Commercial Code Research Articles

A CFD-FEA Method for Hydroelastic Analysis of Floating Structures

The so-called large multi-body floating offshore structure is a new type of offshore structure with a huge and extremely flat deck area, which has a promising prospect as a floating port and also in applications in the area of marine space exploitation. Due to its unique structural form, the hydrodynamic and structural response characteristics are very complex. Specifically, due to the instantaneous position variation in the body surface, the nonlinearity of the free surface, the interactions between floating bodies, and the elastic deformation of floating bodies, the nonlinear factors are significant and cannot be neglected. For these kinds of problems, methods based on CFD-FEA (computation fluid dynamics–finite element analysis) coupling simulation have significant advantages over traditional methods. In the present paper, the hydrodynamic and structural response characteristics of a large multi-body floating offshore structure are studied using a CFD-FEA method, and the results are compared with those obtained by the potential-flow-based commercial code SESAM/WADAM, and a three-dimensional nonlinear hydroelastic analysis commercial code COMPASS-WALCS-NE. The comparison and the analysis of the results show that the CFD-FEA method presented in this study can well simulate the behavior of the hydroelastic responses of flexible floating structures and has the potential to capture complex nonlinear behaviors.

Numerical Analysis of NACA 6409 and Eppler 423 Airfoils

The present study aims to numerically examine two commonly used airfoils that provide high lift at low Reynolds numbers, using various turbulence models with the commercial code ANSYS Fluent 19. Eppler 423 airfoil is widely used in wind turbine blades, wings of gliders and R/C airplanes designed for sport flying and competitions thanks to high lift capability. NACA 6409 airfoil is seen in free-flight model planes. In literature review, it has been found that k-ω SST, k-kl-ω and 𝛾-𝑅𝑒𝜃 transition models have a good prediction in Cl-Cd estimation of drag bucket region, transition flow regime, and laminar separation point. In addition to RANS models, laminar model was also investigated. In order to ensure the accuracy and precision of numerical investigations; the grid sensitivity study and near wall model were used. The method of decomposition of flow direction vector procedure has been used to provide the advantage of simulating all angle of attacks using only a single mesh. The lift coefficient curves and polar diagrams were formed from the angle of attack of -4 degree up to the stall. Experimental data, XFoil analysis data and numerical analysis data were evaluated in terms of best glide ratio-(Cl/Cd)max and minimum sink-(Cl1.5/Cd)max criteria. As expected, at high angle of attack, the transition ramp on the upper surface moves forward and the pressure gradient became more adverse. The results showed that fine mesh gives better results than other mesh sizes and transitional γ-Reθ SST model was successful in modelling the transition event than other turbulence models.

Basic functions and types of trade marks in Ukraine

The legal basis for the formation of the concept of "trademark", theoretical aspects are considered, and the main functions are given in the paper. The analysis of basic legislative acts that contain the base concepts of trademarks is done, as one of types of intellectual property: the Civil code of Ukraine, Commercial code to Ukraine, Internal revenue code of Ukraine and other basic Laws of Ukraine are also considered in relation to trade marks: "On the guard of rights on signs for commodities and services", "On protecting from an unfair competition", "On an advertisement", etc. The legal analysis of normatively-right acts is done: Rules of stowage, presentation and consideration request on certification of Ukraine on sign for commodity and service (ratified by the order of the State patent department of Ukraine); Position about the State register of certificates of Ukraine on signs for commodities and services (order of Department of education and science of Ukraine); on temporal position about the legal safeguard of objects of industrial property and the Madrid Agreement on the International Registration of Marks. The main purpose of using trademarks is the individualization of goods and services of business entities. However, in today's conditions, you can see a lot of trademarks that are very similar in appearance and are used to denote identical categories of goods, although they belong to different economic entities. It is necessary to find out what exactly is meant when defining the concept of a trademark, what functions are assigned to this intellectual product and the main types. It is mandatory to consider the national legislation regarding the provision of legal protection of trademarks. The problems arising in the field of legal regulation of trademarks in Ukraine have been studied and the aspects of legal methods of protecting the ownership of trademarks have been highlighted, as well as ways of improvement and the most optimal methods and effective mechanisms of protection have been determined. The concept of a trademark as an object of intellectual property law is also considered separately.

