Commercial Alkyd Research Articles

Fabrication of solvent-based alkyd paint from disposable PET water bottles: A comparative study

This comparative study aims to prepare alternative and cheap solvent-based paint using a waste PET-based alkyd resin synthesized from waste PET intermediate, suitable for coating applications. Waste PET flakes obtained from grinding post-consumer water bottles were depolymerized by the glycolysis reaction at atmospheric pressure. The depolymerization product was extracted by hot water, and a water-soluble crystallizable fraction (WSCF) and water-insoluble fraction (WIF) were obtained. WSCF was completely used instead of the diol component in the synthesis reaction of a four-component PET-based alkyd resin that has an oil content of 60%. Besides PET-based alkyd, reference alkyd without waste PET intermediate was also synthesized. Then, solvent-based paints were prepared using PET-based alkyd, reference alkyd, and commercial alkyd as binders. Wet paint properties and physical/chemical dry film properties of paints were determined. It was observed that the viscosity, density, hiding power, and particle size values of the paint prepared with waste PET-based alkyd were in the range suitable for paint applications, and the hiding power of waste PET-based alkyd paint was better than reference and commercial alkyd paints. Glossy, relatively soft, flexible paint films with excellent adhesion strength and impact resistance, and relatively high abrasion resistance were obtained from waste PET-based alkyd paints. It was observed that the resistance of waste PET-based alkyd paint to household chemicals was better than the paint prepared with commercial alkyd, and its resistance to ethyl alcohol, vinegar, and beverages was excellent. Waste PET-based alkyd paint was less affected by solvents than commercial alkyd paint. The environmental resistance of waste PET-based alkyd paint is excellent, and the oven-cured waste PET-based alkyd paint showed excellent resistance to corrosive conditions. The use of waste PET-based alkyd resin in the paint formulation did not cause any negative effects on the wet paint, physical/chemical surface coating properties, and chemical performance tests. As a result, PET-based alkyd paints, which are prepared using waste PET-based alkyd resins synthesized from the depolymerization intermediates of PET bottles, have the same or superior coating properties compared to commercial alkyd

Preparation of autoxidative water-reducible alkyd resins from waste polyethylene terephthalate.

In this paper, the waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was glycolysed by trimethylolpropane with zinc acetate as catalyst. The effects of different content glycolysis product of waste PET on the appearance, viscosity, particle size and molecular weight of autoxidative water-reducible alkyd resins and the corresponding film adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance, gloss, hardness and chemical resistance were studied. Meanwhile, experimental results were compared with commercial water-reducible alkyd and water-reducible alkyd without the glycolysis product of waste PET. The results show that the maximum concentration of PET in autoxidative water-reducible alkyd resins can reach 8.5 wt%, and the molecular weight, particle size and viscosity of water-reducible alkyd resin do not change much with the increase of PET concentration. The introduction of PET resulted in the viscosity of water-reducible alkyd resins being greater than that of water-reducible alkyd resin without PET; this is mainly because PET contains harder terephthalic acid monomer units. However, the particle size of water-reducible alkyd resins with waste PET is significantly lower than that of the water-reducible alkyd resin without PET; this is due to PET-free water-reducible alkyd resin containing more pentaerythritol with greater steric hindrance. In addition, the hardness of the water-reducible alkyd resin paint film (PET content is 8.5%) reaches 1H, which is higher than the hardness (HB) of the water-reducible alkyd resin paint film without PET and the commercial alkyd resin paint film, while the physical properties and chemical resistance of the former are comparable to those of the latter two kinds of paint films. Therefore, the use of waste PET in water-borne coatings systems not only reduces the cost of coatings, but also opens up a new market for recycled PET, which may contribute a promising method for management of waste PET.

Alkyd Printing Inks from Waste Frying Oil

Alkyd-based printing ink vehicles were successfully prepared from waste frying oil. Three alkyd resins were synthesized using different ratios of phthalic anhydride. Properties of the 3 prepared resins were measured and compared with virgin oil alkyd resin and commercial alkyd resin. Viscosities of the obtained ink vehicles ranged from 8.6 to 34.9 poises. The vehicles were also completely compatible with carbon black for formulating black printing inks. Preliminary properties of the 3 formulated inks were evaluated and compared with black printing ink prepared from virgin oil alkyd and commercial alkyd. The formulated inks had satisfactory viscosity and tackiness as properties suitable for a variety of printing applications. The 3 synthesized inks had rub resistance values ranging from 4.61 to 5.75 %, slightly higher than the rub resistance of virgin oil alkyd ink and commercial alkyd ink. Particle fineness and water tolerance properties of the 3 formulated inks were comparable with virgin oil alkyd ink and commercial alkyd ink. Results suggested that waste frying oil has potential application as a raw material in the printing ink industry.

