Commercial Code Research Articles

Rescue of a stone bridge with respect to current condition and standards

A three span stone masonry bridge dating back to the middle of the 19th century, still in the roadway network, is assessed to prevent its demolition. Its industrial heritage value and ecological concerns were the principal reasons for the assessment. The carbon footprint of the stone arch replacement would be approximately 200 t CO2 emission owing to 430 m3 reinforced concrete in the new structure. Besides the cultural monument, considerable energy, CO2 emissions and natural resources can be saved in accordance with the sustainable development goals. Standards, guides and commercial software do not provide an adequate support for the assessment of masonry arch bridges, therefore an innovative two phase application of a commercial linear sttructural analysis code and an original in-house code was developed for the purpose. Thousands of stone ach bridges still in service worlwide give the case study more general importance.

Study on Pure Roll Test of a Ship Using CFD Simulation

Roll moment usually is ignored when analyzing the maneuverability of surface ships. However, it is well known that the influence of roll moment on maneuverability is significant for ships with small metacentric height such as container ships, passenger ships, etc. In this study, a pure roll test is performed to determine the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to roll motion as added mass and damping. The target ship is an autonomous surface ship designed to carry containers with a small drift and large freeboard. The commercial code of STAR CCM+ software is applied as a specialized tool in naval hydrodynamic based on RANS equation for simulating the pure roll of the ship. The numerical uncertainty analysis is conducted to verify the numerical accuracy. By distinguishing the in-phase and out-of-phase from hydrodynamic forces and moments due to roll motion, added mass derivatives and damping derivatives relative to roll angular velocity are obtained.

CFD ANALYSIS OF PEG 400 BASED NANOFLUIDS

In the last years, a lot of research is dedicated to development of new heat transfer fluids. Phase change materials (PCM) are considered a new generation of heat transfer fluids. A convenient tool to verify the efficiency of a fluid PCM for different practical applications is the simulation approach. In order for such an analysis to be possible, it is necessary to correctly and completely describe the fluids, which supposes the knowledge of the laws of variation of the thermophysical properties with temperature. In many industrial applications, heat transfer is one of the most significant process, but the development of efficient equipment is limited by the low thermal conductivity of conventional heat transfer fluids. Complex CFD (computational fluid dynamics) programs, such as ANSYS Fluent, are capable of replacing experimental results. Therefore, based on previous experimental data, a numerical study on heat transfer will be performed, involving laminar flow conditions. In this numerical study, a number of nanofluids based on PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol PEG 400) and two type of nanoparticles (Al2O3 and ZnO), have been implemented in a commercial code to analyze their behavior at heating. Their heating behavior must be understood under different conditions or factors, such as concentration, temperature, pressure, flow conditions, heating systems and flow geometry. In conclusion, PEG 400 based nanofluids is considered to have a high potential for a number of practical applications (for example for their possible use in thermal energy storage), but further studies are needed, as well as the intensification of numerical and experimental research because no applied studies have been identified in the literature.

HYDRODYNAMICS PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF A FULL-SCALE SHIP

Traditionally, ship hydrodynamic performances are predicted by extrapolating the model scale measurements or numerical results to full scale. Recently, scientific publications have highlighted the importance of ship scale numerical simulation and its validation. CFD may be used to determine the main reasons for the poor performance of vessels in operation and to evaluate the efficiency of energy-saving solutions that enhance the vessel's hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. Lloyd’s Register (LR) held the world's first workshop dedicated to ship full-scale hydrodynamic performance predictions, where the industry has published comprehensive measurements obtained during the sea trials to offer the community the chance to validate the CFD solvers for full-scale computations. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of the full-scale general cargo vessel REGAL. NUMECA/Fine Marine commercial code based on the RANS-VOF solver has been used to evaluate the flow field around the hull. Four speeds were considered for this investigation: 8, 10, 12, and 14 knots, and the simulation conditions, identical to the sea trials records, were also taken into consideration. The simulation results were compared to the data provided by LR in 2015 in the workshop proceeding.