Micro-mechanical damage simulation of filament-wound composite with various winding angle under multi-axial loading

With the application of Filament Wound Composites (FWC) in the market, the general model for composites with different process parameters is urgently needed. In this paper, a generalized full-scale 3D finite element model (FEM) is established considering the fluctuation and lamination characteristics of FWC fiber arrangement. The Generalized Method of Cell (GMC) is embedded into the commercial FEM code of ANSYS as user-defined subroutine (UMAT) to obtain the micromechanics of the component materials and the macro-structural scale and the micro-structural scale are thus linked. For the damage analysis, three different failure criteria are used to explore the failure process of materials under different loads. The comparison of the predicted results with the experimental results shows that the simulation method can reflect the progressive damage of FWC under different loading conditions well. Furthermore, the effects of the winding angle on the mechanical properties of FWC under different loads are also investigated. The results show that the modulus and strength of the material decrease as the angle increases under pure tensile loading, and both the modulus and strength reach the maximum when the winding angle is 45 under torsional loading. Under tensile-torsional loading, the maximum strength value of the material is related to the tensile-torsional stress ratio.

The Legal Characteristics of the Crimes and Misdemeanours and Penal Sanctions Envisaged for them in the Turkish Commercial Code

Ekonomi ceza hukukunun kapsamı içinde değerlendirilen şirketler ceza hukuku, şirketler hukuku ile ceza hukukunun kesiştiği bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türk hukukunda sermaye şirketlerinin amacının iktisadi olması ve bunların ekonomik hayat içinde vazgeçilmez bir yere sahip olmaları, şirketler hukuku bağlamında ceza yaptırımına tabi tutulan fiillerin ekonomik suçlar kategorisi içinde nitelendirilmelerine neden olmuştur. Türk ceza hukukunda tüzel kişilere cezai sorumluluk tanımadığı için, tüzel kişiliğe sahip olan sermaye şirketleri bünyesinde ya da bu şirketler vasıtasıyla ilenebilen ekonomik suçlar şirketler ceza hukuku kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. TTK m.562’de düzenlenmiş olan şirket suçları suçların en önemli karakteristik özelliği, bu suçların, şirket bünyesinde, şirketlerin kurucuları, yönetim kurulu üyeleri ile diğer karar verme aşamalarında olanlar tarafından işlenmelerinde kendini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte bu suçla- rın, şirketle ilişkisi olan bağımsız denetim şirketleri çalışanları, yeminli mali müşavirler, serbest muhasebeci mali müşavirler, özel denetçiler, bilirkişiler ve noterler gibi şirket dışı kişilerde bu suçun faili olabilmektedir. Bu suçların ihdası ile kanun koyucunun, kamunun aydınlatılmasını, azami ölçüde şeffaflığın sağlanmasını ve sermayenin korunması ilkesini hayata geçirmeyi amaç- ladığı söylenebilir. TTK m.562 kapsamında düzenlenen şirket suçları soyut tehlike suçlarıdır; suçun oluşabilmesi için bir zarar neticesinin meydana gelmiş olması aranmamaktadır. Bu suçların başka bir özelliği de çoğunlukla ihmali hareketle işlenebilen suçlar olup, işlenebilmesi failin belli bir konumda olmasını gerektiren özgü failli suçlardır. Bu makalede, TTK m.562’de şirketler hukuku alanında suç olarak düzenlenmiş olan fiil ve işlemler incelenerek, bu suçların ihdas edilmesinin amaç, kapsam ve şartları ile bunlar için öngörülmüş olan cezai yaptırımlar ele alınacaktır.

