Command Words Research Articles

Kalam Khabar dan, Insyai dalam Do’a Nabi Zakariyah pada Surah Maryam Ayat 4,5,6,7,8,10,11: Studi Analisis Balaghah

This writing intends to tell the story of the khabar, God willing, in the prayer of the Prophet Zakariyah to Allah SWT which explains the meaning of the Prophet Zakarivah to Allah SWT. This type of research uses quantitative methods with the research object being the dialogue of the Prophet Zakariyah AS. The findings show that there are, in fact, seven verses that contain kalam khabar, and God willing, in the Dialogue of the Prophet Zakariyah in Surah Maryam the use of words in the dialogue is not based on their true meaning because the recipient of the information knows more about the information conveyed. kalam khabar in this dialogue aims to convey information to those who know it. It's the same with kalam ins'ya which shows not the true meaning. because a command in this verse is from bottom to top, the form of the word command in this verse cannot be called a command because the command is from top to bottom, so in this verse it is not an order but in the form of a prayer (request)

Navigating the complexities of learning history in English in two South African schools

Despite extensive research into the intersection between English aptitude and academic achievement, the challenges that learners for whom English is not their first language face when taught history in English are still underexplored. Underpinned by Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, this study investigates the linguistic challenges that South African learners face when taught history using the English language, and then explores how learners would want to be taught. Using semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, this phenomenological study adopting a qualitative approach generated data from 12 purposively sampled participants drawn from two rural schools. Themed findings explicate that learners had poor command of the English language used for teaching and learning, and hence misunderstood command words, lacked confidence, mispronounced words and did not read for comprehension. The learners proposed that history teachers must employ scaffolding and translanguaging approaches to enhance mastery of history concepts. These findings suggest the need for schools through the Department of Education in South Africa, and in any other countries in similar contexts, to embrace scaffolding and translanguaging as pedagogical approaches in teaching history for understanding, rather than for uniformity. These insights could inform policies and practice for the language of teaching for the history curriculum in countries that are multilingual societies.

Cohesion, Combat Performance and Civil-Military Relations: Contextualizing “The Word of Command”

In 2006, Armed Forces & Society published my article on small unit cohesion, “The Word of Command.” It has been the focus of considerable discussion since that time. This essay describes the origins and the purpose of that 2006 article, as an attempt to contribute to an emergent “practical” paradigm in the study of cohesion. Instead of focusing on interpersonal cohesion, my original article prioritized skill—task cohesion. This commentary argues that although the political implications of small unit cohesion was subordinate in 2006, that initial article—and my wider work on cohesion—speaks directly to a key theme in the journal: civil-military relations.

KAJIAN ILMU MA’ANI KAIDAH INSYA’ THALABI AMR DALAM QS. AL-‘ALAQ AYAT 1

This paper discusses the study of one of t he branches of balaghah science, namely ma'ani science which examines the first verse of Al-'Alaq, where the focus of the study of this paper uses the rules of ma'ani science, namely the rules of kalam insha' thalabi amr. The purpose of writing this paper is to provide knowledge to the reader about the insya' thalabi amr sentence, which has the meaning of news that requires the occurrence of something in the form of a command word which has a position as a rule of ma'ani science. Besides that, the discussion of this rule has various kinds based on something that has been determined through certain studies. Collecting data in this writing using literature study. The method used in this paper uses qualitative methods by taking literary sources such as balaghah science books, ulumul qur'an, related journals, interpretation of the Qur'an and so on using a descriptive analysis approach. The result of this writing is that in the letter Al-'Alaq verse 1 contains the rule insha' thalabi amr which in the content of the verse contains a command to read. Where the meaning of the order of reading is not narrowly but broadly

Recognizing Command Words using Deep Recurrent Neural Network for Both Acoustic and Throat Speech

The importance of speech command recognition in a human-machine interaction system is increased in recent years. In this study, we propose a deep neural network-based system for acoustic and throat command speech recognition. We apply a preprocessed pipeline to create the input of the deep learning model. Firstly, speech commands are decomposed into components using well-known signal decomposition techniques. The Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) feature extraction method is applied to each component of the speech commands to obtain the feature inputs for the recognition system. At this stage, we apply and compare performance using different speech decomposition techniques such as wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in order to find out the best technique for our model. We observe that WPD shows the best performance in terms of classification accuracy. This paper investigates long short-term memory (LSTM)-based recurrent neural network (RNN), which is trained using the extracted MFCC features. The proposed neural network is trained and tested using acoustic speech commands. Moreover, we also train and test the proposed model using a throat mic. speech commands as well. Lastly, the transfer learning technique is employed to increase the test accuracy for throat speech recognition. The weights of the model train with the acoustic signal are used to initialize the model used for throat speech recognition. Overall, we have found significant classification accuracy for both acoustic and throat command speech. We obtain LSTM is much better than the GMM-HMM model, convolutional neural networks such as CNN-tpool2 and residual networks such as res15 and res26 with an accuracy score of over 97% on Google’s Speech Commands dataset and we achieve 95.35% accuracy on our throat speech data set using the transfer learning technique.

