Command Words Research Articles

Simulation Planning for Sustainable Use of Land Resources: Case study in Diamou

In this study, we presented the simulation planning scheme to project land and land resources use changes at a local scale for Diamou (MALI). Problem statement: All the land cover types were under the influence of human and livestock population. Diamou has undergone changes in land-cover over the last decades. The shifting cultivation system practiced was probably the main reason for this state of affairs. Moreover, the dryness and extensive character of pastoral activities had contributed to the general degradation of natural resources. The principal objective of our study was to contribute to the sustainable use of land resources from 1999-2010. Approach: Using formula the resources supply and demand had been estimated based on statistics data, derived from a comprehensive review of the literature. The resources balance (difference between supply and demand) had been estimated for two years 1999 and 2010.The resources demand were measured by an average consumption needs person-1 day-1 multiplied by the population. For the livestock population the biomass demand and supply had been measured based on TLU dietary requirements and the pastureland carrying capacity. The diagram of resources balances were drawn using word Microsoft word command and the simulation land use areas schema using ArcGIS. Results: From present approach, it was found, that, in year 1999 the fuel wood and cereal balances were negative. The drink water and biomass balances were positive. The dominant land use categories were the pastureland and the cropland, occupying about 52 and 45% of total area respectively of the total area 8876 ha. Except the biomass balance in year 2010, all the resources balance were negative. The drink water and fuel wood deficits were equal to 439 and 2801 m3 respectively. The dominant land use class, a cropland covered approximately 45% of total area. Conclusion: Studies had indicated the cereal, fuel wood and drink water resources deficit in years 1999 and 2010.

‘Come into the Army, Maud’: Women, Military Conscription, and the Markham Inquiry

Come into the Army, Maud, Your hours of ease are flown, Get into the Army, Maud, They are waiting for you alone, And the word of command has been wafted abroad, And the fall‐in finally blown. You w...

The Existence of Group Cohesion in the Armed Forces

In July 2006, Armed Forces & Society published an article by Anthony King, “The Word of Command: Communication and Cohesion in the Military.” Guy Siebold took issue with King's model of group cohesion and his conclusions in a Disputatio Sine Fine response titled “The Essence of Military Group Cohesion,” published in the January 2007 issue. In that article, Siebold argued that social psychologists have always emphasized the centrality of collective practice to group cohesion; in contrast, King argues that, in fact, Siebold's criticism invokes an essentialist concept of cohesion. For Siebold, social cohesion refers to the underlying bond between soldiers, which exists independently of any particular activity. King, by contrast, maintains that cohesion cannot be separated from the collective practices in which military personnel are engaged and, therefore, there is a difference between the sociological position he originally developed and social—psychological approaches.

The Essence of Military Group Cohesion

In July 2006, Armed Forces & Society published an article by Anthony King, “The Word of Command: Communication and Cohesion in the Military.” This commentary takes exception to certain statements and conclusions in King's article, and in the process, sketches a standard model of military group cohesion. This model is based on social integration in the military and is composed of both primary group cohesion (peer and leader bonding) and secondary group cohesion (organizational and institutional bonding). The essence of peer bonding is given as social relationships based on trust and teamwork. The standard model is presented as a tool to sensitize ethnographers about what to look for when observing military interactions and to help them interpret what they see.

INTRODUCTIONFIN-DE-SIÈCLERENAISSANCE: DIVERSITY, HISTORY, MODERNITY

Professor Goodwin has been most good to me, tells me what books to read, argues my “modernisms” of thought away as much as he can.—A. Mary F. Robinson (1879)The command of words and felicity of phrase are as remarkable as the decorative, yet unconventional, qualities of form and colour, so unusual a merit in the handling of motives chosen from the antique. Throughout, thetechniqueis large and modern.—Graham R. Tomson's review of Amy Levy'sA Minor Poet(1891)Her verse is … modern, clever.—Review of Graham R. Tomson'sA Summer Night(1891)… it is for us, England's living and yet unspent poets to make all things new. We are for the morning – the nineteenth century thinks it has no poets – nothing to lose – verily it has nothing: for we are not of it – we shake the dust of our feet from it, and pass on into the twentieth century.—Michael Field,Journal(1892)I don't know what I am or what I shall become.The Modern.—Michael Field,Journal(1894)

