Unit Commanders Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF CRISIS-FORMING FACTORS AS A MEANS OF MONITORING THREATS TO EFFECTIVE BODY SUPPORT OF NATIONAL GUARD OF UKRAINE MILITARY UNITS

This article presents the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for methods of monitoring and assessing the level of impact of crisis-generating threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for assessing the level of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The proposed classification of various factors may cause a crisis in the logistics of military units. An objective relationship between the threat of a crisis and the factors that give rise to it is presented in the form of a linear regression equation of functional relationships. The study proposes a formalized presentation of the system of objectives for assessing the level of impact of crisis-generating threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. In this article the economic-mathematical modeling of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics of military divisions of National guard of Ukraine in the form of game with opposite interests is carried out. In this regard, the paper proposes to use a certain principle of rational choice of player strategy. In the context of assessing the level of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics, the article considers and formally presents the principle of the most guaranteed result, which is used in case of insufficient awareness of the influence of factors. Similarly, the paper considers the principle of indicator behavior and performs its economic and mathematical representation. A mathematical representation of the optimization problem is proposed, in the arcs of which the volume of agreements of military units with stakeholders and the cost of implemented innovations are determined. The article focuses on the fact that local management of individual factors and groups does not give the maximum possible result due to the high importance of synergistic relationships. The possibility of obtaining a positive result in this work is largely determined by the integrated management of factors in order to effectively adapt to variations and influences of the environment. The practical significance of the obtained results is the formation of appropriate recommendations to the command of military units regarding the formation of a system of anti-crisis monitoring of the impact of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics.

Theoretical foundations of the organization of physical training of commanders of tank units of the Lend Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

In modern conditions of development of Ukraine, despite the existing threat in the East of the country and at the same time carrying out reforms on the way to European integration, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as a military formation, conscientiously and honestly carry out all the tasks that are defined by the Law of Ukraine "On the Armed Forces of Ukraine". In the process of preparing servicemen for professional (combat) activity, physical training plays an important role. The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of the organization of physical training of commanders of tank units of the Lend Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Research methods: scientific and methodical literature analysis and summarizing, normative documents, pedagogical observation. The features of the professional activity of the military personnel of the tank units of the Lend Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, taking into account the experience of hostilities, have been clarified; the importance of physical training in solving problems of physical readiness of military personnel of tank units for professional (combat) activity is revealed. It was revealed that in order to effectively perform combat missions, servicemen of tank units must be comprehensively prepared, both from a physical point of view and psychological. The use of a high-quality organization of physical training in the system of professional training of military personnel of tank units will prepare them for the effective performance of their duties, both in peacetime and in wartime.

Permohonan Rekomendasi Ankum dan Upaya Hukum dalam Menegakkan Keadilan yang Berdasarkan Kepentingan Hukum dan Militer

Law enforcement within the TNI is carried out jointly in a military criminal justice system, which involves several elements, including: Investigators, Ankum, Prosecutors and Papera. Papera/unit commanders have the obligation to guide soldiers in determining their careers according to the competencies required by TNI regulations. The desire and hope of a Papera/unit commander is for the subordinates/soldiers under him to do their best for the progress of the TNI organization he leads, but in fact, for some reason, there are some Soldiers who violate the laws and regulations, by committing criminal acts. The aim of this research is to show that superiors who have the right to punish (Ankum)/unit commanders have the obligation to guide soldiers in determining their careers according to the competencies required by regulations within the TNI. The desire and hope of a unit commander is for the subordinates/soldiers under him to do their best for the progress of the TNI organization he leads, but in fact, for some reason, there are some Soldiers who violate the laws and regulations, by committing criminal acts. Qualitative research uses a descriptive approach to collect data systematically, factually, and quickly according to the description at the time of the research. The results of this research show that in the ongoing legal process, superiors who have the right to punish (Ankum) and Papera have 2 (two) paths in an effort to defend their service members from being punished or dishonorably dismissed (fired) due to considerations of military interests. with several considerations such as the TNI soldier having abilities that are really needed by the unit, the TNI soldier being assessed for good behavior on a daily basis or other considerations, so that Ankum can try through these 2 (two) paths, namely providing recommendations to be retained as a TNI soldier and submitting efforts law according to statutory regulations.