Innovation of Language Receptive Skills Based on Authentic Assessment

The purpose of this scientific study is to analyze and answer the problems that exist in the assessment of class XI Arabic books published by the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia in 2020, especially on language receptive skills, which consist of listening and reading skills. This research was studied using qualitative methods and literature studies to collect data. Primary data comes from Arabic books published by the Ministry of Religion in class XI in 2020, while secondary data comes from literature documents that are relevant to the research. The results of the analysis show that receptive language skills have been assessed and are included in the realm of knowledge. In fact, receptive skills (reading and listening) must be included in language skills, while aspects of language knowledge can be obtained from language elements. Therefore, an authentic assessment is needed that positions receptive skills in the assessment of skills, which at the same time can assess linguistic elements in the knowledge aspect without forgetting the attitude aspect by assessing portfolios, assignments, performance, and interviews that are tailored to needs. The theme of the text being read or heard. Authentic assessment of receptive skills can be carried out by using projects, interviews, or assignments with command words, such as concluding the spoken text heard, making pictures based on the description of the spoken text, making conversations according to the content heard, or making texts that are similar to the text being spoken heard.

MuteIt

In this paper, we present MuteIt, an ear-worn system for recognizing unvoiced human commands. MuteIt presents an intuitive alternative to voice-based interactions that can be unreliable in noisy environments, disruptive to those around us, and compromise our privacy. We propose a twin-IMU set up to track the user's jaw motion and cancel motion artifacts caused by head and body movements. MuteIt processes jaw motion during word articulation to break each word signal into its constituent syllables, and further each syllable into phonemes (vowels, visemes, and plosives). Recognizing unvoiced commands by only tracking jaw motion is challenging. As a secondary articulator, jaw motion is not distinctive enough for unvoiced speech recognition. MuteIt combines IMU data with the anatomy of jaw movement as well as principles from linguistics, to model the task of word recognition as an estimation problem. Rather than employing machine learning to train a word classifier, we reconstruct each word as a sequence of phonemes using a bi-directional particle filter, enabling the system to be easily scaled to a large set of words. We validate MuteIt for 20 subjects with diverse speech accents to recognize 100 common command words. MuteIt achieves a mean word recognition accuracy of 94.8% in noise-free conditions. When compared with common voice assistants, MuteIt outperforms them in noisy acoustic environments, achieving higher than 90% recognition accuracy. Even in the presence of motion artifacts, such as head movement, walking, and riding in a moving vehicle, MuteIt achieves mean word recognition accuracy of 91% over all scenarios.

Arabic Advertising on Food Products and Beverages: A Stylistic Analysis dan Semantic Field

Background: Many foods and beverage products are currently using Arabic as advertisements to promote product contents and explain how to present them in a contemporary language style to make it easier for consumers from across countries.
 Purpose: This study aims to (1) describe the process of forming Arabic vocabulary advertised on food and beverage products and (2) find out the meaning and style of Arabic used in food and beverage products.
 Method: This study applies a stylistic and semantic field approach to library research. Primary data was collected and identified through seven product advertisements serving food and beverages. Data were analyzed descriptively through the identification of vocabulary, analysis of the use of advertising language style, and variants of meaning.
 Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a similarity in the use of imperative sentences in the manner of presenting products, the advertising language used to explain how to present food and beverage products always uses the style of uslub al-Amr (command word) to do something. In addition, the word forms used have ten different meanings according to the context of the sentence.
 Implications: The results of this study have implications for acquiring new Arabic vocabulary with contemporary advertising language styles, which can be done by studying product presentation instructions.

