Waste Combustion Research Articles

Municipal Solid Waste Management and Health Risks: Application of Solid Waste Safety Plan in Novi Sad, Serbia

Inadequate solid waste management (SWM) can cause environmental contamination and health risks. Minimizing the health risks from SWM practices requires the identification of linkages between potential sources of exposure, environmental transport pathways, and adverse health outcomes. A safety planning approach can represent an innovative tool for reducing such risks. In previous research, we introduced the solid waste safety plan (SWSP) concept, only focusing on the health risk ranking assessment matrix. Here, we demonstrate the application of the SWSP framework in a case study of the municipal landfill of Novi Sad, Serbia. We identify potential hazards and assessed the likelihood and severity for them, using a combination of quantitative and semi-quantitative approaches to estimate risk levels for each identified hazard. Hazards deemed high and very high risks for the community and workers include groundwater contamination from leachate, airborne contaminants from combustion and non-combustion processes, and worker injuries associated with waste combustion. Control measures for each are identified, together with a corresponding cost analysis. Adding a final top cover to the landfill and introducing a collection, transport, and treatment system for the biogas would address hazards presenting high health risks but are also among the highest costs. While we demonstrate the approach and utility of an SWSP in a research context, future work is needed to assess the use of the SWSP by local communities or SWM utilities.

Environmental Pollution: A Growing Cancer Risk in Developing Countries

Unchecked environmental pollution has emerged as a formidable adversary in developing countries, posing a significant risk to public health and well-being. As these nations experience rapid industrialization and urbanization, the consequences of this unchecked pollution are becoming increasingly evident. Among the myriad health risks associated with environmental degradation, the potential link to cancer is particularly alarming and demands urgent attention [1]. Environmental pollution in developing countries is multifaceted, encompassing air, water, and soil contamination. Industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, improper waste disposal, and the extensive use of agricultural chemicals collectively contribute to the toxic cocktail that permeates these environments. Pollution represents a silent but pervasive threat for populations already struggling with limited access to healthcare and preventive measures [1,2]. Recent studies have drawn correlations between environmental pollution and cancer incidence. Airborne pollutants, such as benzene and formaldehyde, have been linked to lung cancer. Contaminated water sources, often laden with heavy metals like arsenic, mercury, and lead, have been associated with cancers of the bladder, liver, and skin. Soil pollution, exacerbated by the use of pesticides and industrial waste, also plays a significant role in increasing cancer risks [3]. The impact of environmental pollution on cancer rates is particularly pronounced in developing countries for several reasons. Firstly, regulatory frameworks in these nations are often weak or poorly enforced. Industries eager to capitalize on economic opportunities may flout environmental regulations, leading to unchecked pollution. Secondly, public awareness about the dangers of pollution is generally low, and the resources available for mitigation and adaptation are limited. In rural areas, where agricultural activities predominate, pesticides and fertilizers are rampant, often without proper guidance or protective measures. In urban settings, dense populations and traffic congestion exacerbate air pollution levels. The lack of efficient waste management systems results in the open burning of waste, releasing carcinogenic substances into the air [1,2]. Addressing the cancer risk of environmental pollution in developing countries requires a multifaceted approach. Governments must bolster ecological regulations and ensure strict enforcement. This may include setting stringent emission standards, monitoring industrial activities, and penalizing violations. Additionally, education campaigns are crucial to inform the public about the risks associated with pollution and the steps they can take to protect themselves. Communities should be empowered with knowledge and resources to advocate for cleaner environments [4]. Furthermore, developing countries should be encouraged and supported to adopt clean and sustainable technologies. International cooperation and financial assistance can play a significant role in facilitating this transition. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure is essential to improve cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Early intervention may significantly enhance survival rates and quality of life. Investing in research to better understand the link between pollution and cancer is vital. Reliable data can inform policy decisions and help track progress over time [4]. While the primary burden falls on the governments and citizens of developing countries, the international community also has a role to play. Many of the pollutants afflicted by these nations originate from the activities of multinational corporations or the global demand for certain goods. There is a moral imperative for developed countries and international organizations to assist in the fight against environmental pollution and its health repercussions. In conclusion, environmental pollution is not merely an economic or ecological issue; it is a profound public health crisis with cancer at its forefront. As developing countries continue their journey toward growth and development, ensuring a balance between progress and environmental stewardship is crucial. Failure to address this balance will not only undermine health outcomes but also threaten the sustainable future of these nations. The time to act is now, with concerted efforts from local, national, and global stakeholders to mitigate the risks and safeguard the well-being of current and future generations.

