Commercial Bone Research Articles

Efficient fluoride removal by preparation, characterization of pyrolysis bone: Mixed level design experiment and Taguchi L8 orthogonal array optimization

Mixed level design experiment and Taguchi orthogonal array design L8 (4^1, 2^2) was applied to optimize pyrolysis process for preparing bone char in order to remove fluoride from real groundwater. Taguchi analysis is through selecting high signal-to-noise ratio as a better response. Estimated effects index based on the least squares approach indicated that the pyrolysis temperature had a main effect on bone char preparation using pyrolysis process. The bone char obtained at pyrolysis temperature = 550 °C had the highest adsorption capacity with maximum saturation experimental adsorption capacity of 12.05 mg/g. Specific surface area and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda area of the bone char obtained from pyrolysis of animal bones were 118 m2/g and 120 m2/g, respectively. The experimental adsorption results were better fitted to the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic information indicated that fluoride adsorption process onto pyrolysis bone char followed spontaneously (∆Go = −4.972–4.296 kJ/mol), an endothermic (∆Ho = 5.59 kJ/mol) and nature randomness (∆So = 0.033 kJ/mol·K). Accordingly, the bone char obtained using pyrolysis process under optimum conditions demonstrated higher adsorption capacity compared to commercial bone chars applied for fluoride removal from groundwater.

SERPINA9 and SERPINB2: Novel Cartilage Lineage Differentiation Markers of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Kartogenin.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising source for regenerative medicine, especially mesodermal lineages. Clinical applications require an understanding of the mechanisms for transcriptional control to maintain the desired cell type. The aim of this study was to identify novel markers for differentiation of hMSCs into bone or cartilage with the use of Kartogenin, by RNA analysis using microarray technology, and explore the role of RhoA-Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition in these. Commercial human bone marrow derived primary mesenchymal stem cells were purchased from ATCC. Cells were differentiated in vitro in 2-dimensional cultures using Kartogenin as the main cartilage inducer and bone morphogenetic protein 2 for bone differentiation; cells were cultured with and without ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. After 21 days of culture, whole RNA was extracted and analyzed via Affimetrix microarrays. The most significant hits were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found a total of 1,757 genes that were either up- or downregulated on differentiation, when compared to P1 hMSC (control) at day 0 of differentiation. Two members of the Serpin superfamily, SERPINA9 and SERPINB2, were significantly upregulated in the cartilage groups, whereas they were unchanged in the bone groups with and without ROCK inhibition. SERPINA9 and SERPINB2 are novel differentiation markers, and molecular regulator candidates for hMSC lineage commitment toward bone and cartilage, providing a new tool for regenerative medicine. Our study highlights the roles of these 2 genes, with significant upregulation of both in cell cultures stimulated with Kartogenin.

Antibiotic Elution and Mechanical Strength of PMMA Bone Cement Loaded With Borate Bioactive Glass.

Introduction: Local delivery of antibiotics using bone cement as the delivery vehicle is an established method of managing implant-associated orthopedic infections. Various fillers have been added to cement to increase antibiotic elution, but they often do so at the expense of strength. This study evaluated the effect of adding a borate bioactive glass, previously shown to promote bone formation, on vancomycin elution from PMMA bone cement.Methods: Five cement composites were made: three loaded with borate bioactive glass along with 0, 1, and 5 grams of vancomycin and two without any glass but with 1 and 5 grams vancomycin to serve as controls. The specimens were soaked in PBS. Eluate of vancomycin was collected every 24 hours and analyzed by HPLC. Orthopedic-relevant mechanical properties of each composite were tested over time.Results: The addition of borate bioactive glass provided an increase in vancomycin release at Day 1 and an increase in sustained vancomycin release throughout the treatment period. An 87.6% and 21.1% increase in cumulative vancomycin release was seen for both 1g and 5g loading groups, respectively. Compressive strength of all composites remained above the weight-bearing threshold of 70 MPa throughout the duration of the study with the glass-containing composites showing comparable strength to their respective controls.Conclusion: The incorporation of borate bioactive glass into commercial PMMA bone cement can significantly increase the elution of vancomycin. The mechanical strength of the cement-glass composites remained above 70 MPa even after soaking for 8 weeks, suggesting their suitability for orthopedic weight-bearing applications.