Adaptation of Millennial Optimization in Organizations

The book of Managing Millennials as a whole is not arranged like a textbook that is heavy to read and study. The sentences arranged in it seem straightforward and effective and encourage readers persuasively to be able to understand millennials from a different point of view. The adaptation tips and recipes presented also have the impression of being very practical and easy to implement in a corporate and organizational environment. In the present, this book is still very relevant because millennials still dominate the employment today. In addition, the generation after millennials, namely those born above 2000, the way of handling is also still relatively the same as millennials themselves. So that managers and leaders of the organization are still recommended to read this book. The author of this book who is a military veteran but has an MBA education background, and has experience as a consultant in various companies in which there are elements of the millennial generation, tends to choose sentences with a predominance of command words that arouse the spirit of the reader. So for readers who come from among practitioners, this book is very suitable and light enough to be read repeatedly before being practiced to the real world. But for readers from academics, this book can be a short and concise reference alternative for teaching or for students who are doing research.

Tawar Suku Kutai di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Ditinjau dari Bentuk Mantra, Aspek Budaya, dan Fungsi

The purpose of this study is to find out the form, cultural aspects, and functions contained in the Kutai Tribe's Tawar mantra. The method used is a method of content analysis and uses fishing techniques, interviews, recordings and introspection. The results of the research obtained by data in the form of (i) Mantra consists of several series of words that have elements of rhythm and rhyme; (ii) The content of the spell relates to supernatural powers; (iii) Contain words of seduction, challenge, command and curse; (iv) Having selected words that are considered powerful or have supernatural powers; (v) Have a tradition of bargaining; (vi) Have a function in its society; (vii) Use of media in the treatment process. The cultural aspect that exists in traditional medicine is to form like a cross when doing the treatment process in the sick sufferer depending on the pain suffered and treatment at the time of sun. Kutai tribe treatment mantra based on the results of analysis of its bargain function possessed by the Kutai Tribe in accordance with the purpose and function of the mantra, namely (i) to obtain power from God (ii) to rule, persuade, curse or expel evil spirits and treat the sick.

Silent speech command word recognition using stepped frequency continuous wave radar

Recovering speech in the absence of the acoustic speech signal itself, i.e., silent speech, holds great potential for restoring or enhancing oral communication in those who lost it. Radar is a relatively unexplored silent speech sensing modality, even though it has the advantage of being fully non-invasive. We therefore built a custom stepped frequency continuous wave radar hardware to measure the changes in the transmission spectra during speech between three antennas, located on both cheeks and the chin with a measurement update rate of 100 Hz. We then recorded a command word corpus of 40 phonetically balanced, two-syllable German words and the German digits zero to nine for two individual speakers and evaluated both the speaker-dependent multi-session and inter-session recognition accuracies on this 50-word corpus using a bidirectional long-short term memory network. We obtained recognition accuracies of 99.17% and 88.87% for the speaker-dependent multi-session and inter-session accuracy, respectively. These results show that the transmission spectra are very well suited to discriminate individual words from one another, even across different sessions, which is one of the key challenges for fully non-invasive silent speech interfaces.

Analyse, evaluate, review, synthesise, and argue: why teacher-assessors’ interpretations of command words matter

ABSTRACT Background Secondary school teachers sometimes teach and assess material outside their specialisms for reasons including staff shortages or the growing popularity of the interdisciplinary courses. We hypothesised that teacher-assessors with different subject specialisms may differ in their interpretations of frequently used words in teaching and assessment, such as ‘analyse’ and ‘evaluate’. Differing interpretations of these seemingly generic command words are worthy of investigation because they may have implications for the clarity and success of teaching and assessment. Purpose The aim of this small-scale study was to identify and analyse teacher-assessors’ interpretative differences of command words commonly used in teaching and assessment in order to draw out implications for students’ learning and assessment outcomes. Method Written definitions for five common command words (analyse, evaluate, review, synthesise and argue) were obtained from six published sources and also from nine experienced teacher-assessors in England covering seven subjects. A directed qualitative content analysis was conducted, entailing comparisons across individual definitions and across the humanities and sciences. Findings For all five command words, definitions were found to vary in both conceptual complexity and subject specificity, sometimes within the same subject. Fundamentally different concepts were identified for ‘review’ (which may or may not entail making a judgement about material) and ‘argue’ (which may or may not focus on reasoning). This could be an important cause of confusion for some students and may limit the depth of teaching and understanding for others. Furthermore, such differences could reduce agreement among assessors and undermine the appropriateness of the inferences drawn from the outcomes of assessments. Conclusion This small-scale investigation highlights the importance of building shared understandings of assessment criteria. Although assessor standardisation is the norm and occurs via formal procedures within large examination boards, the emphasis on it may be considerably weaker in less regulated teacher-assessor contexts. Further research could usefully focus on training and support the needs of non-specialist teachers and interdisciplinary course developers, strengthening communities of practice.