Evaluation of Two Approaches for Responding to Allegations of Family Maltreatment in the U.S. Army: Coordinated Community Response Impacts and Costs.

The U.S. Air Force (USAF) conducted a program of research to develop and disseminate reliable and valid criteria for partner and child maltreatment (comprising abuse [physical, emotional/psychological, and sexual] and neglect). These criteria are now used in all branches of the U.S. military. The U.S. Army was the first service outside the USAF to adopt the criteria sets and computerized decision support tool but maintained the original committee composition (the "Case Review Committee" [CRC]) instead of adopting the entire assessment, allegation determination, and treatment planning process (the "Field-tested Assessment, Intervention-planning, and Response" [FAIR] system). The Army commissioned this study to compare the CRC and FAIR processes by testing (1) intra-committee process (i.e., three facets of committee functioning-fidelity to regulations, cohesion and team process, outsized influence of unit representatives); (2) coordinated community response to maltreatment (i.e., perceptions of fairness to alleged offenders and victims, impact on unit representatives, and (3) collaboration between the Family Advocacy Program (FAP, the military's maltreatment response agency) and outside agencies; and (4) the time expended and cost. New York University's Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol, and the Army's Human Research Protection Office provided permission to collect data. The ten Army garrisons with the most annual maltreatment cases participated. Committee members, FAP social workers, unit commanders, and independent observers completed assessments of individual meetings and of their overall impression of the processes. A test of whether the means significantly differed between phases was then performed separately for each outcome, and 95% CIs of the unstandardized mean difference between phases were estimated. Independent observers rated FAIR meetings as significantly more faithful to regulations. Unit representatives (i.e., commanders and/or first sergeants) perceived the committee to function better during FAIR (although other committee members and independent observers did not perceive differences). Unit representatives not only rated FAIR as significantly more fair to both alleged offenders and victims (ratings from other committee members did not differ), but also were more likely to attend FAIR meetings and, when they did, rated their ability to serve soldiers and families higher during FAIR. However, FAP social workers rated their relationships with units as being better during CRC, and outside agencies rated their relationship with FAP as significantly better during CRC. Costs to the Army were nearly identical in the two committee structures. Results indicated that the CRC and FAIR processes cost almost identical amounts to run and that the FAIR system was superior in ways most likely to impact service members: (1) independent observers judged its meetings to be more faithful to Army and DoD Instructions; (2) unit representatives were more likely to attend and believed the FAIR system to be fairer (to both alleged offenders and victims) and better functioning. Care should be taken, however, in nurturing relationships between FAP and (1) unit representatives and (2) outside agencies, which may have weakened during FAIR.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМАНДИРОМ ПІДРОЗДІЛУ МЕТОДІВ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ВПЛИВУ У РОБОТІ З ОСОБОВИМ СКЛАДОМ

Introduction. Unit commanders in their influence on the activities of subordinates and building relationships with them primarily use their official position and rely on their position as the basis of power. At the same time, they most often use the authority of suppression, use power based on coercion as a method of psychological influence, or influence through fear, which is not the only and optimal method of influencing subordinates. Unfortunately, this approach does not always ensure the effectiveness of interaction between unit commanders and subordinate personnel, aimed at achieving the goal of military units - quality training and performance of tasks.The question of the level of professional training of junior commanders in the field of knowledge and skills for the competent selection and use of various methods and techniques of psychological influence on subordinate personnel remains opened.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to organize and further cover the developed theoretical and practical approaches to the implementation of psychological influence and provide practical advice to unit commanders of the level of "company, platoon" in their management.Methods. Given the purpose of the study, namely to establish the effectiveness of certain methods and techniques of psychological influence of unit commanders on subordinate personnel in accordance with situations influenced by a number of characterological factors (the form of government, authority of the unit commander; individual psychological characteristics of the serviceman or indicators of socio-psychological characteristics of the military collective, the format of the situation of managerial influence, the availability of time for training, etc.), in its course were used such research methods as methods of observation, survey, interviews, experiment.Originality. The originality and practical importance of the article is to represent an indicative list of appropriate methods of psychological influence on an individual serviceman and on a military collective.Conclusion. The use of appropriate methods and techniques of psychological influence on subordinate personnel by unit commanders, depending on a number of the above factors, significantly improves both the educational work with subordinates and the nature of the military team's perception of orders, orders, and timeliness and effectiveness. This is actually the purpose of the commander's leadership.Prospects for further research are to improve the practical skills of lower-level commanders in the competent selection and skillful application of methods and techniques of psychological influence on subordinate personnel, which will ultimately ensure the achievement of the above goal.