The Hidden Cost of Commercial Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Cement: A Systematic Review of Clinical Results and Cost Implications Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe purpose of this systematic review is to compare deep prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) between total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients treated with either antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) or plain bone cement, and to explore the potential cost implications of commonly used bone cement regimens. We hypothesized that ALBC would not substantially reduce PJIs and would thereby present an unnecessary cost to the healthcare system. MethodsUsing the PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed articles through May 2017 involving primary TKA patients with both ALBC cohort and plain bone cement cohort. A meta-analysis was performed comparing the prevalence of deep infections between cohorts. A cost comparison for a hypothetical setting with an annual volume of 1000 TKAs was performed to compare 3 commonly used cement regimens: 2 bags of ALBC used during each case, 1 bag of ALBC with 1 bag of plain cement, and 2 bags of plain cement. Pricing at our institution is $215/bag for commercial ALBC and $60/bag for plain cement. ResultsEight articles were included with a total of 34,664 patients. ALBC did not reduce the PJI (ALBC = 93/8189, 1.1% vs plain = 251/26,475, 0.9%; P = .09). The estimated costs for the 3 bone cement regimens per 1000 primary TKAs were as follows: 2 bags of ALBC = $430,000/y, 1 bag of ALBC +1 bag of plain cement = $275,000/y, and 2 bags of plain cement = $120,000/y. ConclusionALBC did not reduce the prevalence of PJI suggesting that ALBC may be an unnecessary cost to the healthcare system. Hospital systems that perform 1000 TKAs/y could save between $155,000 and $310,000/y by switching to plain cement.

Gene Expression and Microcomputed Tomography Analysis of Grafted Bone Using Deproteinized Bovine Bone and Freeze-Dried Human Bone.

Bio-Oss and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) are two commercial bone grafts that have been associated with clinical success for many years. However, there are few in vivo studies regarding their healing mechanism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of bone formation using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and gene expression in mouse calvaria at 1 and 3 months after bone grafting with deproteinized bovine bone and freeze-dried human bone, and compare them to natural bone healing. Thirty-six mice were divided into three groups (n = 6 per group) according to the type of bone graft used: group 1 (control)-an empty defect without bone graft; group 2-treatment with deproteinized bovine xenograft (Bio-Oss); group 3-treatment with DFDBA. The bone graft was inserted into two 3-mm calvarial defects created on both sides of the parietal bone. At 1 and 3 months, the mice were sacrificed and bone volume was evaluated using micro-CT and gene expression analysis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Micro-CT analysis demonstrated that the parietal bone of mice grafted with Bio-Oss had significantly greater bone volume than both the DFDBA and control groups at both 1 and 3 months. The expression of bone marker genes (Runx2, Osterix [Osx], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteopontin [OPN], and osteocalcin [OCN]) were significantly increased from 1 month in both Bio-Oss and DFDBA groups at 3 months. Runx2 and Osx had significantly higher expression in the Bio-Oss and DFDBA groups compared to the control group at 3 months. No statistically significant difference was observed among groups after 1 month. These results showed that both bone graft materials promoted bone regeneration. Bio-Oss demonstrated high osteoconductive properties.

Real-time synchronous measurement of curing characteristics and polymerization stress in bone cements with a cantilever-beam based instrument.

An instrumentation capable of simultaneously determining degree of conversion (DC), polymerization stress (PS), and polymerization exotherm (PE) in real time was introduced to self-curing bone cements. This comprises the combination of an in situ high-speed near-infrared spectrometer, a cantilever-beam instrument with compliance-variable feature, and a microprobe thermocouple. Two polymethylmethacrylate-based commercial bone cements, containing essentially the same raw materials but differ in their viscosity for orthopedic applications, were used to demonstrate the applicability of the instrumentation. The results show that for both the cements studied the final DC was marginally different, the final PS was different at the low compliance, the peak of the PE was similar, and their polymerization rates were significantly different. Systematic variation of instrumental compliance for testing reveals differences in the characteristics of PS profiles of both the cements. This emphasizes the importance of instrumental compliance in obtaining an accurate understanding of PS evaluation. Finally, the key advantage for the simultaneous measurements is that these polymerization properties can be correlated directly, thus providing higher measurement confidence and enables a more in-depth understanding of the network formation process.

