Comite International Research Articles

The measurements results adjustment by the Least Square Method

The method for processing of the measurement results obtained from Comite International des Poids et Measures (CIPM) Key, Regional Metrology Organizations (RMO) or supplementary comparisons, from the proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons and the calibrations is proposed. It is named by authors as adjustment by least square method (LSM). Additive and multiplicative parameters for each measuring standard of every particular laboratory will be the results of this adjustment. As well as the parameters for each artifact.
 The parameters of the measurements standards are their additive and multiplicative degrees of equivalence from the comparison and the estimations of the systematic errors (biases) from calibrations. The parameters of the artifacts are the key comparisons reference value from the comparison and the assigned quantity values from the calibrations.
 The adjustment is considered as a way to solving a problem of processing the great amount of homogeneous measurements with many measuring standards at a different comparison levels (CIPM, RMO or supplementary), including connected problems.
 Four different cases of the adjustments are considered. The first one is a free case of adjustment. It was named so because of the fact that none of participants has any advantage except their uncertainties of measurements.
 The second one is a fixed case of adjustment. Measuring results of RMO and supplementary comparisons are rigidly linked to additive and multiplicative parameters of measuring standards of particular laboratories participated in CIPM key comparisons.
 The third one is a case of adjustment with dependent equations. This one is not so rigidly linked of the new comparisons results to previous or to some other comparisons as for fixed case. It means that the new results of comparisons are influenced by the known additive and multiplicative parameters and vice versa.
 The fourth one is a free case of adjustment with additional summary equations. In that case certain checking equations are added to the system of equations. So, the sum of parameters multiplied by their weights of all measurement standards for particular laboratories participated in comparisons should be equal to zero.

Optical clock based on a sympathetically-cooled indium ion

We report on the progress of an optical clock based on an indium ion (115In+) sympathetically cooled with a calcium ion (40Ca+) in a linear trap. In our previous work, we have measured the clock transition frequency with an uncertainty of 5× 10− 15, prompting an update of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) recommended value. The uncertainty was mainly limited by the evaluation of the Zeeman shift which was complicated by unresolved sublevel components. In contrast to the previous measurement, Zeeman sublevels are now separated by application of a magnetic field. Combined with optical pumping to specific Zeeman substates, the magnetic field application method successfully reduces the observed linewidth of the clock transition spectrum down to about 80 Hz full width at half maximum (FWHM). Frequency locking of the clock laser to the transition is demonstrated for the first time. The clock reaches a relative instability of 1.5× 10− 15 for an integration time of 4000 seconds.

APPLICATION OF CIPM 2007 FORMULA AND ITS INFLUENCE IN DETERMINING UNCERTAINTY DUE TO VARIATION OF AIR DENSITY

Air density measurement is an important parameter in standard mass calibration. The value is calculated from four measured components : temperature, relative humidity, mole fraction of carbon dioxide, and air pressure of environment where the calibration takes place. Empirical formula to calculate air density is recommended by Comite International des Poids et mesures (CIPM) in 1981/91, then updated in 2007. In this paper, there will be explanation about the differences between CIPM 1981/91 formula and CIPM 2007, their applications to air density calculation and the effects to uncertainty budget, and uncertainty contribution from air density variation to the standard mass calibration. The data is taken from the environment condition in Mass Laboratory of RCM LIPI. From the calculation, the average air density obtained from CIPM 1981/91 formula is 0.0001 kg/m 3 smaller than that obtained from CIPM 2007. Air density variation in the mass laboratory is calculated as 0.00572 kg/m 3 for CIPM 1981/91 formula and 0.00566 kg/m 3 for CIPM 2007. Very small difference makes it insignificant to the uncertainty budget. Uncertainty contribution to standard mass calibration for both formulas are relatively the same, about 0.031 kg/m 3 , with the sensitivity coefficient 3.0 x 10 -06 m 3 , making it the third largest contributor to the uncertainty budget of mass calibration.

Sidewall Buckling of Equal-Width RHS Truss X-Joints

AbstractThis paper presents a new design methodology for equal-width rectangular hollow section (RHS) X-joints failing by sidewall buckling. In the new approach, a slenderness parameter is defined based on the elastic local buckling stress of the sidewall, idealized as an infinitely long plate under patch loading. A Rayleigh-Ritz approximation is thereby used to obtain a closed-form solution. The proposed design equation is verified against experimental results over a wide range of wall slenderness values obtained from the literature and complemented by a brief experimental program carried out by the authors. It is demonstrated that the new design equation yields excellent results against the experimental data. Finally, a reliability analysis is performed within the framework of both the Eurocode and the AISI standards to ensure that the proposed design equation possesses the required level of safety. The newly proposed equation strongly outperforms the current Comite International pour le Developpement e...