ПІДГОТОВКА ДЕСАНТНО-ШТУРМОВОЇ РОТИ ДО ДЕСАНТНО-ШТУРМОВИХ ДІЙ ПІД ЧАС ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТАНДАРТІВ НАТО

The article analyzes the foreign and domestic experience of combat use of Army Aviation Helicopters (AA) in modern wars and local conflicts when conducting raid operations by the units of Air Assault (Airmobile) forces, as well as the experience of transfer of the Air Assault Forces by helicopters in time of action. During a raid, air assault battalion can use combat helicopters. In this case, helicopter ambushes are most expedient to use in the ways of raising the nearest enemy reserves and in case of the enemy's mobile objects to strike suddenly, using various tactical techniques. The use of ambushes will be most effective in the area, which provides the secretive action of helicopters and the selection of enough quantity of fields. The use of Army aviation allows the airborne assault units to be transferred during a raid. Helicopters must fly at extremely low altitudes using terrain masking, individual and group means of EW. Exit of helicopters at the landing field of the air assault force is carried out suddenly and accurately in relation to place and time. AA units are widely used to evacuate units. Transport and combat helicopters provide for the admission on board and transportation of personnel, weapons, documents; conducting intelligence. At the same time combat helicopters perform the task of destroying air defense on the flight route; concealment of AA combat order from possible attacks by enemy helicopters in the air; landing and take-off of transport and combat helicopter. Commanders of air assault units must be aware of the tactics of combat, transport-combat and transport helicopters and their tactical characteristics, which will significantly improve the effectiveness of the raid and be able to apply it during the raid. Keywords: Army aviation helicopters, combat control group, advanced aircraft commander, Air Assault Forces, helicopter units.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ДОПОВНЕНОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ ПІД ЧАС ТЕХНІЧНОГО ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ТА РЕМОНТУ БРОНЕТАНКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ

The war with Russia, which our country is waging for the sixth year in a row, gave impetus to the deep modernization of existing weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the introduction of completely new troops, such as armored personnel carrier BTR-4; tactical combat wheeled vehicle «Dozor-B» and «Spartan», etc. These models were created taking into account the modern requirements for the base chassis and using modern technologies that focus on electronics and automation, respectively, significantly increased the complexity of their maintenance and repair. This, combined with the need to carry out maintenance and repairs in isolation from the permanent deployment of units in conditions as close as possible to the combat zone, where resources are severely limited, creates serious problems for technical personnel. The main question is how to give these specialists the competence to perform the basic tasks necessary to return the model of armored weapons and equipment back into operation. The experience of combat use of armored weapons and equipment in the anti-terrorist operation indicates a low level of professional training of crew members of combat vehicles, which does not meet modern requirements and does not ensure the implementation of combat missions assigned to units in full. And the complexity of designing armored weapons and equipment and computerizing them usually deprives unit commanders and crews of their combat vehicles to quickly and efficiently perform repairs and maintenance in isolation from permanent locations, as they require special diagnostic equipment and highly qualified specialists. This is confirmed by the examples of the first experience of using armored personnel carriers BTR-4 in 2014 by units of the National Guard, which had to leave cars that for various reasons could not move on their own, destroying them without even finding out the cause of the malfunction. Thus, even one of the samples of the armored personnel carriers BTR-4 fell into the hands of Russian mercenaries. An attempt has been made to analyze possible ways of using augmented reality technology (AR technology) to create a set of software and hardware that will allow tactical commanders and crews of combat vehicles, even without the participation of specialists, or remotely, to detect and troubleshoot in different operating conditions and with different levels of technical training. The advent of augmented reality technology has every chance to revolutionize the process of maintenance and repair, as well as operation. The new and unique additional opportunities offered by these technologies will significantly affect how and at what level these actions are carried out. Involved in an integrated process of maintenance, repair, operation and supply of military equipment, these technologies will increase the independence and self-sufficiency of advanced forces deployed in isolation from stationary diagnostic and repair tools. As a result - faster repair work and, accordingly, faster return of equipment or weapons to combat units. In addition, it will increase the number of forces and resources available to perform operational tasks. This new approach to maintenance and repair is becoming a factor in increasing combat capability and combat power, which can positively affect the ratio of victories and defeats in modern military conflicts. Keywords: armored vehicles, maintenance, repair of armored vehicles, augmented reality.