Image-based high strain rate testing of orthopaedic bone cement

Bone cement is widely used for the fixation of orthopaedic implants. It is a multi-component material that consists of a PMMA base with a small proportion of (usually ceramic) radiopacifier to enable the cement to be observed by X-ray. Bone cement is formed through an exothermic reaction in which a powder of pre-polymerised beads of PMMA reacts with MMA monomer. The resulting polymer microstructure consists of PMMA beads in a matrix of newly formed PMMA containing radiopacifier particles. In service, bone cement can experience deformation over a range of strain rates, from the lower end in normal gait to 100s of s-1 in the case of falls or impacts. In the current study, it is hypothesised that the response of homogeneous (clear) PMMA to high strain rates will be different to that of bone cement due to the microstructural differences. There have been very few studies on this topic in the past, mostly because of the difficulty involved in adapting the Hopkinson bar protocol to this material, particularly for dynamic tension. The objective of this paper is to present new results on the stiffness and damping of bone cement at strain rates in the range of 100 s-1, and to compare the data with that obtained on clear PMMA. The technique employed here to measure the mechanical properties of both commercial grade PMMA and bone cement is a new image-based DMTA method recently proposed by Seghir and Pierron (Seghir, Pierron, Exp. Mech., 2018). This allows for the measurement of the complex modulus over a range of temperatures and strain rates (100s of s-1). The method relies on imaging the deformation of the specimen bearing a printed grid using a Shimadzu HPV-X camera at up to 5 million frames per second. This allows for the time-resolved displacements to be measured, leading to fields of strain and acceleration, the latter being used to derive stress information to build up stress-strain curves. The methodology is described in more details in www.photodyn.org.

The effect to flow rate characteristic on biodegradation of bone scaffold

This paper proposes an improved modeling approach for bone scaffolds biodegradation. In this study, the numerical analysis procedure and computer-based simulation were performed for the bone scaffolds with varying porosities in determining the wall shear stresses and the permeabilities along with their influences on the scaffolds biodegradation process while the bio-fluids flow through within followed with the change in the flow rates. Based on the experimental study by immersion testing from 0 to 72 hours of the time period, the specimens with different morphologies of the commercial bone scaffolds were collected into three groups samples of 30%, 41%, and 55% porosities. As the representative of the cancellous bone morphology, the morphological degradation was observed by using 3-D CAD scaffold models based on microcomputed tomography images. By applying the boundary conditions to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models, the wall shear stresses within the scaffolds due to fluid flow rates variation had been simulated and determined before and after degradation. The increase of fluid flow rates tends to raise the pressure drop for scaffold models with porosities lower than 50% before degradation. As the porosities increases, the pressure drop decreases with an increase in permeability within the scaffold. The flow rates have significant effects on scaffolds with higher pressure drops by introducing the wall shear stresses with the highest values and lower permeability. These findings indicate the importance of using accurate computational models to estimate shear stress and determine experimental conditions in perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering more accurate results will be achieved to indicate the natural distributions of fluid flow velocity, wall shear stress, and pressure.

The use of hardened bone cement as an impaction grafting extender for revision hip arthroplasty.