Electrochemical performance of MXene/Fe3O4 composite derived from recycled carbon for vanadium redox flow battery

MXenes are emerging 2D materials that have demonstrated excellent combined metallic electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity. They have been extensively studied in applications like energy storage, catalysis, optoelectronics, and so on. In this work, the carbon sourced from carbon soot extracted from fossil fuel combustion wastes was used to produce Ti3C2Tx MXene for the first time. The recyclable carbon-derived MXene/iron oxide (Fe3O4) composites with different concentrations of Fe3O4 were synthesized via a hydrothermal route. The successful synthesis of the MXene/Fe3O4 composites was confirmed by the SEM, HRTEM, EDX, UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses. Electron images morphologically revealed the existence of Fe3O4 within the as-synthesized composites, while UV–Vis spectra detected the surface plasmon resonance peaks of MXene and Fe3O4, respectively. The XRD spectra identified the crystalline structure of MXene at 5.7° (002) and 25.3° (006), as well as the magnetite Fe3O4 at 18.2° (111) and 38.2° (311), which aligned well with the presence of Ti-O and Fe-O bands observed in the FTIR data. The XPS study also confirmed the presence of the Fe element within the composites. The electrochemical performance of composite as electrode material towards the cathode VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction was investigated. The synergistic effect of both MXene and metal oxide improved the electrode kinetic activity towards the redox reaction, as evidenced by the voltage peak separation (ΔE) and the ratio of peak currents (IO/IR) values determined in cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the charge transfer process probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The specific capacity of the battery with the composites was increased along with the improvement of retention strength. The MXene/Fe3O4 5 wt% composite displayed the highest electrochemical catalytic activity with the lowest ΔE (124 mV), IO/IR of about 1, producing specific capacities of 10.2 Ah L-1 and energy efficiency of 70.1 %. The nature of MXene and Fe3O4, morphological features, and higher surface area of composites increased the kinetic activity of the electrode, enabling the composites to be potentially applied in the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) system.

Multi-Year Continuous Observations of Ambient PM2.5 at Six Sites in Akure, Southwestern Nigeria

The spatial–temporal variations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Akure, a city in southwestern Nigeria, are examined based on multi-year continuous observations using low-cost PM2.5 sensors at six different sites. The average annual concentration of PM2.5 across these sites was measured at 41.0 µg/m3, which surpassed both the Nigerian national air quality standard and the World Health Organization air quality guideline level. PM2.5 levels were significantly higher during the dry season (November–March), often exceeding hazardous levels (over 350 µg/m3), than during the wet season. The analyses of trends in air mass trajectories and satellite data on fire occurrences imply that the transport of dust and accumulation of PM2.5 originating from local/regional open burning activities played crucial roles in increased PM2.5 concentrations during the dry season. Further, site-to-site variations in the PM2.5 levels were observed, with relatively high concentrations at less urbanized sites, likely due to high local emissions from solid fuel combustion, waste burning, and unpaved road dust. Diurnal patterns showed morning and evening peaks at less urbanized sites, accounting for an estimated 51–77% of local emissions. These results highlight the importance of local emission sources in driving spatial–temporal PM2.5 variations within the city and the need for targeted mitigation strategies to address the significant air pollution challenges in Akure and similar regional cities in West Africa.

The Evolutionary Path and Emerging Trends of Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology: An Integrated Analysis through Bibliometric Assessment and Data Visualization

Confronted with the significant challenges of global climate change and environmental deterioration, the pursuit of carbon emission peaks and the realization of carbon neutrality have become a collective goal for countries worldwide. As an exemplary combustion technology noted for its efficiency and environmental friendliness, the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is instrumental in curbing the release of carbon dioxide alongside other deleterious gases. The technology is pivotal in promoting the clean and efficient use of coal, simultaneously expediting the global shift towards a sustainable, green, and low-carbon future. This study employs a bibliometric analysis, a social network analysis, and information visualization techniques to delve into the evolution of CFB technology, leveraging the Web of Science database (SCI-EXPANDED and CPCI-S) and the Derwent Innovations Index (DII). Through a meticulous examination of academic papers and patent literature related to CFB technology, this research unveils the developmental trajectory and trends of CFB technology, providing a scientific foundation and reference for strategic technology planning and focused research in key areas. The findings indicate that, while there is a downward trend in the global publication of academic papers on CFB technology, the number of patent applications continues to grow steadily. CFB technology has achieved significant advancements in enhancing combustion efficiency, environmental protection, energy utilization, and waste management, and is progressing towards a direction of diversification and greater efficiency. Moving forward, the development of CFB technology should concentrate on pivotal areas such as material science, fluid dynamics simulation, environmental impact assessment, system integration, and intelligentization, to foster ongoing innovation and a broad application of the technology.