SINJANI I CETINJANI – VOJNICI U MLETAČKIM PREKOMORSKIM KOPNENIM POSTROJBAMA (18. STOLJEĆE)

Središnja tema rada usmjerena je na raščlambu udjela Sinjana i Cetinjana u mletačkim prekomorskim kopnenim postrojbama (pješaštvo i konjaništvo) u 18. stoljeću. Rad se zasniva na raščlambi izvornoga arhivskog gradiva pohranjenoga u Archivio di Stato di Venezia, a riječ je o popisima pripadnika pojedinih vojnih postrojbi koje je provodila nadležna državna magistratura Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli. U uvodnome dijelu rada ukratko se iznose opći podatci o mletačkim prekojadranskim postrojbama, dočim je središnji dio teksta usmjeren na raščlambu konkretnih primjera prisutnosti Sinjana i Cetinjana u mletačkoj kopnenoj vojsci. Analizira se njihova ukupna brojnost tijekom 18. stoljeća, učestalost spominjanja u izvorima, iznose opći podatci o zapovjednicima postrojbi, mjesta djelovanja te se ukazuje na neka opća obilježja onovremenih vojnika (dob, statura i drugo).
 U prilogu rada donosi se cjelovit pregled svih Sinjana i
 Cetinjana (prema dosadašnjim istraživanjima) zabilježenih
 u mletačkim kopnenim vojnim snagama.

ЗАГАЛЬНІ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ ПОРЯДКУ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПІДРОЗДІЛАМИ (TLP)

The article reveals the basics of unit management and substantiates the systematic planning and preparation for the tasks assigned by the commanders of mechanized units according to NATO standards. The procedure for managing units, the beginning of management functions (activities) of the platoon commander after receiving a previous combat order, combat order or combat order from the senior commander until the end of the task. After receiving a new (updated) task, the process of managing units begins from the beginning, according to the identified and justified 8 steps of the procedure of managing units. At the same time, the general algorithm of actions of the platoon commander - planning, calculation of time, assessment of the situation, preparation of the unit, task execution, etc. remains stable and will be disclosed in the main part of the article. It is emphasized that the order of management of units includes a sequence of actions that helps commanders to effectively use the available time to issue orders and perform assigned tasks. The TOP (troop leading procedures) procedure is not a rigid set of rules that are followed in a certain sequence. Some actions may be performed simultaneously or in a different order from that specified in the presentation of the main material. The unit management procedure is a procedure applied according to the situation, tactical situation, combat experience of the platoon commander and unit commanders, availability of time for decision-making, weather conditions, etc. Tasks related to certain actions (such as starting the task, maintaining a preliminary order, conducting reconnaissance (reconnaissance)) in the process of execution may be repeated several times. Decision-making, as the final choice of action by the unit commander from the list of possible, is usually carried out at the nearest place to conduct hostilities - control point (command and observation post) after a clear, unambiguous awareness of the situation. The process of unit management begins when the platoon commander is notified of the future task by the relevant order of the senior commander and is carried out constantly from a stationary or mobile control point (CP) (command and control post – CCP). The final stage - control and verification of the plan takes place during the task by the commander. Current information on the order of management of units is processed in a limited time. All steps must be performed, even in abbreviated form. Thus, the proposed steps of the unit management procedure are aimed at helping the commander to quickly develop and issue a combat order.

THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN SPORTS TECHNOLOGIES ON HEALTH AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS

The aim: Is to investigate the influence of modern sports technologies (Crossfit classes) on health and professional activity of law enforcement officers. Materials and methods: The study involved 52 law enforcement officer graduates from the National Academy of Internal Affairs (Kyiv, Ukraine) aged 22-30 who attended Crossfit classes while studying. The duration of the study is 5 years (2016-2020). The level of officers' health was examined according to the methodology of H. L. Apanasenko which consists in determining the amount of points for each of the 5 indicators: body mass index, vital capacity index, power index, Robinson index, heart rate recovery time. In order to estimate the effectiveness of the officers' law enforcement activity we conducted a survey of the heads and commanders of units where the officers served using the rating card we developed of a five-point scale. Research methods include analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological works, pedagogic observation, questionnaire survey, medical and biological methods and methods of mathematical statistics. Results: It was also clarified that the health level of the officers who attended Crossfit classes while studying at higher educational institutions with specific training environment remained stable after graduation for 5 years of service (р>0.05). The results of the units commanders' evaluation of the officers' law enforcement activities showed positive influence of Crossfit classes on the indicators that characterize the quality of service. Conclusions: It has been established that Crossfit classes during training helped to maintain the level of health of law enforcement officers during 5 years of service on officers' positions after graduation and provide high efficiency of professional activities.

Проблемы советской военной авиации перед началом Великой Отечественной войны

Relevance. This article is an attempt to analyze the state of the Soviet military aviation, including combat training, in the pre-war period and the influence of these factors on military operations in the initial period of the war. The study of the reasons for the failures of the Soviet troops during this period, especially the heavy losses of combat aviation, was carried out in many works over a long period of time, but these works mainly dealt with issues related to aviation technology. The state of combat training and military discipline in aviation units and formations and the influence of subjective factors on their level are practically not considered in these works. Therefore, the relevance of this article is beyond doubt. The purpose of the article is to reveal the state of the Soviet military aviation, taking into account the objective and subjective reasons, the level of its readiness for combat operations and the implementation of various measures to improve them in the course of preparing the general preparation of the USSR for the war. Objectives. To consider the problems of the Soviet military aviation, taking into account the state of discipline and combat training, identified in various military conflicts and the Soviet-Finnish war; to evaluate the considered reasons for the results of aviation combat operations in the initial period of the war. Methodology. The article is based on the general principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In addition, methods of interpretation and content analysis were used. Results. The Soviet-Finnish war and military conflicts in the second half of the 30s of the last century revealed great shortcomings in the training and armament of the Red Army aviation. These shortcomings were actively discussed at the highest level of the military leadership. Many decisions were made to eliminate them. So, the creation of new aviation technology, especially fighters, has accelerated. The restructuring of the entire combat training system was begun in order to correct the shortcomings and increase the readiness of the flight personnel and the command of aviation units and formations. But, despite the measures taken, the level of general readiness of military aviation was not brought to the required level for various reasons (including due to lack of time), which ultimately became one of the main reasons for the tragic events of the summer and autumn of 1941. Conclusion. The general state of the Soviet military aviation in the period under review was determined not only by the objective factors (for example, the level of the aviation industry development), but also largely by subjective, personal factors.

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Recently during the operation of mortars by appointment mortality rates increased as a result of explosion of mines in the mortar barrel. The construction of a mortar can not be the reason for the destruction of the mortar barrel during firing in a proper technical condition of the mortar, mines and the execution by the personnel of the rules of operation of the mortar complex. The reason for undermining the mine in the mortar barrel can have subjective and objective factors. Subjective factors (SF) are considered as factors that are related to the actions of the service stuff, and the objective factors (OF) are the factors that are associated with external influence on the mortar complex, with the features of the use of the mortar complex. Let's consider the reasons for explosion of mines in the mortar barrel and develop recommendations for their elimination during the operation of mortar complexes. The reasons of double charge are, first of all, the violation by the personnel of the mortar calculation of the rules of exploitation of the mortar complex and security measures during shooting, the failure of the fuse from double charging, the malfunction of the shooting equipment, the technical and qualitative state of the barrel and mines. The causes of misfires can be divided into two groups: the first one - misfires, which depend on the technical state of the mortar; the second one is miscible, which depends on the technical condition of the mine. The first group of faults is achieved through timely and quality maintenance and repair of a mortar. The elimination of malfunctions of the second group is also achieved through timely quality control of the technical condition of the mine (laboratory tests of blowers, maintenance and repair of mines). The reasons that lead to the explosion of mines in the mortar barrel mostly are subjective factors. First of all, to eliminate them, it is necessary to fundamentally change the system of technical training of mortgage experts, commanders of mortar units. Personnel who do not know the design of a mortar, mines, do not have skills in dealing with a mortar, violate security measures during firing must avoid firing. To improve or develop a more reliable double-charge fuse or refuse it, thereby simplifying the design of the mortar by analogy with foreign samples. To approach the drawing up of acts of a technical condition of mortars objectively before admitting to firing. To introduce effective control of the technical condition (suitability for use) of mines and blowers.