FİLMDE ÇEVRESEL KORUMA TEŞVİKİ: ÖRNEK ÇALIŞMA “KIŞ MEYVELERİ” BELGESEL FİLMİ

Documentary films, whether perceived as a creative treatment of actuality or as a tool for presenting life as it is, are becoming more attractive form to film artists. One of the reasons may be the fact that the documentary film is usually a smaller investment than the feature film, and that lately some of them generate quite high earnings, as the films Fahrenheit 9/11 and March of the Penguins. However, part of the charm of the documentary film is that it affects its audience differently than the feature film. Boundary line between the audience and the film almost disappears, and the audience becomes a witness. That is why the documentaries are often used for marketing purposes. Questions related to promotion of environmental protection more and more frequently attract the attention of the documentary film makers, as evidenced by the increasing number of environmental film festivals in the world. The main aim of this paper is to present one such film Serbian low-budget documentary film Winter fruits. Powerful message this film carries, that we should all take care of the planet Earth since it is the only place we can live on, was recognized at film festivals worldwide. The film has won numerous awards, including the very prestigious Golden Dolphin, awarded at the Documentary Film Festival in Cannes in 2011, and the Grand Prix for the best ecotourism film, awarded by CIFFT (Comite International des Festivals du film Touristique) in Vienna 2011.

Evaluation and Selection of High-Temperature Fixed-Point Cells for Thermodynamic Temperature Assignment

A multi-partner project to determine the thermodynamic temperatures of a selected set of high-temperature fixed points based on metal-carbon eutectics is underway as a working group activity within the Comite International des Poids et Mesures. The investigation focuses on four fixed-point types, namely, the three metal-carbon eutectic points of Re-C \((2474\,^{\circ }\hbox {C})\), Pt-C \((1738\,^{\circ }\hbox {C})\), and Co-C \((1324\,^{\circ }\hbox {C})\), and the Cu point \((1084.62\,^{\circ }\hbox {C})\). This paper describes the construction, pre-evaluation, and screening stage of the cells prior to their thermodynamic temperature determinations. The construction of the HTFP cells was undertaken by nine national metrology institutes (NMIs) according to instructions laid out in a pre-agreed protocol that ensures production of best quality cells. Four NMIs conducted the evaluation, each for a certain fixed-point type, and screened out cells that did not meet pre-determined selection criteria while assuring sufficient variety in the sources of the cells in the final selected sets. In autumn 2012, the selected cells were successfully passed on to the final stage of the project, the thermodynamic temperature measurement, and assignment.

Investigation of the Characteristic of the Nd:YAG Laser for Standard Wavelength in Metrology

This research studied characteristics of the Nd:YAG laser with second harmonic generation (SHG) at 532 nm. It can be develop as a standard wavelength according to the recommendation made by the Comite International des Poids et Measures (CIPM). This study investigates various parameters that effect wavelength and laser power of the Nd:YAG laser such as injection current of diode laser, temperature of Nd:YAG crystal and second harmonic generator crystal. Its wavelength can be tuned in the range of standard wavelength at 532.24503 nm with 10-7 of stability.

P. R. ROBINSON (ed.), Teaching Writing, Learning to Write: Proceedings of the XVIth Colloquium of the Comite International de Paleographie Latine.

P. R. ROBINSON (ed.), Teaching Writing, Learning to Write: Proceedings of the XVIth Colloquium of the Comite International de Paleographie Latine.

Interlaboratory comparison for the determination of pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage

The results of and findings from an interlaboratory comparison among laboratories carrying out food testing of pesticide residues in the APEC (Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation) region are presented and discussed to show critical roles of chemical metrology infrastructure in establishing traceability of measurements and in supporting existing measurement capability in safety and quality of food trade. The study material, which was prepared and certified by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), was freeze-dried Chinese cabbage powder fortified with two organophosphorous pesticides (diazinon and chlorpyrifos). Among 14 participants, 12 laboratories were accredited based on ISO/IEC17025 and one laboratory was under assessment for the accreditation at the time of this study. Though all participants demonstrated very good intra-day repeatability and inter-day intermediate precision, many of them showed a large bias from the certified values. It is suggested that in addition to the accreditation system, economies are encouraged to develop appropriate chemical metrology infrastructure, which could effectively support laboratories to assure measurement traceability to SI, for which NMIs could play significant roles through their metrological services recognized in Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comite International des Poids et Mesures, CIPM).