Impaction bone grafting is a method of restoring bone stock to patients who have suffered significant bone loss due to revision total hip surgery. The procedure requires morsellised cancellous bone (MCB) to be impacted into the site of bone loss in order to stabilise the prosthesis with the aim of long term resorption and reintegration of the impacted bone graft. Due to financial cost and the potential to transmit disease, the use of supplementary material, known as an extender, is frequently used to increase the graft material volume. This study investigates the use of hardened Hydroset (Stryker Corp, MA, USA), an injectable bone cement (IBC), as an extender material and compares the performance of the IBC in different weight percent inclusions to a commercially available bone graft extender (GCP, BoneSave, Stryker Corp, MA, USA). The surgical impaction procedure was standardised and samples were evaluated in terms of graft stiffness and height. It was observed that 30wt% IBC extended samples had significantly improved graft stiffness (p = 0.02) and no significant different in height (p = 0.067) over a 100% MCB control sample. Cyclic loading, representative of gait, found that the IBC subsided similarly to the commercial bone substitute in wt% above 10%. Shear testing of the impacted grafts showed no significant differences between GCP and IBC with impaction forces determining the shear parameters of impacted grafts. The effects of the impaction and cyclical loading procedures on extender particle sizes was assessed via particle size analysis. It was found that the IBC extended samples demonstrated reduced friability, evident in the better retention of particle size as a result of both impaction and gait representative loading compared to that of the GCP samples. This indicates a potential reduction in issues arising from small particle migration to joint surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy of the MCB particles with both GCP and IBC as extenders showed retention of the porous trabecular structure post-testing which is essential for revascularisation and bone growth into the graft.

Caracterizarea reologica a cimenturilor acrilice osoase utilizate in inlocuirea totala a soldului

The paper presents the results of rheological tests for three commercial acrylic bone cements currently used in total hip replacement . Moreover, twelve experimental formulations of acrylic bone cements were realized, by partially replacing the methyl methacrylate (MMA) from the classical liquid monomer phase with a new monomer and their rheological properties were evaluated and compared with the commercial bone cements. Thus, the efficacy of acrylic bone cements as anchoring materials as well as their handling and curing properties were estimated. The new formulations exhibited higher elasticity, lower dynamic moduli and clear shear-thinning behavior proving to be potential replacements for classical acrylic based bone cements.

Bone char with antibacterial properties for fluoride removal: Preparation, characterization and water treatment

In the present work, it was established a new method for the preparation of bone chars with a double purpose, i.e., the removal of fluoride from water and the antibacterial character. These adsorbents were obtained by doping a commercial bone char with Ag using different reagents. The optimal conditions for the enrichment with silver were established by following the Taguchi method and using as response variable the removal of fluoride from water. Optimal bone chars were thus prepared and they were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM/EDX analysis, adsorption isotherms of N2 at −196 °C and X-ray diffraction. All adsorbents were used in the removal of fluoride from water and the antibacterial character was assessed using the technique of total viable count employing standard solutions of Escherichia coli and drinking water. Results clearly indicated that doping of bone chars with silver provides with suitable antibacterial properties, however the fluoride adsorption capacity was not affected by the presence of Ag° on the carbon surface.

Biocomposites Based on Biogenous Mineral for Inducing Biomimetic Mineralization

In this work, we focused on the potential of biogenous mineral from Cuttlefish bone for inducing biomimetic mineralization with further biomedical applications. We demonstrate the formation of strong and flexible hydrogels via physical immobilization of cuttlefish bone powder in the presence of bovine gelatin and alginate. The properties of hydrogels loaded with biogenous mineral, with a commercial bone substitute, with commercial nano-hydroxyapatite and in situ generated hydroxyapatite. In vitro cell adhesion tests demonstrated that the new developed hydrogels showed a promising cell adhesion.

Fluoride adsorption properties of cerium-containing bone char

This paper discusses the surface chemistry modification of bone char using cerium species and its role as fluoride adsorbent. Different doping routes for the cerium incorporation on bone char were assessed using two cerium precursors where the defluoridation performance of synthetized adsorbents was determined. Results showed that the bone char modified with Ce4+ showed better adsorption properties for fluoride removal than the adsorbent containing Ce3+. The best cerium-doped bone char showed up to 13.6mg/g for fluoride removal at pH 7 and 30°C, which was higher than those obtained for commercial bone chars and other adsorbents reported in the literature. This novel adsorbent may offer additional advantages for fluoride removal, including chemical stability to pH changes and potential antibacterial properties, than those obtained with metal-loaded adsorbents. Fluoride adsorption using this cerium-doped bone char was endothermic and could involve a physico-chemical mechanism based on electrostatic interactions and ion exchange with OH− groups from the adsorbent. In summary, this study provides new insights on the use and application of rare earth elements for the synthesis of adsorbents with enhanced properties for fluoride removal from water.