Rules of Registration and Formation of Commercial Companies According to the Laws of Afghanistan

Aim: The primary goal of this research study is to clarify and identify the provisions related to the formation and registration of commercial companies in Afghanistan's statutory law for readers, particularly businessmen.
 Methods: The doctrinal research methodology and descriptive, explanatory, and analytical research approaches are used in this work. It is worth mentioning that this research study is entirely based on library sources.
 Results: The study found that the rules and regulations related to the formation and registration of commercial companies are simply and clearly mentioned in Afghan law. In many cases, international standards have been observed on the basis that businessmen can easily establish companies. In the Afghan commercial code, there is no explanation regarding the registration and formation of the cooperative companies. However, there is a special code related to cooperative companies, and all topics related to cooperative companies are discussed in that law. Furthermore, different special conditions and principles apply during formation of each type of commercial companies as stipulated by Afghan commercial codes.
 Conclusion: The study concluded that commercial companies are divided into five types in the Afghan commercial code.
 Recommendation: The study recommend Ministry of Commerce and relevant agencies to develop public awareness programs for investors regarding Afghan laws. Most businessmen do registration and formation of companies through third parties who are not very informed about relevant principles. This method may cause conflicts between the partners.

Comparative Study of Potential Flow and CFD in the Assessment of Seakeeping and Added Resistance of Ships

The need for maritime freight transport of various goods has never been greater. Consequently, ships are designed with ever-increasing dimensions, with the emphasis, of course, on length. One of the many challenges in the design of large ships is the prediction of their behavior in waves, i.e., motions, and consequently, added resistance. In this paper, a comparative study of two numerical tools for estimating ship motions and added resistance is presented. The first tool is the well-established DNV’s commercial seakeeping code Wasim, a weakly nonlinear potential flow (PF) solver based on a Rankine panel method. The other is the increasingly recognized open-source Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) toolkit OpenFOAM®, a viscous flow solver with a turbulence model; it is based on the finite volume method (FVM) combined with a volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique for sea-surface evolution. The study is carried out for two ship seakeeping cases in head-sea regular waves, respectively, without and with ship forward speed. The first case refers to a 6750 TEU containership scale model developed at the LHEEA laboratory in Nantes for a benchmark study, providing experimental data for all test cases. Pitch and heave response is calculated and compared with the experimental values. The second case refers to a KRISO container ship, an extensively researched hull model in ship hydrodynamics. In addition to the pitch and heave, added resistance is also calculated and compared with the experimental values. Hence, it provides a comprehensive basis for a comparative analysis between the selected solvers. The results are systematically analyzed and discussed in detail. For both cases, deterioration of the PF solution with increasing wave steepness is observed, thus suggesting limitations in the modeled nonlinear effects as a possible reason. The accuracy of the CFD solver greatly depends on the spatial discretization characteristics, thus suggesting the need for grid independence studies, as such tools are crucial for accurate results of the examined wave–body interaction scenarios.

Development of three-dimensional simulation method for two-phase flow in square-pitch tube bundle in secondary side of steam generators based on porous drift-flux model

ABSTRACT In designing a steam generator in nuclear power plant, it is necessary to evaluate the flow-induced vibration of a U-shaped tube bundle from the viewpoint of safety engineering. CFD technology is used for predicting velocity and void fraction distributions along the U-tubes to evaluate the force acting on the tube from the surrounding two-phase flow. This study validated a newly developed thermal-hydraulic simulation method based on the drift-flux model to simulate various operating conditions under flexible power operations, including partial load conditions. Constitutive equations for two-phase flow were implemented into the platform of a general-use commercial code, ANSYS fluent, through user-defined functions. Experimental data measured in the slice model U-tube bundle apparatus with boiling Freon two-phase flow, which was a simulant of steam-water under the prototypic pressure and thermal conditions, was utilized to validate the developed simulation method. The predicted void fraction and velocity distribution were compared with the experimental results. In the cold-side region, a low void fraction occurred in a partial load condition. It is considered to be caused by the liquid downward flow outside the bundle. It was confirmed that the developed simulation method could reproduce such phenomena in the secondary side of a steam generator.