Integer numbers and their ratios are key concepts in describing the interactions of atoms and molecules

A general discussion of the redefinition of the mole, the SI unit for ‘amount of substance’, is now ongoing in ever broadening circles as part of a general overhaul of the Systeme International d’Unites, SI. Important for chemists are the unit mole (symbol mol) and the unit kilogram (symbol kg). For several thousands of years, ‘mass’ was the property enabling measurement of ‘‘how much is there?’’ by using a comparative balance and the property of masses on the surface of the earth commonly called ‘‘weight’’ (concepts put in single quotes; double quotes used for quotations or to emphasize). Then, Isaac Newton (1642–1727) fundamentally changed our thinking by explaining that ‘mass’ was related to both ‘gravitational attraction’ and ‘inertia’. Einstein (1879–1955) further showed that these are the same quantity. Quite different to this is the modern concept of ‘amount of substance’ mentioned in the SI but basically different from each of these. Equally important is the concept ‘number of particles’ (in generic language: ‘number of entities’; ‘entities’ here must be specified), based on the property of ‘numerosity’ [1]. It is present in the mind of chemists making analytical measurements. ‘Mass’ was included in the International System of Quantities (ISQ) as a base quantity (Sect. 1.2 pp 104–105 in [2] and entry 1.6 in the Vocabulaire International de Metrologie—VIM [3]), and assigned the base unit kilogram. ‘Numerosity’ was not. Neither was ‘number of entities’. This disregarded the discontinuous structure of matter. In 1971, the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM), on the proposal of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) and without a consultative committee on chemical measurements in existence (that Committee started to be operational in 1996 only), decided to define a unit ‘‘mole’’ as follows (see Sect. 2.1.1.6 p 115 in [2]):

Reflections on the South African Visual Arts Historians and the Comité International d'Histoire de l'Art (or What happens when art history collides with the global South and Vasari's Lives of the artists)

When reflecting on the recent symposium at the University of the Witwatersrand, organised by the South African Visual Arts Historians (SAVAH) under the aegis of the Comite International d'Histoire de l'Art (CIHA), I could not help but think that such organisations - both committed to the perpetuation of very different types of art-historical discourse - made for an unanticipated pairing.

CHANNEL CAPACITY OF HIGH-SPEED POWERLINE COMMUNICATION IN VEHICLES

Powerline Communication (PLC) Systems intents to use the mains network in vehicles for high-speed data transmission. Carrier frequencies in the range of MHz are required to establish data rates of some megabits per second. In this paper, typical reference channels extracted from channel measurements are presented and computation results of their capacities according to Shannon’s theorem are presented. Furthermore, the effect of limitations of frequency range and power spectral density of transmitted signal on achievable capacity is investigated. This paper outlines an assessment for theoretical channel capacity and achievable data rates of vehicular PLC transmission schemes. Finally, EMC (Electromagnetics Compatibility) constraint according to CISPR 25 (Comite International Special des Perturbations Radioelectrique – The International Special Committee on Radio Interference) is deeply considered.

The Advent of Child Rights on the International Scene and the Role of the Save the Children International Union 1920-45

The Save the Children International Union (SCIU) was founded in 1920 in Geneva by the Save the Children Fund of London in cooperation with the Comite International de Secours aux Enfants of Bern. This philanthropic organization was created in the interwar context. The Declaration of Children's Rights, written in 1923 by the Union, is certainly the most important work of the SCIU. Adopted in 1924 by the General Assembly of the League of Nations, this statement marks the entry of the child into international relations. Moreover, the Declaration reveals the evolving legal status of the child. At times an innocent victim, at other times perceived as an “abnormality”, the notion of childhood is in constant evolution. What this stage of life really represents depends on the way it is viewed by society, by politics, by institutions and organizations, etc.