URGENCY OF INSURANCE AGENT'S LEGAL RELATIONSHIP WITH INSURANCE COMPANY

This research aims to discover about and comprehend the legal framework that underpins the partnership between insurance agents and insurance companies. The research method used is a type of normative legal research. The type of approach used is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The laws used are the Civil Code, the Commercial Code, the Insurance Law and POJK.05/2013 concerning Insurance Products and Insurance Marketing. The results of this study revealed that the legal basis for the relationship between insurance agents and insurance companies is not expressly regulated in the Civil Code, Commercial Code, Insurance Law and Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulations. The Insurance Law only provides a definition of insurance agents and insurance companies. As such, the legal relationship between insurance agents and insurance companies is not regulated. As a legal basis, the relationship between the insurance agent and the insurance company lies in the agreement made by the agent with the company. Thus, the agreement becomes the legal basis for the relationship between the insurance agent and the insurance company. Meanwhile, the legal relationship between an insurance agent and an insurance company is a contractual relationship or a relationship that is bound in an agreement.

The 2020 Constitutional Reform: An Independent Constitutional and Legal Status of Commercial (Arbitrazh) Courts being fixed for the First Time

The paper analyzes the interim results of the 2020 constitutional reform, which affected the foundations of the judiciary in the territory of the Russian Federation. The author assumes and justifies that there is a change in priorities and vectors of legislative work in the field of commercial (arbitrazh) procedural legislation. Based on the analysis of the history of the creation of commercial (arbitrazh) courts, the author makes a conclusion about the formation and development of commercial (arbitrazh) courts as an independent procedural form of the exercise of judicial power in modern Russia. An assessment of the role of Professor V.F. Yakovlev in the creation of commercial (arbitrazh) courts in Russia is given. The author notes the importance of fixing the constitutional and legal status of the system of commercial (arbitrazh) courts. The author shares the opinion, which is of enormous theoretical and practical importance, that the activity of commercial (arbitrazh) courts is a form of exercising judicial power both in the sphere of civil and administrative proceedings. In the context of the problem of a possible «absorption» by the unified Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, including the Commercial (Arbitrazh) Procedure Code, the adoption of amendments to the Constitution reduces such a threat. The author concludes that the rules of commercial (arbitrazh) procedural law, being improved, undergoing different editions, allowing for disputes and discussions at the scientific and practical level, have been preserved as an independent branch of law. At the same time, these rules are, along with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the fundamental basis of the independent legal status of the commercial (arbitrazh) courts system.

Duty of loyalty and due care of the board member under Polish law

Duty of loyalty and due care of the board’s members have been lately introduced to the provisions of the Polish Commercial Companies Code. This paper aims to define the duty of loyalty and due care of the board members, as presented in the Polish doctrine, as well as in the British, Spanish, and German laws. Additionally, the impact of the new provisions on the liability of the board members shall be described.

Experimental Verification for Numerical Flow Analysis in Mixing Vessel

Visualization of a streak line pattern in a mixing vessel is quite useful for understanding the mixing mechanism and designing an optimal mixing vessel. However, conventional experimental methods for visualizing streak lines require a lot of time to construct impellers and prepare solutions. Although various commercial fluid analysis software has been developed, there are still no examples of its use for calculating streak lines in mixing vessels. A simulation method was developed to quickly evaluate the streak line pattern in a laminar mixing vessel by numerical analysis with commercial code. A commercial CFD code can calculate streak line patterns in a laminar mixing vessel. It was found that a lattice method was more suitable than a particle method for the simulation of the streak line.

Subject of the agreement on the transfer of rights to use intellectual property objects in business