PANI-Fe2O3 composite for enhancement of active life of alkyd resin coating for corrosion protection of steel

In-situ synthesized PANI-Fe2O3 composite was incorporated into a commercial alkyd resin and developed an efficient anticorrosive coating for mild steel. Both the composite and the fabricated alkyd resin coating were systematically characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, TGA, OSP, SKPM, and EDS. Corrosion-resistant characteristics of the nanocomposite coatings were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization, impedance spectroscopy, and long-term open circuit potential measurements in 3.5% NaCl and 1 M HCl. The much-improved corrosion resistance of the PANI-Fe2O3 incorporated coating was correlated with the better barrier performance and the passivation protection offered. The higher corrosion resistance observed in the acidic medium was explained by the complimentary cathodic reaction of the conductive emeraldine-PANI to the nonconductive leuco-PANI. The fabrication method provided can be beneficial for developing eco-friendly anticorrosion ‘conducting polymer-metal oxide-alkyd resin’ coatings.

Eco-friendly Waterborne Alkyd Resin from Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste

This work reports a simple and ecofriendly way of recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. PET waste was glycolyzed using trimethylolpropane (TMP) giving tetra-functional glycolyzate, to prepare alkyd resin. 0.25% ZnOAc and the TMP to PET molar ratio of 12:1 at 220 °C produced the best yield of glycolyzate. The obtained glycolyzate was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and further used in the synthesis of alkyd resins. The properties of the prepared alkyd resins including acid value, the pencil hardness, chemical resistance and thermal stability, were investigated. The pencil hardness of the cured resins film is 3H, which is better than the commercial alkyd resin YF-155. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) exhibited polymer decomposition occurred above 160 °C. When compared to commercial coatings, Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO)-based alkyd resin from postconsumer PET bottles has potential for commercial applications, and may even be superior in thermal and chemical resistance.

Development of PU Coatings from Neem Oil Based Alkyds Prepared by the Monoglyceride Route

AbstractThis work deals with the preparation of alkyd resins from neem oil and their utilization in preparation of polyurethane coatings. Alkyd resins were synthesized by reaction of neem oil monoglycerides with four different divalent acids like phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, and dimer fatty acid. The alkyds formation was studied by determining the acid number of the reaction mixture at regular intervals of time and the extents of the polyesterification reactions were calculated during the formation of alkyds. The structures of synthesized alkyds were confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopic analysis and also by end group analysis such as hydroxyl and acid values. The synthesized alkyds were reacted with TDI to prepare PU coatings and their performance was compared with PU coatings prepared from a commercial alkyd.

Synthesis of novel hyperbranched polymers featuring oxazoline linear units and their application in fast‐drying solvent‐borne coating formulations

ABSTRACTNovel acid‐terminated hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) containing adipic acid and oxazoline monomers derived from oleic and linoleic acid have been synthesized via a bulk polymerization procedure. Branching was achieved as a consequence of an acid‐catalyzed opening of the oxazoline ring to produce a trifunctional monomer in situ which delivered branching levels of >45% as determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The HBPs were soluble in common solvents, such as CHCl3, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide and were further functionalized by addition of citronellol to afford white‐spirit soluble materials that could be used in coating formulations. During end group modification, a reduction in branching levels of the HBPs (down to 12–24%) was observed, predominantly on account of oxazoline ring reformation and trans‐esterification processes under the reaction conditions used. In comparison to commercial alkyd resin paint coatings, formulations of the citronellol‐functionalized hyperbranched materials blended with a commercial alkyd resin exhibited dramatic decreases of the blend viscosity when the HBP content was increased. The curing characteristics of the HBP/alkyd blend formulations were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis which revealed that the new coatings cured more quickly and produced tougher materials than otherwise identical coatings prepared from only the commercial alkyd resins. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3964–3974