Summary of Recommendations of Nomenclature Committees Relevant to Clay Mineralogy: Report of the Association Internationale Pour l’Etude Des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2006

Brindley et al. (1951) reported the earliest efforts to obtain international collaboration on nomenclature and classification of clay minerals, initiated at the International Soil Congress in Amsterdam in 1950. Since then, national clay groups were formed, and they proposed various changes in nomenclature at group meetings of the International Clay Conferences. Most of the national clay groups have representation on the Nomenclature Committee of the Association Internationale pour l’Etude des Argiles (AIPEA, International Association for the Study of Clays), which was established in 1966. The precursor committee to the AIPEA Nomenclature Committee was the Nomenclature Subcommittee of the Comite International pour l’Etude des Argiles (CIPEA, International Committee for the Study of Clays). The AIPEA Nomenclature Committee has worked closely with other international groups, including the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), which is responsible for the formal recognition of new minerals and mineral names, and the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), which considered extensions to the nomenclature of disordered, modulated and polytype structures (Guinier et al. , 1984) published earlier by a joint committee with the IMA (Bailey, 1977). In contrast to the other national clay groups, however, The Clay Minerals Society (CMS) Nomenclature Committee, which was established in 1963 at the same time as the CMS and predates the AIPEA Nomenclature Committee, remains in existence and occasionally produces recommendations. The precursor to this committee was the Nomenclature SubCommittee, which was organized in 1961 by the (US) National Research Council. The Chair of the AIPEA Nomenclature Committee is a standing member of the CMS Nomenclature Committee so that the committees are in close contact. The purpose of the AIPEA Nomenclature Committee has been to make general and specific recommendations concerning: (1) definitions of mineralogical and crystallographic clay-related terms; (2) classification and terminology …

The CIPM Working Group on Metrology of Materials

Following international discussion of the traceability issues arising in the measurement of materials properties, the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) in October 2005 accepted the p...

Methylmercury in tuna: demonstrating measurement capabilities and evaluating comparability of results worldwide from the CCQM P-39 comparison

Six metrology institutes (NMIs) representing at the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) 4 Member States of the Metre Convention and 2 international organisations, and 8 “expert” laboratories selected outside CIPM have compared their capabilities to quantitatively measure methylmercury (MeHg) in a prepared tuna material containing approximately 4.3 mg kg−1 Hg. This comparison was the object of the CIPM–Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere (CCQM) Pilot Study 39, organised by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), from the European Commission—Joint Research Centre. Beside the test material itself, a bottle of the BCR-464 tuna Certified Reference Material (CRM) and an ampoule of IRMM-670, a 202Hg isotope enriched MeHg candidate isotopic CRM, were distributed to all participants, who were free to apply the measurement strategy of their choice. Four, including 1 NMI, relied on external calibration or the method of standard additions, whereas the other 10 implemented an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) approach and chose to use the IRMM-670 for their measurements. Alkaline digestion at room temperature (with manual shaking) or high temperature (under sonication, oven or hot plate conditions) was employed by most participants, with hydrochloric acid leaching the second most popular choice. Alkylation (4 phenylations, 4 ethylations and 3 propylations) in the aqueous phase was preferred by a large majority over butylation by the Grignard reaction. All participants were requested to estimate the uncertainty associated with their results and 9 out of 14 stated relative combined uncertainties below 6% (k = 2). Despite this apparent consensus, the perception of which factor caused the largest contribution to this estimation differed among participants because of the differences in the analytical methodologies deployed but also because of wide differences of the concepts of uncertainty estimation. The ‘mixture mode’ (MM) median, calculated also from the measurement uncertainties stated by the participants, was 1.967 ± 0.204 × 10−5 mol kg−1 (95% confidence). Twelve of the results were re-grouped within a range of less than 0.3 × 10−5 mol kg−1 (MM median = 1.967 ± 0.162 × 10−5 mol kg−1, 95% confidence): they nearly all (1 exception) overlapped with each other within k = 2 stated uncertainties. For the other 2 results the uncertainty seemed to have been particularly underestimated as they lay, respectively, at more than 20% above and less than −40% below the overall average. The relative standard deviation of the results of 9 laboratories out of the 10 that applied IDMS was about 2.6%. It can be assumed from the degree of equivalence shown by 12 out of 14 study participants that, at present, laboratories worldwide are potentially able to supply accurate results for MeHg in fish-type matrices (containing about 2 × 10−5 mol kg−1) within ±10% uncertainty. This encouraging outcome permitted scheduling of a follow-up CCQM-K43 key comparison for a lower MeHg content level in salmon tissues.