Development Status of Smart Home System in the Era of Internet of Everything

Driven by the Internet of things technology, the development of smart home is showing a rapid and vigorous development trend. This paper mainly studies the development status of smart home system in the era of Internet of things. After a long time of operation, the system should check the power supply voltage, check whether the LCD display is normal, whether the wireless module can transmit the signal, and whether the signal collected by the sensor is normal. We check all kinds of interfaces and the circuit works normally. After running for a long time, the program checks the working condition of the chip and checks the working state of the chip. The accuracy test environment of this system is the test of air conditioner, TV and socket in the laboratory. Each command word is tested 50 times, and the number of successful experiments is recorded. The data shows that the average transmission time is about 10 ms, and 99.9% of the data transmission delay is less than 30 ms. The results show that the hardware circuit meets the requirements of low-power design, and the embedded software can reduce the system power consumption and achieve business functions through sleep wake-up mechanism.

SoundLip

As a natural and convenient interaction modality, voice input has now become indispensable to smart devices (e.g. mobile phones and smart appliances). However, voice input is strongly constrained by surroundings and may raise privacy leakage in public areas. In this paper, we present SoundLip, an end-to-end interaction system enabling users to interact with smart devices via silent voice input. The key insight is to use inaudible acoustic signals to capture the lip movements of users when they issue commands. Previous works have considered lip reading as a naive classification task and thus can only recognize individual words. In contrast, our proposed system enables lip reading at both word and sentence levels, which are more suitable for daily-life use. We exploit the built-in speakers and microphones of smart devices to emit acoustic signals and listen to their reflections, respectively. In order to better abstract representations from multi-frequency and multi-modality acoustic signals, we elaborate a hierarchical convolutional neural network (HCNN) to serve as the front-end as well as recognize individual word commands. Then, for the sentence-level recognition, we exploit a multi-task encoder-decoder network to get around temporal segmentation and output sentences in an end-to-end way. We evaluate SoundLip on 20 individual words and 70 sentences from 12 participants. Our system achieves an accuracy of 91.2% at word-level and a word error rate of 7.1% at sentence-level in both user-independent and environment-independent settings. Given its innovative solution and promising performance, we believe that SoundLip has made a significant contribution to the advancement of silent voice input technology.

Implementation of The Speech Recognition System Using a real time web Server Based

a Speech Recognition is a system used to recognize word commands from human voices and then translated them into data that can be understood by a computer. The advantages of Speech Recognition include speed and ease of use. Merdeka Malang is a private university founded on January 29, 1964. The University of Merdeka Malang still doesn’t have a strategy in recommending new students based on historical data calculations in choosing faculties. and majors. In calculating the history, if you use a manual system, they will be constrained by the time and accuracy of the data, causing the data to be less valid.Therefore, there is a need for a system that can exchange data in real-time so that the data displayed is always up to date without manual data updating. This process is useful for monitoring and accelerating the process of calculating student interest data, which can later be recommended to future new students. Moreover, The speech technique used is using speech recognition which is used for processing speech data on smartphones while sending data using the XAMPP web server which is used to exchange data from smartphones to servers.

الأساليب الإنشائية في الأربعين النووية

This study aims to describe the secrets contained in the words of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, especially in terms of structuralism in the choice of words spoken from his oral Muhammad peace be upon him, because everything that is spoken from the oral of the Prophet Muhammad is a revelation that is absolute to believe, then in terms of fluency this is a treasure in the branch of balaghah science. This study used a qualitative method with descriptive analysis, where this method focuses on the words of the Prophet Muhammad that written in the Al 'Arbai'in An Nawaiyah book, and also the structural techniques that researched in this study only focuses on a few form of words that is al amr (command word), an nahyu (prohibition word), al istifham (question word), an nidaa (call word). The findings of this study are the words os the Prophet Muhammad that written on Al 'Arbai'in An Nawaiyah book contain many forms of structural techniques with their respective objectives and purposes, one example is the word (يَا مُحَمَّدُ) in hadith number 2 is included in the category of an nidaa (calling words), which in balaghah science functions to call someone who is some distance away drom the speaker, and also another function is a call of honor to someone who has a higher rank than the speaker.