Preparation and evaluation of Jatropha curcas Linneaus seed oil alkyd resins

Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (JCL) seed oil was utilized in the preparation of four sets of alkyd resin (35%, 50%, 60% and 75% oil formulations) using a two-stage alcoholysis–polyesterification method. The rates of polyesterification depended on the amount of oil used during synthesis. The properties of the alkyds were evaluated. The range of solidification times was between 278 and 442 s; also the range of film thickness was between 0.014 and 0.08 mm, and the alkyds were readily soluble in turpentine, xylene and butanol. Inclusion of cobalt naphthenate as drier and outdoor temperature (37 °C ± 2) improved the drying properties of all the alkyds. The colours of white gloss paints formulated from the alkyds, considering a pigment-volume concentration of 20.67% in the gloss paint formulation, compared well with that of a paint formulated using a commercial alkyd sample. 1H NMR analysis confirms the expected structure of the alkyds.

Development of Thixotropic Coatings Using Dimerized Soybean Oil Fatty Acids: The Case of Polyamide of 1,2-Phenylene Diamine

Soybean oil (SBO) was dimerized and the crude dimer acid product reacted with 1,2-phenylene diamine at 210 ± 5 °C under inert atmosphere to obtain fatty polyamide (FPA). The FPA was used to modify a commercial alkyd resin by reacting a mixture of the alkyd resin with 5 wt% of FPA at 120 °C for 80 min under inert atmosphere. The FTIR spectrum of the FPA modified resin showed evidence of higher degree of H-bonding than was found for the unmodified alkyd. White gloss coatings of 15, 20, 25, and 30% solids were formulated from the modified and unmodified resins and examined for performance with respect to: leveling, sag resistance, drying time, pigment settling, skinning tendency and film hardness. Results showed that the unmodified alkyd coatings exhibited good leveling but poor sag resistance at all solid contents. In contrast, FPA modified alkyd coatings combined good leveling with high sag resistance indicating their thixotropic nature. A strong tendency to pigment settling was observed for unmodified alkyd coatings but was not observed in the FPA modified alkyd coatings. The modified alkyd coatings showed skinning while the unmodified alkyd coatings did not skin. A 30% solids coating formulation of the FPA modified resin showed shorter surface dry time but longer hard dry time than the unmodified alkyd resin coating.

Surface Coating Studies of Alkyd-Castor Oil-Epoxy Resin Condensate-Ketone Resin Blends

Castor oil (CO) was reacted with commercial epoxy resin (ER) (diglycidylether of bisphenol-A, DGEBA) at various mole ratios. The resultant products were designated as COERs and characterized by physical, chemical and IR spectral studies. A commercial alkyd resin was blended with various proportions of COERs and ketone resin (i.e., cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin) (CHF). All the blends were applied on mild steel panels and characterized for drying time, adhesion, flexibility, hardness, impact resistance and chemical resistance properties.

Fracture toughness of inorganic-organic hybrid coatings

The concepts of fracture toughness and the energy release rate at fracture for thin polymeric films are introduced. Fracture toughness and energy release rate data for ceramer films based on a linseed oil alkyd, a sunflower oil alkyd, and a commercial alkyd with titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate), titanium(IV) isopropoxide, and zirconium(IV) propoxide are presented and compared to previously reported tensile data. Differences between the fracture data and the tensile data demonstrate the usefulness of fracture toughness testing. The energy release rate at fracture may be the one property to maximize in order to optimize all of the other coating properties. It may therefore be a great aid in the optimization of coating formulations. Data from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis indicate that there may be a correlation between fracture properties and secondary relaxation processes in the films.

Investigation of cobalt drier retardation

The retardation of cobalt driers was investigated using a commercial alkyd. The onset of curing and crosslink density of the alkyd was used to evaluate four cobalt complexes, Co(acac) 2, Co(acac) 3, Co(OH) 2, and Co(NH 3) 6Cl 3. The catalytic activity of these complexes were compared to cobalt naphthenate. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis data were used to determine acceleration or retardation of the autoxidation drying mechanism. The Co(acac) 2 accelerates the process in comparison to Cobalt(II) naphthenate, whereas the three other complexes seem to retard the process.