The article examines the issue of defining the subject of a business contract in general and the problem of the subject of a contract on the transfer of rights to use intellectual property objects in entrepreneurship in particular.
 It is proven that the science of economic law defines a complex subject of a business contract, this subject includes two levels. The first level is the main action aimed at achieving the purpose of the contract. The second level is the object in relation to which this action is performed.
 It was found that in the norms of the Economic Code of Ukraine and the Civil Code of Ukraine, the subject of a commercial concession contract is not defined in the same way; The Commercial Code of Ukraine does not contain a specific norm regarding the subject of this contract and defines its object more broadly than the Civil Code of Ukraine. The law defines the right to use objects of intellectual property rights, commercial experience and business reputation as the subject of a commercial concession contract.
 It has been proven that the subject of the commercial concession contract is complex. At the primary level, an element of the subject matter of a commercial concession agreement is the right holder's actions, which are aimed at granting the user the right to use intellectual property rights belonging to the right holder in his business activity. At the second level, the subject of the commercial concession agreement includes the right to use the object of intellectual property rights, which the right holder grants to the user and this specific object of intellectual property.
 An object of intellectual property becomes the subject of a commercial concession contract due to its turnover capacity. Its marketability is manifested in the consumer value and exchange value of the object of intellectual property (private component), as well as in the presence of a legally defined legal regime of objects of intellectual property, which establishes the rules for the alienation of such objects, their circulation in commodity circulation, which ensures balance of private and public interests (public component).

Experimentation and numerical modeling of SCR spray droplets pre and post impingement on a mixer plate

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are one of the leading techniques used in the after treatment systems of the diesel engines for the abatement of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Ammonia is used as reducing agent in the catalyst which is supplied in the mixing chamber in the form of Urea Water Solution (UWS - 32.5% urea solution) spray. After evaporation of water, urea droplets undergo a series of secondary reactions eventually leading to the formation of solid deposits on the walls of the system. This not only hinders the deNOx efficiency but also interferes with the overall after treatment system by creating back pressure. Therefore, a deep understanding of the factors and mechanisms of spray–wall interaction is a basic requirement to prevent any undesired decomposition phenomena that could lead to failure of the whole system.In the present paper, droplet diameter distributions are analyzed pre and post impingement events on a hot mixer plate surface, both experimentally and numerically. The work was performed using a commercial six-hole pressure driven injector in a test section of heated cross flow wind tunnel. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was used to measure the droplet kinetics prior and after the wall impingement on the mixer plate. Based on the data, numerical simulation was setup using a commercial CFD code, AVL FIRE and droplet characteristics as well as thermal response of the mixer plate analyzed against the experimental data.

On the Efficiency of the Advancing-Front Surface Mesh Generation Algorithm

An efficient advancing front algorithm is presented to create high-quality surface elements on CAD models. Various novel schemes are developed to improve the efficiency of the algorithm while not sacrificing its robustness and the resulting mesh quality. New features include a fast projection scheme that can perform robustly in case of badly defined surfaces, a procedure that computes the ideal point by an approach that can preserve the advantageous features of both the mapping and direct methods, and an octree data structure that can speed up the local search of all existing front nodes about the ideal point. To our knowledge, the proposed algorithm is one of the fastest algorithms for surface mesh generation. On an AMD Ryzen 5 3600 machine, the sequential version of the proposed algorithm can create a quality mesh at a speed of up to 100,000 elements per second. This speed is more than 3 times higher than a state-of-the-art code can achieve. Another advantage of the proposed algorithm is its ability to maintain its high efficiency when millions or more elements are created on one single surface. In this circumstance, the efficiency of some state-of-the-arts codes slows down by one or two orders. After parallelized based on the taskflow approach, the proposed algorithm can create more than 1.6 million elements on real-world configurations in 7 s by using 6 computer cores. This speed is higher than a state-of-the-art commercial code can achieve by one order. • An efficient surface mesh generator for large-scale triangular mesh generation of industrial CAD models, which is far faster than existing schemes. • The nonlinear calculation such as orthogonal projection and ideal point calculation is comprehensively improved. • Traditional surface mesh generation methods such as direct method and mapping method are combined. • The design of spatial index data structure (octree and AD tree) makes the algorithm have strong scalability.

3D CFD analysis of Mixture Formation in Direct-Injection Hydrogen-fueled Internal Combustion Engines

The European Green Deal for halving greenhouse gases emissions by 2030, compared to those of 1990s, and the resulting conversion in road transport from 2035 imply the need for the automotive field. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines show a good potential to satisfy the transition towards the carbon neutrality. In particular, direct injection of hydrogen in spark-ignited internal combustion engines have great efficiency potentialities, nonetheless the design optimization of the injection systems needs extensive analysis for the evaluation of the hydrogen-air mixing processes under different engine operating conditions. Transient simulations of the gas-exchange process and fuel injection and mixing are fully described within this paper for two different commercial CFD codes namely, AVL-Fire and Ansys-Fluent. Both codes use the finite-volume approach to discretize the governing equations. Numerical results from the two commercial codes have been compared against the experimental data provided by the Argonne National Laboratories in terms of contours of fuel mole-fractions and velocity-field vectors, resulting from applying laser-based techniques on an optically accessible, single-cylinder engine.

