction, the simulation database was reconstructed and expanded by artificial neural network algorithm, and then the three-dimensional temperature prediction model was constructed. The prediction model may be applied for thermal environment prediction and architectural design optimization for key spaces. Meanwhile, we have expanded its application in air conditioning supply volume adjustment and verified its reliability through practical cases. This study may provide a reliable basis for architects and engineers to make critical decisions, helping optimize the thermal environment through a combination of active and passive methods in the entire process from building design to operation, and improve the utilization efficiency of building operation energy consumption.

Assessing heavy metal index referencing health risk in Ganga River System

ABSTRACT River Ganga, one of the largest perennial rivers, conserves the cultural heritage of the Indian sub-continent, supporting as the nectar of life to millions residing on the banks of the river basin. With unlimited use, the river also receives a large amount of untreated wastewater discharged from different industrial, commercial and residential complexes, unbalancing the nutrient concentration at many points along the stretch. The current study assesses water samples collected from 20 monitoring locations and the Ganga River System in the Himalayan region, evaluating the potential risk of heavy metal pollution. The concentration of Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al, Ni, Cd, Mg and Co is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Fe, Cd and Mg’s observed values exceeded various standards (WHO, BIS and USEPA) for drinking water. The pollution assessment index (heavy metal pollution index: HPI) and multivariate analysis (principal component analysis: PCA and cluster analysis: CA) were implemented to identify the intensity of pollution and its sources. The seasonal values of HPI were found 88.69, 90.32, 88.53 and 84.96 in winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The index value on all monitoring locations varied between the range of PCA outcomes for three factors and explained 72.1% of the variance, indicating natural and man-made activities as responsible metal abundance factors in the river system. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) are used to assess non-cancer health risks to humans. The seasonal evaluation recorded HQ < 1 for all the metals and HI > 1 was found for the entire study period. This study contributes to various conservation initiatives for the River Ganga System with factual datasets and characterization of various sampling locations using heavy metal indexing while sharing common masses’ findings for people participation at the regional level.

Application of BIM Technology in Data Collection of Large-Scale Engineering Intelligent Construction

In order to solve the problem of data collection of intelligent construction of large-scale projects, the author proposes the application of BIM technology in the collection of intelligent construction data of large-scale projects; this method proposes to take advantage of the technical advantages of BIM; starting from the needs of the commercial complex operation and management stage, a BIM-based commercial complex operation management model is established, and the application content of this model to improve the efficiency of commercial complex operation and management is studied. The experimental results show that according to the design conditions and the depth of BIM application, the standard elements and variable factors can be divided into 70% and 30%, respectively. Conclusion. BIM can realize the refinement, intelligence, and quality of commercial complex operation.