Foreste per il futuro

Forests are an essential resource for life on our planet and to provide the welfare for the whole human population living on it. Forest ecosystems are nevertheless hampered by the growing human pressure and by an unsustainable use of natural resources leading to concerning world phenomena, first of all global climatic change, biodiversity loss and soil, ecosystems and habitats degradation. Such issues impact on the structure, composition and balance of forests, so reducing their own capacity to contribute to the solution of the same problems. The situation is so serious to require now a serious rethinking of forest policies and measures to be implemented into the forest sector, in order to imagine, at the 2050 year horizon, more resilient forests adapted to the new climatic conditions and able to provide at their best also the requested vital ecologic, economic and social functions. In such global framework it has to be considered the activity carried out by the Arma dei Carabinieri - Command of Forest Environment and Agrifood Units (CUFA), whose present role is analyzed here, trying to design also future commitments and developments.

МЕТОДИКА ПЛАНУВАННЯ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ АВІАЦІЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПІД ЧАС ПРОВЕДЕННЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ ОПЕРАЦІЇ З ПРИПИНЕННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НЕПЕРЕДБАЧЕНИХ ЗАКОНОМ ЗБРОЙНИХ ФОРМУВАНЬ

In the process of planning any operation at the stage of assessing the situation of one’s own forces and means and predicting the actions of the search object, it is necessary to find out the conditions in which aviation will be used and the parameters of the search from the air. To solve this significant problem, it becomes necessary to develop a methodology for planning the use of aviation when conducting search tasks for small-sized objects. When planning a search operation, you need to use different methods, and select specific requirements for them that should be considered. Planning methods must meet the physical, geographical and climatic conditions for conducting search tasks; the peculiarities of the various states of the process of formation and development of any possible «relationship» between the search forces and the object of the search; taking into account the specifics of the activities of planning objects (aviation and the object of search) and a variety of means and ways to achieve the main goal ‒ increasing the efficiency of performing search tasks (by forces and means of aviation). The article proposes to pay attention to two forecasting methods using the «Resource method according to opportunities» and «target method according to needs». «Resource method according to capabilities» ‒ first it is determined what resources and in what ways the special unit can dispose of (resource strategy), and then, based on this data, the unit commander determines his strategy for future actions. The «resource method» consists of a method of comparative analysis of the tactical and technical characteristics of an aircraft by capabilities, abstraction of indicators and criteria necessary for an effective search for a ground object (flight speed, minimum altitude, maximum tactical flight radius, etc.) and formalization in the form of tabular data. The peculiarity of this method is to create a data directory to reduce the time to determine the capabilities of your resources. «Target method according to needs» is the determination of the target needs of the use of aviation based on the results of the choice of a method for searching for small-sized ground objects. A feature of the target method is the method of comparative analysis of the parameters of the search method using the «tracing paper» templates of flight methods for the visual search of small objects.