New Group of Companies Law in Poland

On 13 October 2022, a broad amendment to the Polish Commercial Companies Code (KSH) entered into force. Under this amendment, the term ‘group of companies’ covers a controlling company and a subsidiary company or companies that are capital companies, following the resolution on participation in the group by a qualified majority of ¾ of the votes of the shareholders’ meeting of the subsidiary company. His means that the will of the companies participating in the group decides whether to apply this new regulation: it does not work ex lege, but ex contractu. binding instructions by a controlling company, groups of companies, interest of a group of companies and interest of a subsidiary company

An efficient numerical integration system for stiff unified constitutive equations for metal forming applications

Unified constitutive equations have been developed in recent years to predict viscoplastic flow and microstructural evolution of metal alloys for metal forming applications. These equations can be implemented into commercial FE code, such as ABAQUS and PAMSTAMP, to predict mechanical and physical properties of materials in a wide range of metal forming processes. These equations are normally stiff and need significant computer CPU time to solve. In this research, a series of numerical analyses are performed to investigate the difficulties within MATLAB of solving these stiff unified constitutive equations. A metric is introduced to allow evaluation of the numerical stiffness to assess the most appropriate numerical integration method. This metric is based on the ratio of maximum to minimum eigenvalue. This metric allows for an appropriate numerical method to be chosen giving more effective modelling of deformation and plasticity processes. Based on the theoretical work described above, a user-friendly system, based on MATLAB, is then developed for numerically integrating these types of stiff constitutive equations. This is particularly useful for metal forming engineers and researchers who need an effective computational tool to determine constitutive properties well based on numerical integration theories.

A Marching-on-in-Time Method of Moments for Transient Modeling of a Vertical Electrode Buried in a Lossy Medium

This article proposes a full-wave time-domain method for analyzing the transient behavior of a grounding electrode buried vertically in a lossy soil. In this method, the electrode is first approximated by a thin wire, and the modified image theory is utilized to account for the soil–air interface. The governing electric field integral equation (EFIE) is then derived with the current distribution along the electrode being the unknown quantities. Finally, the EFIE is solved by the time-domain method of moments based on a marching-on-in-time (MOT) procedure. This is done by expanding the unknown currents in terms of a finite linear combination of products of appropriate spatial and temporal basis functions, and adopting the Galerkin method in space and the point matching method in time. The MOT procedure makes the proposed method more efficient computationally than its rival frequency-domain method of moments (FD-MoM). The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the lightning ground potential rise of various grounding electrodes with those obtained using the FD-MoM and a commercial numerical code.

Numerical study of shell and tube latent thermal energy storage partially filled with metal foam and corrugated internal tube with external heat losses

In the present work, a vertical shell and tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System is analyzed. The cylinder is filled with phase change material and parts of metal foam. The inner face of the cylinder is corrugated, and it is assumed a constant temperature over the melting temperature of the paraffin wax to simulate the heat transfer. The external surface loses heat to the outside and the top and bottom surfaces are adiabatic. Paraffin wax is used as phase change material that melts over a range of temperatures and has a high latent heat of fusion. The thermal conductivity of the phase change material is low and due to this, it is enhanced with metal foam. In this numerical simulation, it is used the aluminum foam. Enthalpy-porosity theory is used to simulate the phase transition process, and the Local Thermal Equilibrium and Darcy-Forchheimer models are used to examine heat transport between the paraffin and the metal foam. Using the commercial code Ansys-Fluent, the governing equations’ solutions are calculated. In the paper, it is considered different conductivity variations on the external wall and the distinct filling ratio of metal foam. The melting time, enthalpy stored, and energy loss from the numerical simulations of the LHTESS charging phase are provided as a function of time and evaluated.