A constitutive material model for a commercial PMMA bone cement using a combination of nano-indentation test and finite element analysis

To obtain accurate mechanical properties of an orthopedic Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA-based) bone cement, nanomechanical testing was performed. Due to visoelastic characteristics of this polymer-like bone cement, the mechanical properties cannot be identified using conventional indentation methods. A well-known two-layer viscoplasticity model was selected and simulated in a finite element solver. A complete analogical study between the results of the finite element simulation and the experimental data was made to reach the best optimized parameters for the selected model. It is shown that the proposed model can be used to obtain the constitutive material relationship for polymeric materials.

Composites bone cements with different viscosities loaded with a bioactive and antibacterial glass

In this work, three commercial PMMA-based bone cements (high, medium and low viscosities) were enriched with a bioactive and Ag-containing glass to contemporaneously impart bioactive and antibacterial properties. For each formulation, the glass distribution in the polymeric matrix, the bioactivity in simulated body fluid, the silver release, the antibacterial effect and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Morphological and compositional characterizations, by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry, evidenced good glass dispersion in the polymeric matrix and its appreciable exposition on material surface for all composite cements. The different formulations did not entail the composite ability to induce hydroxyapatite precipitation on their surface (bioactivity) and to release silver ions. The silver release profile was comparable with the rate of infection development; moreover, antibacterial test (inhibition halo evaluation and count of colonies forming units) revealed a significant antibacterial effect towards S. aureus strain. Finally, cytotoxicity test, performed using continuous mouse fibroblast L-929, showed none cytotoxic effect of the multifunctional composite cements for all the polymeric matrix formulations.

Comparison on Sanitary and Nutritional Characteristics Between Skipjack Tuna Ktsuwonus pelamis Frame and Commercial Beef Bone Extract Concentrates

Comparison on Sanitary and Nutritional Characteristics Between Skipjack Tuna Ktsuwonus pelamis Frame and Commercial Beef Bone Extract Concentrates

In Vitro and In Vivo Study of a Novel Porcine Collagen Membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration.

For years, in order to improve bone regeneration and prevent the need of a second stage surgery to remove non-resorbable membranes, biological absorbable membranes have gradually been developed and applied in guided tissue regeneration (GTR). The present study’s main objective was to achieve space maintenance and bone regeneration using a new freeze-dried developed porcine collagen membrane, and compare it with an already commercial collagen membrane, when both were used with a bovine xenograft in prepared alveolar ridge bone defects. Prior to surgery, the membrane’s vitality analysis showed statistically significant higher cell proliferation in the test membrane over the commercial one. In six beagle dogs, commercial bone xenograft was packed in lateral ridge bone defects prepared in the left and right side and then covered with test porcine collagen membrane or commercial collagen membrane. Alveolar height changes were measured. Histomorphometric results, in vitro and in vivo properties indicated that the new porcine collagen membrane is biocompatible, enhances bone xenograft osteoconduction, and reduces the alveolar ridge height reabsorption rate.

Is the Commercial Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Cement Useful in Prophylaxis and Cost Saving After Knee and Hip Joint Arthroplasty? The Transatlantic Paradox

BackgroundThe use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) has proven to be effective in preventing periprosthetic infection (PPI) after total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the economic benefit of using ALBC routinely remains controversial. MethodsA total of 2518 patients subjected to THA, partial hip arthroplasty, and TKA between 2009 and 2012 were identified in our prospectively collected registry. Two groups were defined: before (2009-2010) and after the introduction of ALBC (2011-2012). The risks of PPI associated with each type of surgery in each group were determined and compared. Patients subjected to THA without cemented implants were used as controls, and possible bias associated with changes in infection rate during the study period and other variables were controlled. The costs of the use of ALBC were calculated, along with the savings per case of PPI avoided. The minimum follow-up for discarding PPI was 2 years. ResultsFollowing the introduction of ALBC, a global decrease of 57% was observed in the risk of PPI (P = .001). By type of surgery, the decrease was 60.6% in the case of TKA (P = .019) and 72.6% in the case of cemented hip arthroplasty (partial and total; P = .009). No decrease in infection rate was noted in uncemented hip arthroplasty (P = .42). The total saving associated with the use of ALBC was €1,123,846 (€992 per patient): €440,412 after TKA (€801 per patient) and €686,644 after cemented hip arthroplasty (€2672 per patient). ConclusionThe use of ALBC has been found to be effective in preventing PPI after TKA and hip arthroplasty, with a favorable cost-efficiency profile using standardized cost and infection rates in our setting.