МЕТОДИКА ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ МОНІТОРИНГУ ОПЕРАТИВНОЇ ОБСТАНОВКИ ПІД ЧАС ВИКОНАННЯ ПРАВООХОРОННИХ ФУНКЦІЙ ВІЙСЬКОВИМИ ЧАСТИНАМИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

Military units of the National Guard of Ukraine have law enforcement functions. While planning and conducting tasks in accordance with these functions, the unit commander decides to perform these tasks. In the decision-making process, you need to have the information about the operational situation in the area of the task. For this purpose, the headquarters of the military unit organizes the monitoring of the operational situation which means a system of constant monitoring of processes and events which take place in the area of tasks; the results of which serve to justify management decisions to ensure human safety. In the monitoring process the information is obtained from various sources, such as: interacting structures; the Internet; an intelligence subunit of this unit and others. In compliance with it, the more sources of information exist, the more reliable information will be, but it also increases the time for its processing. That is why there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of monitoring the operational environment, considering the factors which are being monitored and determine the state of the operational environment, and also the time spent on it. For this purpose, the evaluation technique of effectiveness of planning and organization of monitoring the operational environment while conducting law enforcement functions by military units of the National Guard of Ukraine is developed. This technique considers the importance of factors that determine the state of the operational environment as well as the time required to process information in accordance with these factors. This can help the military to select the appropriate monitoring necessary in certain circumstances and, as a result, to evaluate the operational environment reliably in order to decide and conduct the task.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВАГОВИХ КОЕФІЦІЄНТІВ КОМПОНЕНТІВ МОРАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО СТАНУ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ З КОНВОЮВАННЯ, ЕКСТРАДИЦІЇ ТА ОХОРОНИ ПІДСУДНИХ ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ЕКСПЕРТНОГО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ

Using the method of expert evaluation, the ranking of the components of the moral and psychological state of the military personnel of the units of the National Guard of Ukraine for escorting, extradition and protection of the accused was carried out, and the weight coefficients were determined. The proposed integrative approach for assessing the level of the Ministry of Defense of military personnel will allow, in a short time, more objectively and reliably, with maximum reliability, to carry out a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the individual self-assessment of the Ministry of Defense of a serviceman and the expert assessment of the unit commander or his deputy for work with personnel, and provide recommendations to the commander (chief) for making an informed decision on the involvement of a serviceman in the performance of a specific service-combat mission or the continuation of its implementation. It should be noted that the experts did not assess the level of the serviceman’s MPS on each individual indicator, as is done in the individual self-assessment of the serviceman using the questionnaire «Assessment of the moral and psychological condition of servicemen of the National Guard each component as a whole». This allows a more objective assessment of the generalized level of the military personnel, reduces the time for processing the data and will allow more targeted corrective work with personnel to increase the level of military personnel. Such an assessment of the moral and psychological state will help the commander (chief) to make an informed decision on the involvement of a serviceman in the implementation of a particular service and combat assignments or its continuation.

AUTOMATED ROUTE SELECTION AND CALCULATION ALGORITHM OF DIVISION MARKET FOR SOFTWARE ADDITION MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

The experience of the Joint forces operation shows the need to create ACS by the actions of JI units at the tactical level. This due is need to ensure the awareness of geographically distributed units, added forces and means, individual servicemen on the battlefield and a high level of efficiency in the management of units. The article discusses the basic principles of using special software applications for mobile communications, based on geographic information system (GIS) for planning the march of units and subdivisions. The expediency of using a mobile platform based on mobile communications as a software carrier is analyzed. Requirements for information systems based on GIS and software applications for mobile communications have been met in order to slow down the efficiency at the stage of planning the relocation of the unit. For this purpose, it is proposed to develop a software application based on the presented algorithm for calculating the march using GIS. The developed algorithm describes the sequence of actions to automate the process of choosing the optimal route on the map, the calculation of the march and its main parameters. The developed algorithm describes the sequence of actions to automate the process of choosing the optimal route on the map, the calculation of the march and its basic parameters. It’s proposed to use digital maps as cartographic services and technologies of Google Maps or Yandex Maps, which advantages are multi-layered and versatile. This approach could automate calculations, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the commander's decision on the choice of position area and planning the march. In future, it’s worth noting the expansion of the functionality of the software application to the level of mobile information and reference system of the unit commander by developing special app, as well as the use of known software utilities and information resources.