Numerical analysis of the thermal energy storage in cellular structures filled with phase-change material

This paper reports the results of a numerical study on the thermal performance of metal cellular structures that can be obtained by additive manufacturing (selective laser melting) when they are impregnated with phase change material (PCM) for possible applications in electronic cooling. Two body-centered cubic (BCC) periodic structures with cell sizes of 5 mm and 10 mm and a porosity of 87%, made of two solid materials (aluminum alloy and copper), and two paraffins with characteristic melting temperatures of 55 and 64 °C were considered. The numerical simulations are carried out using the commercial code ANSYS Fluent and are based on a previously validated purely conductive heat transfer model. The computational domains include just small repetitive portions of the considered composite structures, thus allowing substantial savings of computational time. Computed results show that, with both paraffins, the copper made finer BCC structure (5 mm) yields the best thermal performances, i.e, the shortest PCM melting time and the highest rate of thermal energy storage during transients.

CFD Modeling for the Influence of Fly Ash Particle Size on the Different Properties of High Concentrated Slurry Transportation in Horizontal Pipe

The disposal of fly ash from thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern for environmental engineers. This article attempts to study the influence of particle size of the fly ash on the various properties of high concentrated slurry (50 - 70 % by weight) flow through a horizontal pipe with the help of a commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENT. Modified Herschel-Bulkley model and SST k-ω turbulence model is used for computational analysis, and the computational outcomes are validated with the available literature. In the present study, the fly ash samples were procured from different coal-based thermal power plants. Various properties: physical and rheological are obtained experimentally. The specific gravity of particles and the static settling concentration (SSC) of the slurry increases with the decrease in the particle size. The rheological properties increase as the concentration increases, and the slurry behaves like a non-Newtonian fluid at a high concentration. In addition, the particle size and concentration intensively impact on the skin friction coefficient and velocity distribution. However, no significant impact on the velocity profile at 70 % concentration (by weight).
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 The rheological properties increase as the concentration increases, and the slurry behaves like a non-Newtonian fluid at a high concentration
 CFD modelling of the slurry flow at high concentration with modified Herschel-Bulkley model and SST k-ω turbulence model
 The particle size and concentration intensively impact on the skin friction coefficient
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Design and Validation of Pitch H-Infinity Controller for a Large Wind Turbine

In this study, a pitch H-infinity control algorithm was developed for variable-speed–variable-pitch (VSVP) wind turbines to improve the rotor standard deviation of the wind turbines under normal and extreme wind conditions. The pitch H-infinity control algorithm only uses H-infinity control in the blade pitch control loop in the rated power region, and conventional torque gain scheduling algorithms are applied in the partial power region. The performance of this controller was verified using simulations of a 5 MW wind turbine using the commercial aeroelastic simulation code Bladed. The performance of the pitch H-infinity controller was compared with that of the conventional proportional-integral (PI) control algorithm under three different operating conditions: normal operating conditions without sensor noise, normal operating conditions with sensor noise, and extreme operating conditions without sensor noise based on the wind turbine design standard by IEC. Based on the simulation results with two different wind speed regions, namely, the transition region and the rated power region, it was found that the proposed pitch H-infinity controller showed better rotor speed standard deviation performance in the three operating conditions and achieved lower standard deviations of the rotor speed and the electrical power without affecting the mean electrical power.

CFD Analysis of a Small-Scale Solar Chimney Exposed to Ambient Crosswind

Solar chimneys are devices that use solar energy to generate a hot airflow that can be used for power production, the drying of agricultural products, and/or water desalination. The performance of a small-scale solar chimney is studied numerically. The computational domain includes the solar chimney, the ground, and the atmosphere. The turbulent airflow is simulated using the commercial CFD code Ansys Fluent. The only boundary conditions required for the simulation are the wind speed, the ambient temperature, and the absorbed energy from the ground, determined by an energy balance in the system. The system was simulated for one day in the summer in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The ambient crosswind plays an important role in the velocity and temperature. The velocity inside the solar chimney increased with the wind speed, increasing the heat transfer and decreasing the airflow temperature. When the wind speed increased from 0 to 10 m/s, the outlet velocity increased from 1 to 4 m/s, and the outlet temperature decreased from 313 to 304 K.