Nonlinear Mechanical Property of 3D Braided Composites with Multi-Types Micro-Distortion: A Quantitative Evaluation

A new alternative calculation procedure is developed to quantify the effect of yarn distortion characteristics on the mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) braided carbon/resin composites. Firstly, the multi-type yarn distortion characteristics factors including path, cross-section shape and cross-section torsion effects are described based on the stochastic theory. Then, the multiphase finite element method is employed to overcome the complex discretization in traditional numerical analysis, and the parametric studies including multi-type yarn distortion and different braided geometrical parameters on the resulting mechanical properties are performed. It is shown that the proposed procedure can simultaneously capture the yarn path and cross-section distortion characteristics caused by the mutual squeeze of component materials, which is difficult to characterize by experimental methods. In addition, it is found that even small distortions of yarn may significantly affect the mechanical properties for 3D braided composites, and the 3D braided composites with different braiding geometric parameters will show different sensitivity to the distortion characteristics factors of yarn. The procedure, which could be implemented into commercial finite element codes, is an efficient tool for the design and structural optimization analysis of a heterogeneous material with anisotropic properties or complex geometries.

Numerical and experimental analysis of the effects of tar components on single planar SOFC under high fuel utilization

One of the main challenges and obstacles for the application of SOFCs with wood gas is the degradation of Nickel anode caused by heavier hydrocarbons from the gasification process. The unclear conversion process on the anode and the fluctuant content of tars in wood gas will cause problems like the excess of critical fuel cell utilization and thus the oxidation of Nickel anode. This work focuses on the experimental and numerical analysis of tar conversion on the single SOFC under different conditions. A three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for an electrolyte-supported single cell was developed using the commercial CFD code FLUENT. The conversion kinetics of tar is validated by experimental results and implemented into the model. With this model, local distributions of Nernst voltage across the anode area are demonstrated. Areas, where an oxidation of Nickel is to be feared, are identified. Both experimental and simulative results have proved the positive effect of toluene reforming on preventing Ni from re-oxidation.

The entrepreneurial orientation of general practitioners—Current theory and practice in the Czech Republic

BackgroundSince 2010, the Czech Republic has been experiencing a spontaneous phenomenon in which General Practitioner (GPs) practices have been transferred to a legal limited liability company as defined by the Commercial Code. ObjectivesOur research attempted to ascertain the reasons that induced GPs to change their legal form, thereby opting for an entrepreneurial orientation (EO). A second objective was to measure the impact of this change on the healthcare performance of GP practices. Methodology/ApproachWe used exploratory research to examine this phenomenon in healthcare service provision. Data from 131 questionnaires was evaluated using an exploratory survey with descriptive statistics. To assess the healthcare performance of GP practices, we used secondary data from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. FindingsThe GPs interviewed considered their practices to be businesses. Their decision to change to a limited company form was influenced by the possibility of selling or transferring the business, employment sustainability and job security, and advantages related to cost structure and taxation. Our study shows that, in a generational exchange, the change in legal form enhances the sustainability and operation of the practice within the context of the current demands for high-quality healthcare.

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPERVISORY BOARDS AS ONE OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE AMENDMENT TO THE CODE OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES

Aim: The purpose of this article is an assessment of the legitimacy of introducing changes to the Commercial Companies Code regarding the effectiveness of a Board of Directors, then comparing the results of the research performed by the author of the article to the current practices of the functioning of Boards. Methodology: The research covered the practical activities of company supervisory board members. A quantitative survey was conducted from 2018 to 2021 in the form of a questionnaire distributed via email, the website www.webankieta.pl, and delivered in person in paper form. A survey was conducted on people in managerial positions (54%) where men were the majority of those polled (71%). The surveyed population was chosen based on their professional experience as managers and members of the board in the state-owned enterprises. Results: On a sample of 100 respondents, it was observed that, provided the supervisory board is committed to their duties and consists of qualified personnel, the supervisory board contributes to the improvement or good functioning of the company, and often even its development. Conclusions: The main conclusion that has been formulated is confirmation of the legitimacy of introducing legal changes aimed at increasing the effectiveness of supervision, especially in the advisory and information areas, which are of key importance in the correct diagnosis of the company’s situation and in the proper shaping of the development strategy.Due to the confidentiality that members of supervisory and management boards are subjected to, it is very difficult to obtain from them the precise answers necessary to study the functioning of supervisory boards and management boards.