The formation of grammatical competence on the material of pronouns of German language

This article reviews the concept of educational competence, component composition of foreign language communication competence, and content of teaching technique of the grammatical side of speech on the material of pronouns of German language. The grammatical speaking skills, which are in the center of research analysis, manifest as the means of formation of communication competence. The knowledge of grammatical rules is the basis for language proficiency. Grammar performs an organizational role essential to students for structuring oral speech and understanding specializes texts in foreign language. The article analyzes the peculiarities of teaching basic syntactic structures of German language system, the methodologically appropriate presentation of which form grammatical speaking skills of the students. The need for paying closer attention to the formation and development of grammatical competence is substantiated by the fact that communication in foreign language is impossible without the command and proper use of words and phrases that comply with the norms of that language. Possessive and demonstrative pronouns are most difficult to digest for the Russian-speaking audience, due to discrepancy in their morphology and variety of meanings in the contacting languages, which necessitates the use of methodological techniques to alleviate the effect of linguistic interference.

معاني الأمر في الأحاديث المتعلقة بالزكاة

Abstract: Researching the matter is very important in understanding the words of God and the hadiths of the Prophet and deriving legal rulings from them. In this letter, I discussed the matter in terms of its meanings, for the presence of the meanings of the command that depart from its original meaning. It was said: The principle of the matter is to be obligatory, and it was said: The matter is a verb request from the highest to the lowest. If we notice the command words in the Noble Qur’an and the hadiths of the Prophet and Arabic sentences. We find command words that came out of its original meaning. The author specified the search for the meanings of the matter in the hadiths related to zakat, because hadith is the second source of Sharia rulings after the Holy Qur’an. In a statement of what he needs from dairy from its verses. As for zakat, it is one of the five pillars of Islam.
 الكلمات الأساسية : معاني الأمر، الأحاديث، الزكاة

تحليل كلام الإنشاء الطلبي ومعانيه في أشعار لبيد بن ربيعة العامري

An arabic poetry is arabian pride a time of ignorancce. They complete to make poetry as their pride. Labid bin Rabi’ah is a poet who lived in two periods, Jahil and Islamic period. He has many works including diwan Labid bin Rabi’ah, it was the most collection work at the time. The aim of this study is to analyze the form and meaning of kalam insya’ thalabi in Labid bin Rabi’ah’s poetry. This study is used qualitative descriptive method (to describe and explain about this study) and also analytical method (as a tool to examine it more deeply). The result of the study stated that kalam insya’ thalabi in Labid bin Rabi’ah’s poetry is amar (command word) 12 stanzas, nahi (prohibition) 6 stanzas, istifham (question) 24 stanzas, tamanni (hope) 7 stanzas, nida’ (citation) 4 stanzas. As seen of the form side, there are several form of kalam insya’ thalabi which includes amar (command), nahi (prohibition), istifham (question), tamanni (hope), nida’ (citation). As seen of meaning side, it has true meaning original and idhafi. they are ta’jiz (weaken), iltimas (the utterance to people who has the same age), tahdid (threat), irsyad (intruction) and taqrir (affirmation).

Factores limitantes en el proceso de elaboración del proyecto de investigación científica

Objetivo. Identificar los factores limitantes en el proceso de elaboración del proyecto de investigación científica en estudiantes del Programa de Enfermería de la Universidad de Huánuco, 2019. Métodos. Fue un estudio observacional, prospectivo, y analítico. La muestra fueron 60 estudiantes. Los instrumentos de medición fueron la guía de entrevista de características generales de la muestra y dos cuestionarios, el de elaboración del proyecto de investigación y el de factores limitantes, los cuales fueron previamente validados. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó el chi cuadrado de independencia; y un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados. El proceso de elaboración del proyecto en el 53,3 % (32) fue adecuado. Contrastando las hipótesis se halló que los factores individuales: desinterés por aportar a la solución de problemas o necesidades a través de la investigación, bajo desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, poco hábito de lectura de artículos científicos, escaso compromiso para la elaboración del proyecto, desinterés por la investigación científica, insuficientes conocimientos para búsqueda de información científica, poco dominio del Word y otros programas informáticos, carencia de medios de almacenamiento o dispositivos de información y carencia de acceso a Internet. Los factores institucionales: baja interacción con el docente tutor para resolver dudas sobre el proyecto, desconocimiento del tema por el asesor de la tesis y la percepción de falta de competencias metodológicas de los docentes para asesorar proyectos; todos estos fueron limitantes significativos en el proceso de elaboración del proyecto de investigación científica. Conclusión.Los hallazgos resaltan la predominancia de los factores individuales como factores limitantes en el proceso de elaboración del proyecto científico.