The CCQM and comparability and traceability in food analysis

Comparability of the results of food analysis is essential for reliable and uniform interpretation of legal requirements on food safety, for avoiding false tests, fostering fair trade, an equal economic playing field and taking away non-tariff barriers to trade. Global comparability can only be achieved through traceability to internationally agreed common and long-term stable references, being the International System of Units (SI). The Comite International des Poids et Mesures’ Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA), signed and operating under the intergovernmental treaty of the Metre Convention, is the basis for international recognition and acceptance. The Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere metrologie en chimie (CCQM) is the committee under the CIPM organizing the technical scientific work establishing worldwide traceability and comparability underpinning the CIPM MRA. The CCQM cooperates with all intergovernmental and international organizations concerned.

Berlioz: Past, Present, Future: Bicentenary Essays (review)

Berlioz. Past, Present, Future. Bicentenary Essays. Edited by Peter Bloom. (Eastman Studies in Music.) Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2003. [xviii, 212 p. ISBN 158046-047-X. $70.]. Music examples, illustrations, index. Hector Berliox's bicentennial in 2003 witnessed a large number of celebrations. Besides exhibitions, festivals, concert series, and opera productions around the world, official conferences-including those initiated by the Comite International Hector Herlioz-had already started by 2001, considering and reconsidering every topic imaginable, referring to the composer and context, music, personality, reception in different countries, relationships to other composers, artists, and writers. At the beginning of this series of conferences was the one at Smith College; its papers are presented in this volume, edited the highest scholarly accuracy by Peter Bloom. Among the myriad of publications emanating from this jubilee, the present tome is worth considering for some new and uncommon perspectives on research. It focuses foremost on historical context, starting and times, then looking at understanding of history and earlier music, as well as presence in the musical world around 1900 and even today. The authors that Bloom presents in this volume generally avoid the popular type of and . papers which discuss who influenced and who was influenced by him. Only one article refers to this type of topic, but does so in a very individual way. The title is Berlioz's Berlioz, and autobiographical writings in mind, one cannot negate the impression that this reflection upon and Berlioz may be the only appropriate approach to the composer. This article comes from the Sigmund Freud biographer and Yale historian Peter Gay. His article undertakes an investigation of personality as the composer himself defined it, focusing on attitude towards women, politics, and art. Gay's most striking thesis is obsessive pursuit of chosen artistic path. belief was fueled by an amazingly strong selfconsciousness and a love of music that can only be understood as a reflection of love for himself. Moreover, this love of music was erotic: Gay discovers that, according to descriptions in the memoirs, his appetite for composing came along physical passion when he was twelve (p. 8). The fight for art, as wanted to have this term understood, was a fight for own existence. In a letter, confessed that he would fight for success with teeth and through gates that refuse to open. And he concluded, bitter awareness of possibly useless undertaking, that it is possible that the day [of success] will come when I have no longer teeth and nails (p. 5). Gay points out that obsessive approach to the arts was nourished by opposition that came not only from the public, but also from family. Opposing father's insistence on becoming a physician was a critical challenge that seemed to leave no choice between abandoning ideals or dying of hunger. political and contemporary awareness of political altitudes interest a number of contributors. This topic is extremely complex and requires further basic research as Bloom appropriately states in foreword. It has even become a matter of current politics. When the French government declared in 2000 its intention to translate remains to the Pantheon, many expressed concern about seeming appreciation for Napoleonic imperialism. As a result, the year 2003 passed without accomplishing this overdue gesture of honor. This incident-as a matter of collective consciousness of historical and current political values and strategies-forms the background of Katherine Kolb's article. She extracts political views by analyzing some of major fictional stories and their autobiographical references. …

Building semantic bridges between museums, libraries and archives: The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model

Building semantic bridges between museums, libraries and archives: The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model by Tony Gill The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model is an object–oriented domain ontology for the interchange of rich and heterogeneous cultural heritage information from museums, libraries and archives. It is the evolutionary result of over two decades of collaborative international standards work by ICOM/CIDOC, the Comite International pour la Documentation of the International Council of Museums. This paper briefly explains the purpose, scope, structure and history of the CIDOC CRM, and outlines how it could be used as a building block in a global Semantic Web of culture.

Absolute-frequency measurement of the iodine-based length standard at 514.67 nm

The absolute frequency of the length standard at 514.67 nm based on the molecular iodine (127 I 2) transition of the P(13) 43-0 component a3 is measured using a self-referenced femtosecond optical comb. This frequency-based technique improves measurement precision more than 100 times compared with previous wavelength-based results. Power- and pressure-related frequency shifts have been carefully studied. The measured absolute frequency is 71.8±1.5 kHz higher than the internationally accepted value of 582490603.37±0.15 MHz, adopted by the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) in 1997.