An allograft generated from adult stem cells and their secreted products efficiently fuses vertebrae in immunocompromised athymic rats and inhibits local immune responses

Background ContextSpine pain and the disability associated with it are epidemic in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, more than 650,000 spinal fusion surgeries are performed annually in the United States, and yet there is a failure rate of 15%–40% when standard methods employing current commercial bone substitutes are used. Autologous bone graft is the gold standard in terms of fusion success, but the morbidity associated with the procedure and the limitations in the availability of sufficient material have limited its use in the majority of cases. A freely available and immunologically compatible bone mimetic with the properties of live tissue is likely to substantially improve the outcome of spine fusion procedures without the disadvantages of autologous bone graft. PurposeThis study aimed to compare a live human bone tissue analog with autologous bone grafting in an immunocompromised rat model of posterolateral fusion. Design/SettingThis is an in vitro and in vivo preclinical study of a novel human stem cell–derived construct for efficacy in posterolateral lumbar spine fusion. MethodsOsteogenically enhanced human mesenchymal stem cells (OEhMSCs) were generated by exposure to conditions that activate the early stages of osteogenesis. Immunologic characteristics of OEhMSCs were evaluated in vitro. The secreted extracellular matrix from OEhMSCs was deposited on a clinical-grade gelatin sponge, resulting in bioconditioned gelatin sponge (BGS). Bioconditioned gelatin sponge was used alone, with live OEhMSCs (BGS+OEhMSCs), or with whole human bone marrow (BGS+hBM). Efficacy for spine fusion was determined by an institutionally approved animal model using 53 nude rats. ResultsBioconditioned gelatin sponge with live OEhMSCs did not cause cytotoxicity when incubated with immunologically mismatched lymphocytes, and OEhMSCs inhibited lymphocyte expansion in mixed lymphocyte assays. Bioconditioned gelatin sponge with live OEhMSC and BGS+hBM constructs induced profound bone growth at fusion sites in vivo, with a comparable rate of fusion with syngeneic bone graft (negative [0 of 10], BGS alone [0 of 10], bone graft [7 of 10], BGS+OEhMSC [10 of 15], and BGS+hBM [8 of 8]). ConclusionsCollectively, these studies demonstrate that BGS+OEhMSC constructs possess low immunogenicity and drive vertebral fusion with efficiency matching syngeneic bone graft in rodents. We also demonstrate that BGS serves as a promising scaffold for spine fusion when combined with hBM.

Performance of Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented With Graded Levels of Soybean Oil and Different Sources of Bone Meal

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of inclusion of three levels of soybean oil (0%, 2% and 4%) and three sources of commercial bone meals (GBM, PBM and IBM) in the diet of broiler chicken. Body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, digestibility coefficient, calcium, phosphorus and ash content of blood and bone of broilers were measured. Significantly higher (P<0.01) average weekly feed consumption, average cumulative body weight, average weekly body weight gain was found in broilers fed diets containing soybean oil. The highest (5058.27 g) average total feed consumption was recorded on T9 and the lowest (4117.88 g) on T1. The highest average cumulative body weight was obtained on T6 (2168.33 g) and was the lowest on T1 (1930.00 g). Similarly, the highest average body weight gain was recorded on T6 (301.04 g) and the lowest on T1 (273.77 g). The abdominal fat weight percentage was maximum (2.38%) on the diet containing 4% soybean oil with GBM and minimum (1.04%) on the diet without soybean oil withIBM. However, the overall performance of broilers was found improved on the diet containing soybean oil. The ash, calcium and phosphorus content of blood and bone were better when supplied the diet with 2% to 4% soybean oil containing the sources of bone meal. Considering better bone calcification, phosphorus and minerals utilization in the chicken body, 2% to 4% levels of the soybean oil with the GBM source of bone meal could be incorporated in the diets. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 272-280