The Word of Command

Military sociologists have attempted to explain how military institutions develop and maintain high levels of social cohesion. They have focused primarily on how the personal and intimate social interactions between soldiers produce bonds of comradeship. This comradeship is taken as the basis of social cohesion. Although sustainable, there is an unfortunate bias in the work of military sociologists. They focus almost exclusively on informal rituals in which personal bonds are forged. In fact, the decisive rituals that bind military groups together are the formal processes of training. Drawing on ethnographic analysis of the British armed forces and the Royal Marines, in particular, this article attempts to redress the balance. It examines the drills—above all, the communication drills—that British troops are collectively trained to perform and claims that these constitute the key social rituals for the British military. On the basis of this analysis, an alternative account of comradeship is proposed

What's in a word? A review of the attributes of a command affecting the performance of pet dogs

The training of dogs usually involves the building of an association between a command word and a given behavior through reinforcement. Whilst the importance of applied learning theory in this process is widely recognized, there has been less emphasis in the scientific literature on the equally important role of interspecific communication in the learning of an instruction. A command is not a simple discriminative stimulus, and involves both verbal and non-verbal signals. It is also frequently offered in a variety of environmental contexts, which affect its contiguity and the perceived contingency between the verbal element of the message and its consequences during learning. Species-specific behavioral tendencies in human trainers, and perceptual biases in the canine trainee have been shown empirically to affect performance. There are many paralingual aspects to the communication which is involved in the training process; vocalics refers to the non-verbal vocal sounds involved, and it has been shown that short rising, higher pitched notes are more effective at eliciting motor activity during dog training. Other aspects of non-verbal communication at this time including kinesics—body language (especially oculesics—eye position and activity), physical appearance and proxemics—the structuring of the space at the time of instruction, and they have also been shown to affect canine performance. In addition, it would seem that dogs may not generalize the learning of commands as readily as is frequently implied in many texts. This has obvious implications for both the welfare and training of dogs, and deserves consideration in the training of other species.

Pragmática e subjetivação por uma ética impiedosa do acontecimento<A NAME="n1"></A>

Partindo da concepcao da pragmatica de Deleuze e Guattari, que considera o enunciado (unidade elementar da linguagem) como palavra-de-ordem, este trabalho pretende estabelecer linhas de aproximacao ao pensamento dos citados autores, no que se refere as articulacoes entre: 1. Palavra-de-ordem e os processos de subjetivacao; 2. Pragmatica das subjetivacoes e a etica do acontecimento (sentido). Apresenta ainda a proposta de uma etica do acontecimento (sentido) para os devires minoritarios: uma etica do anomalo para um devir-deficiencia.

Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Blocks of Text

Sophisticated text management software is currently available for doing thematic or code-based analysis, the principal procedural approach to qualitative data analysis. Such packages allow researchers to tag and retrieve contiguous blocks of data, maintain complex codebooks, manage large corpora of data, and display search results in interesting ways. For simple projects, however, with a few themes and a small number of texts, a complex program that requires a large investment of time to learn may be more technology than one needs. This article provides tips for making better use of the humble word processor, in this case, Microsoft Word. The use of text-formatting features, find-and-replace command, and Microsoft Word’s macro programming language can be used to mark themes in texts and retrieve exemplars of themes on demand.

Cancellation of loudspeaker words in speech recognition

A voice recognition system for use with a communication system having an incoming line carrying an incoming signal from a first end to a second end operably attached to a speaker and the outgoing line carrying an outgoing signal from a microphone near the speaker. A first speech recognition unit (SRU) detects selected incoming words and a second SRU detect outgoing words. A comparator/signal generator compares the outgoing word with the incoming word and outputs the outgoing word when the outgoing word does not match the incoming word. The first SRU may be delayed relative to the second SRU. The SRU's may also search only for selected words in template, or may ignore words which are first detected by the other SRU. A signaler may also provide a signal indicating inclusion of one of the selected words in a known incoming signal with an SRU being responsive to that signal to ignore the included one command word in the template for a selected period of time.