Transient 3D CFD Simulation of a Pelton Turbine—A State-of-the-Art Approach for Pelton Development and Optimisation

The complex flow conditions in Pelton turbines make it challenging to gain detailed insight into the local flow processes. However, CFD methods offer vast potential for developing and optimising Pelton turbines due to these flow conditions. In a comprehensive examination, a six-nozzle prototype Pelton turbine with 19 buckets has been investigated using 3D CFD simulations. First, the steady simulations of the manifold and the unsteady runner simulation have been performed with a mesh-based, commercial CFD code, whereby a two-equation turbulence model and the homogeneous two-phase model were used. Then, to limit the simulation time, symmetry was applied in the runner simulation, and also a strategic definition of the mesh element size in selected blocks of higher interest. Subsequently, the simulation results were analysed. Based on the first simulation results, the geometry of the distributor was modified in an iterative process to reduce losses and improve the jet shape. For the improvement of the latter, a characteristic number was introduced to quantify the secondary flows upstream of the nozzles, which act negatively on the jet shape. Furthermore, the results of the runner simulation were analysed with special regard to the jet-bucket interaction from the start to the end of the impingement cycle of a particular bucket. Finally, a potential efficiency increase could be derived from the summary.

Modeling Viscoelastic Solid Earth Deformation Due To Ice Age and Contemporary Glacial Mass Changes in ASPECT

AbstractThe redistribution of past and present ice and ocean loading on Earth's surface causes solid Earth deformation and geoid changes, known as glacial isostatic adjustment. The deformation is controlled by elastic and viscous material parameters, which are inhomogeneous in the Earth. We present a new viscoelastic solid Earth deformation model in ASPECT (Advanced Solver for Problems in Earth's ConvecTion): a modern, massively parallel, open‐source finite element code originally designed to simulate convection in the Earth's mantle. We show the performance of solid Earth deformation in ASPECT and compare solutions to TABOO, a semianalytical code, and Abaqus, a commercial finite element code. The maximum deformation and deformation rates using ASPECT agree within 2.6% for the average percentage difference with TABOO and Abaqus on glacial cycle (∼100 kyr) and contemporary ice melt (∼100 years) timescales. This gives confidence in the performance of our new solid Earth deformation model. We also demonstrate the computational efficiency of using adaptively refined meshes, which is a great advantage for solid Earth deformation modeling. Furthermore, we demonstrate the model performance in the presence of lateral viscosity variations in the upper mantle and report on parallel scalability of the code. This benchmarked code can now be used to investigate regional solid Earth deformation rates from ice age and contemporary ice melt. This is especially interesting for low‐viscosity regions in the upper mantle beneath Antarctica and Greenland, where it is not fully understood how ice age and contemporary ice melting contribute to geodetic measurements of solid Earth deformation.

Accurate integration of trimmed cells based on Bezier approximation

AbstractIn this work, a new adaptive integration method for simulation of two‐dimensional linear elasticity problems is presented. The main benefit of the proposed method is the reduction of the computational cost by lowering the number of integration points required to reach a certain level of accuracy. The main concept of the proposed method is to calculate new weights for trimmed cells employing the advantage of Bezier parametric curves. Within this concept, it is possible to map a square to a triangle with one curved edge where any curved edge is approximated by a parametric Bezier curve. In this way, a new set of Gaussian quadrature points is introduced for each trimmed cell in a fast and robust way. Besides main mapping cases, the integration method includes supplementary cases as well to increase the robustness and generality of the method. In the next step, the proposed method is implemented in a two‐dimensional fictitious domain code in MATLAB to solve structural problems. The results will be compared to those obtained through the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. It is shown that the proposed method is accurate and robust.

Numerical study of spray cooling with flash evaporation

This work aims to apply Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method to establish a flash evaporation spray cooling (FESC) model to simulate the heating process and find the optimum cooling performance. The heat transfer process during FESC is studied through numerical simulation using commercial code ANSYS FLUENT. The species transport model and the discrete phase model are applied to simulate the multiphase flow and heat transfer process. The turbulence effect is included. The effects of flow rate, nozzle pressure, nozzle angle, and the nozzle orifice size on spray cooling are investigated through analyzing the final surface temperature distributions. This work revealed the mechanism of the heat transfer process in FESC by means of particle tracks and velocity magnitude distribution. The simulated results for the effect of flow rate were compared with other researchers’ previous published experimental results. The comparison shows same trend, which verified the model and the simulation result. The optimum cooling performance is found by analyzing various working conditions. The results show that high flow rate, high nozzle pressure, small nozzle angle and small nozzle orifice can improve the FESC characteristics. The detailed mechanisms of these effects under various working conditions are also discussed. Under giving working conditions, the optimum cooling performance is obtained for the condition where mass flow rate of working fluid is 2L/min, the nozzle pressure is 100MPa, the nozzle angle is 15 degrees and the orifice size of the nozzle is 1mm.