Hands-free Adjustment of the Microscope in Microneurosurgery

In microneurosurgery, the operating microscope plays a vital role. The classical neurosurgical operation is bimanual, that is, the microsurgical instruments are operated with both hands. Often, operations have to be carried out in narrow corridors at the depth of several centimeters. With current technology, the operator must manually adjust the field of view during surgery-which poses a disruption in the operating flow. Until now, technical adjuncts existed in the form of a mouthpiece to move the stereo camera unit or voice commands and foot pedals to control other interaction tasks like optical configuration. However, these have not been widely adopted due to usability issues. This study tests 2 novel hands-free interaction concepts based on head positioning and gaze tracking as an attempt to reduce the disruption during microneurosurgery and increase the efficiency of the user. Technical equipment included the Pentero 900 microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany), HTC Vive Pro (HTC, Taoyuan District (HQ), Taiwan), and an inbuilt 3D-printed target probe. Eleven neurosurgeons including 7 residents and 4 consultants participated in the study. The tasks created for this study were with the intention to mimic real microneurosurgical tasks to maintain applicative accuracy while testing the interaction concepts. The tasks involved visualization system adjustment to the specific target and touching the target. The first trial was conducted in a virtual reality setting applying the novel hands-free interaction concepts, and the second trial was conducted performing the same tasks on a 3D-printed target probe using manual field of view adjustment. The participants completed both trials with the same predetermined tasks, in order to validate the feasibility of the novel technology. The data collected for this study were obtained with the help of review protocols, detailed post-trial interviews, video and audio recordings, along with time measurements while performing the tasks. The user study conducted at the Charité Hospital in Berlin found that the gaze-tracking and head-positioning- based microscope adjustment were 18% and 29% faster, respectively, than the classical bimanual adjustment of the microscope. Focused user interviews showed the users' proclivity for the new interaction concepts, as they offered minimal disruption between the simultaneous target selection and camera position adjustment. The hands-free interaction concepts presented in this study demonstrated a more efficient execution of the microneurosurgical tasks than the classical manual microscope and were assessed to be more preferable by both residents and consultant neurosurgeons.

Проблема децентралізації управління військами (силами) в гібридній війні

Україна зіткнулася з гібридною агресією Російської Федерації. Початок війни активізував парадигму державного й військового управління і надав поштовх для трансформації та структурних зрушень у філософії управління військами (силами) та виховання військових лідерів. Створення системи управління військами (силами), яка б гармонічно поєднувала переваги централізованого та децентралізованого методів управління, потребує всебічного врахування найкращого військового досвіду, особливостей сучасної гібридної війни, а також виховання військових лідерів.У статті проаналізовано німецький досвід «тактики доручень» (Auftragstaktik) та запропоновані напрями вдосконалення управління військами й підрозділами шляхом запровадження заходів, які надають, з одного боку, певну свободу дій підлеглим на прояв ініціативи в непередбачуваних умовах бойової обстановки, а з другого – спрямовані на виховання військових лідерів, здатних ефективно вирішувати завдання в умовах сучасного збройного конфлікту.

GUARDING THE DANUBE AND BEYOND (I) COHORS II MATTIACORUM

Organization and operation of the Danubian limes had been a concern of the Roman imperial administration for several centuries. The strategic conception for this space was translated into practice directly with the support of the Roman army. One of the early arrived units in the Lower Danube area was cohors II Mattiacorum; detachments of the unit would flank the river, being stationed in the “bridgehead” fortifications of Dinogetia and Barboși. The history of this auxiliary unit may be broadly restored pegged solely by epigraphic records which we shall review below, together with historiographical discussions related to the completion and interpretation of their text. Although many of the opinions mentioned below remain mere hypotheses until new archaeological discoveries are made, I believe based on the documentary material that we know now, that the evolution of the cohors II Mattiacorum can be reconstructed with some accuracy. Obviously, any new epigraphic find may confirm or “colour” what we know now. The unit’s development spans more than a century from the last quarter of the 1st century AD to the end of the 2nd century AD, leaving more consistent traces at Dinogetia and Barboși, Sexaginta Prista and Sostra. We know the names of some soldiers and unit commanders and the fact that the unit was transformed somewhere in the middle of its existence into a milliariaunit.