Voice-activated control for electrical device

An apparatus for voice-activated control of an electrical device comprises a receiving arrangement for receiving audio data generated by user. A vioce recognition arrangement is provided for determining whether the received audio data is a command word for controlling the electrical device. The voice recognition arrangement includes a microprocessor for comparing the received audio data with voice recognition data previously stored in the voice recognition arrangement. The voice recognition arrangment generates at least one control signal based on the comparison when the comparison reaches a predetermined threshold value. A power control controls power delivered to the electrical device. The power control is responsive to at least one control signal generated by the voice recognition arrangement for operating the electrical device in response to the at least one audio command generated by the user. An arrangement for adjusting the predetermined threshold value is provided to cause a control signal to be generated by the voice recognition arrangement when the audio data generated by the user varies from the previously stored voice recognition data.

A feasible method to implement optimum CIR-balanced power control in CDMA cellular mobile systems

Power control is essential in the design of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) techniques. Optimum power-control (OPC) methods with carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) balancing have been formulated as eigenvalue problems for frequency-division/time-division multiple-access (FDMA/TDMA) cellular systems. For the CDMA cellular system, its OPC was also formulated as an eigenvalue problem based on a large link-gain matrix. The OPCs with CIR-balancing were realized by solving eigenvalue problems of link-gain matrices. We reformulate the CIR-balanced OPC in CDMA cellular systems by benefiting from the power constraints as an eigenvalue problem based on a novel link-gain matrix. For a feasible implementation, a two-level hierarchical power-control structure is proposed to carry out the eigendecomposition which is required for the CIR-balanced OPC. Shortages of unbalanced CIR and global outage are two common issues in CIR-balanced power control. To tackle these two problems, a simple linear prediction method and an adaptive on-off strategy are proposed. Furthermore, because of the capacity limitation of wireless communications, a differential pulse code modulation scheme is presented to reduce the number of bits required for the transmission of command words in the two-level hierarchical power-control structure.

Speech coding for fast speech commands recognition

Isolated speech recognition could be more appropriate than continuous speech recognition systems for some word command applications. In this paper, some speech coders are explored that can be useful for fast word command recognition using low memory storage. First, decimated critical bands vectors by frame are used as coding features. The accuracy is around 94% for a set of ten commands; they are used at first step. After that, using a reduced DTW classification scheme, the accuracy for a small subset of possible candidates is above 99%. Another coding scheme is using the Karhunen–Loeve Transform (KLT) combined with multisection vector quantization. The KLT is not a fast transform; however, used at the subword level it gives a fast recognizer with accuracy around 99%. The classifiers in both cases are fast, around a second, and require low memory storage.

An investigation of different degrees of dysarthric speech as input to speaker-adaptive and speaker-dependent recognition systems

This study describes the feasibility of using speech recognition as a text input method for speakers with different degrees of dysarthria. The project investigated two different types of speech recognition systems: Prototype Swedish DragonDictate (PSDD), a speaker-adaptive phoneme-based system, and Infovox RA, a speaker-dependent, whole-word pattern-matching system. Individuals with mild and moderate dysarthria trained and then used 45 command words to input text independently into the PSDD. The results indicated that the PSDD system adapted well to the speech of individuals with mild and moderate dysarthria, but the recognition scores were lower than for a natural speaker. The PSDD system also adapted to the speech of two participants with different degrees of severe dysarthria, but they were unable to use this system independently. On the Infovox RA system, there was a wide range in the mean recognition scores for participants with dysarthria, whereas the natural speaker reached almost 100%. The recognition score for the participant with very severe dysarthria increased substantially with an adapted vocabulary on the speaker-dependent Infovox RA system. The results are discussed in terms of factors that should be considered before selecting a suitable speech recognition system for speakers with different degrees of dysarthria.

A Model of a Microprocessor with a Wide Command Word

An analytical approach is proposed for estimating characteristics of microprocessor computer systems with wide command words. Queueing networks are used as models of computer systems.

Robust voice activity detection algorithm for estimating noise spectrum

A new voice activity detection(VAD) algorithm is proposed for estimating the spectrum of car noise in which noise is filtered out in the frequency domain. The proposed algorithm uses the log energy parameters which are composed of two parts in the critical band. The algorithm detects the noise period by applying two adaptive thresholds to each part. Using the noise period we can reliably estimate the time-varying noise characteristics. The advantage of the proposed technique is that it can prevent incorrect detections caused by unvoiced or nasal sounds with high frequency components being covered by car noise with low frequency components. The algorithm is suitable for real time implementation with one microphone. Also, a speaker-independent speech recognition system has been implemented for car navigation using a fixed point Oak DSP system, which incorporates the proposed VAD algorithm. The system enhanced the recognition rates for 12 isolated command words to 94.52% compared with the 80.7% of the baseline recogniser.