Application of Natural Law Doctrine in Constitutional Court Decision No. 20/2564

In late 2021, the Constitutional Court of Thailand issued a decision concerning the constitutionality of Section 1448 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. Due to the decision, same-sex marriage remains unregulated. The Court implemented natural-law doctrines as their reasons. Natural-law theories are the primary opponents of same-sex marriage within the jurisprudential debate. This paper explores the natural-law doctrines used and presents an analysis of this constitutional decision by way of legal philosophy. Hume’s Law is helpful in discerning natural-law theories. The citation of Cicero’s “true law" proves to help analyse other doctrines and comment on some of the contradictions from the natural-law applications. One contradiction is the citation of Cicero’s text itself, another, from the simultaneous reference of nature and tradition. Another apparent reference of natural-law doctrines the Court used is the preservation argument. Upon the subjects of marriage, natural law, and procreation, it is worthy of exploring some of John Finnis’s natural-law theory and its similarity with this decision’s rationales. This constitutional decision is significant from the philosophical perspective and an excellent opportunity to explore the role of the legal philosophy of the ancient Greek to the contemporary period in Thai jurisprudence.

High-fidelity modeling approaches for the analysis of reinforced structures using one-, two- and three-dimensional elements

The present paper proposes a method for analyzing reinforced thin-walled structures based on high-order one-, two- and three-dimensional finite elements (FE). Refined finite elements are developed in the domain of the Carrera unified formulation (CUF). The node-dependent kinematic approach (NDK), which allows to connect in an easy manner elements with incompatible kinematics, has been used to connect elements with different dimensions without the need of ad hoc connection techniques. The formulation ensures the continuity of the displacement at the interface preventing the onset of singularities that lead to inaccurate results when beam, plate and solid elements have to be coupled to solve complex structures. The effectiveness of the present method has been confirmed by comparing the results with those from literature and with those obtained using commercial finite element codes. Static and free-vibration analyses of reinforced panels have been carried out to demonstrate the capabilities of the present models. The results show that the limits of classical structural models can be easily overcome using the present approach, and at the same time, a quasi three-dimensional solution can be obtained with a large computational cost saving.

Open-source Computational Model for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Open-source fuel cell models outmatch commercial codes in many important aspects. By providing the source code, reuse, modification and extension of the model and comparison with other codes becomes possible. With this motivation, we present a three-dimensional, steady-state, non-isothermal proton exchange membrane fuel cell model, implemented in the open-source finite volume library OpenFOAM® . At every stage of implementation, special care was taken to ensure a well documented, organised, and modular structure of the software. The resulting model suite can, and should, be extended with new sub-modules by the user. The main field of application, modelling of fuel cells from an engineering perspective, is demonstrated by simulating two different conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cells, operated at CIEMAT and Forschungszentrum Jülich, respectively.

Single phase nanofluid thermal conductivity and viscosity prediction using neural networks and its application in a heated pipe of a circular cross section

AbstractThis study investigates the single‐phase simulation of nanofluid with a neural network incorporated into the thermophysical properties in governing equations for the single‐phase treatment. The thermophysical properties affected are the viscosity, and the thermal conductivity, as both properties have been the area of contention in the study of nanofluid. The neural network is trained from experimental data gleaned from the available literature. The single phase and neural network are set up and solved using the finite element method in available commercial code. Grid independence was carried out, and the results were validated with experimental data that the neural networks were not trained with. It was observed that the lowest accuracy from the several simulations was 0.679% average percentage error. The results obtained agreed that nanofluids' thermal conductivity and viscosity can be accurately modeled for most single‐material nanofluids and hence reducing the error in the simulations of nanofluids using the single‐phase model which assumes the nanofluids are homogeneous and their properties are enhanced and effective.