A case study in designing speech interaction with a patient monitor.

New developments in speech interaction technology warrant the assumption that some of the interaction problems at anesthesia workplaces can be solved using speech interaction. One application might be the documentation of the anesthetic procedure. To investigate this hypothesis, a speech input system was developed for a commercially available patient monitor (Datex-Ohmeda AS/3 Anesthesia Monitor with Record-Keeper), which in addition to standard functions also facilitates the generation of the anesthesia record. The speech input system was based on the IBM ViaVoice speech recognition technology (version Millennium Pro). The speech input device was preliminarily tested by 5 anesthetists wearing surgical masks under laboratory conditions and through retrospectively documenting 4 to 5 anesthetic procedures (each 12 to 17 documentation entries) in a calm situation. The speech interactive documentation procedure was compared with the conventional keyboard documentation procedure. The test persons achieved an overall word recognition rate between 72% and 92.4%. Between 76.5% and 97.7% of the single word commands could be completed without any corrections. The same qualifier held for 58.5% to 86.3% of the two- and three-word commands. Despite high speech recognition error rates, almost all documentation entries (236 of 238) could be finished using speech interaction. Comparing both documentation techniques, speech interaction was said to be more intuitive and caused less frustration than the keyboard documentation procedure. However, speech interactive documentation was rated less controllable because of the high speech recognition error rates and bccause the auditive feedback dialogues took too long. Modern speech recognition tools are still not advanced enough to facilitate the design of applications with an almost natural speech interface and widespread user acceptance. Nevertheless, many tasks in anesthesia have the necessary characteristics to be optimally supported by speech interaction. In contrast to earlier approaches to speech-interactive anesthesia workplaces, successful application today depends on the question of design rather than solely on that of technology. Many of the constraints and drawbacks of current technology can be overcome through appropriate design measures. The goals must focus first on identifying task areas in intensive care where speech-interaction can yield real benefit in terms of work efficiency, and second on developing and evaluating an ergonomic design of speech interaction. The intended users seem to look forward to the incorporation of speech interaction at the workplace.

An on-line adaptive neural network for speech recognition

In this paper, we present an on-line learning neural network model, Dynamic Recognition Neural Network (DRNN), for real-time speech recognition. The property of accumulative learning of the DRNN makes it very suitable for real-time speech recognition with on-line learning. A comparison between the DRNN and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) shows that the computational complexity of the former is lower than that of the latter in both training and recognition. Encouraging results are obtained when the DRNN is tested on a BUPT digit database (Mandarin) and on the on-line learning of twenty isolated English computer command words.

Automatic Speech Recognition Applications: A Study of Methods for Defining Command Vocabularies

Phoneme-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology enables designers to easily create custom command words or phrases that users can employ to request service operations. In this paper, I report results from two experiments concerning important dimensions of these ASR command vocabularies, including command naturalness/appropriateness and command recallability. Ease of recall is a critical dimension for assessing ASR commands used in multi-step applications since service subscribers may be engaged in several different cognitive activities that divide attention. Yet techniques for measuring command recallability can be difficult to implement owing to the time required for data collection and analysis. Results of these studies indicate the the dimension of command “naturalness” and memorability are closely related: under appropriate conditions, the simple procedures associated with measuring command naturalness or appropriateness can predict retrievability of command expressions.

‘Twisted relations’: Method and meaning in Britten's Billy Budd

In Herman Melville's story, Billy Budd, Sailor (An Inside Narrative), the potentially mutinous reaction of the Bellipotent's crew to Billy's execution is quelled by a call to order:For suddenly the drum beat to quarters, which familiar sound happening at least twice every day, had upon the present occasion a signal peremptoriness in it. True martial discipline long continued superinduces in average man a sort of impulse whose operation at the official word of command much resembles in its promptitude the effect of an instinct.