Efficient Photocatalytic Desulfurization in Air through Improved Photogenerated Carriers Separation in MOF MIL101/Carbon Dots‐g‐C3N4 Nanocomposites

AbstractThe extensive industrial applications of fuel oil, a critical strategic resource, are accompanied by significant environmental and health concerns due to the presence of sulfur‐containing compounds in its composition, which result in hazardous combustion waste. Extensive research has been conducted to develop technologies for low‐vulcanization fuel production to address this issue. Consequently, the investigation of catalysts for environmentally friendly and safe photocatalytic desulfurization becomes imperative. To that end, we have designed efficient MIL‐101(Fe)/CQDs@g‐C3N4 (MIL101/CDs‐C3N4) Z‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with high carrier separation and mobility through a thermal polymerization‐hydrothermal strategy. The high concentration of photogenerated carriers facilitates the activation of oxygen and H2O2, leading to increased production of ROS (⋅O2−, ⋅OH, h+), thereby enhancing the photocatalytic desulfurization (PODS). Additionally, DFT (Density functional theory) calculations were utilized to determine the electron migration pathways of the catalysts and adsorption energies of DBT (dibenzothiophene). Moreover, Gibbs free energy calculations indicated that MIL101/CDs‐C3N4 exhibited the lowest activation energy for oxygen and H2O2. The mechanism of photocatalytic desulfurization was proposed through a combination of theoretical calculations and experimental studies. This study provides guidance for the development of MOF‐based Z‐scheme systems and their practical application in desulfurization processes.

Efficient Photocatalytic Desulfurization in Air through Improved Photogenerated Carriers Separation in MOF MIL101/Carbon Dots-g-C3N4 Nanocomposites.

The extensive industrial applications of fuel oil, a critical strategic resource, are accompanied by significant environmental and health concerns due to the presence of sulfur-containing compounds in its composition, which result in hazardous combustion waste. Extensive research has been conducted to develop technologies for low-vulcanization fuel production to address this issue. Consequently, the investigation of catalysts for environmentally friendly and safe photocatalytic desulfurization becomes imperative. To that end, we have designed efficient MIL-101(Fe)/CQDs@g-C3N4 (MIL101/CDs-C3N4) Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with high carrier separation and mobility through a thermal polymerization-hydrothermal strategy. The high concentration of photogenerated carriers facilitates the activation of oxygen and H2O2, leading to increased production of ROS (⋅O2 -, ⋅OH, h+), thereby enhancing the photocatalytic desulfurization (PODS). Additionally, DFT (Density functional theory) calculations were utilized to determine the electron migration pathways of the catalysts and adsorption energies of DBT (dibenzothiophene). Moreover, Gibbs free energy calculations indicated that MIL101/CDs-C3N4 exhibited the lowest activation energy for oxygen and H2O2. The mechanism of photocatalytic desulfurization was proposed through a combination of theoretical calculations and experimental studies. This study provides guidance for the development of MOF-based Z-scheme systems and their practical application in desulfurization processes.

Analisis Social Return on Investment (SROI) Program CSR Pemanfaatan Limbah Fly Ash dan Bottom Ash (FABA) PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Pacitan

This research presents an evaluation of the implementation of the Corporate Social Responsibility programme based on the use of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (FABA) waste. The form of programme implementation is the use of coal combustion waste to make products such as bricks and paving blocks. The products are used in the construction of livable houses, village road casting and soil stabilisation in several areas of Pacitan Regency, East Java. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach by examining the social and economic impacts on local communities through six stages of Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis. The measured social benefits were greater than the investment with a ratio of 2.4:1. This means that for every IDR 1 invested, IDR 2.4 benefits were realised. This shows that the programme has the potential for economic, social and environmental sustainability.

Solid Waste in Urban Areas: A Multidimensional Statistical Approach on Irregular Disposal and Burning in the Municipality of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais

The improper disposal of urban waste is a global concern, especially in large cities considering aspects of environmental and visual pollution. This study provides a detailed analysis of the municipality of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, identifying local nuances and a better understanding of this issue to support decisions for corrective actions. It assesses the persistence and incidence of waste burning at irregular disposal sites in the municipality, emphasizing its environmental and health impacts. This work utilized a combined approach of georeferenced mapping with Google Earth Pro images, complemented by in-situ checks with GPS devices. The statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using the PSPP software. Statistical analyses were supported by contingency tables, the application of the chi-square test, Phi, Cramer's V, and Odds Ratio, evaluating the characteristics of the associations. A strong association was identified between the persistent disposal of solid waste in undeveloped areas and the presence of tree pruning and gardening waste. The research also demonstrated a significant association of areas with signs of burning that were located in public spaces. Additionally, a significant statistical association was confirmed at sites where paper and plastic disposals and burning were identified. This research expands the understanding of disposal practices in urban contexts and provides a replicable model of combined georeferenced analysis with physical checks, in addition to the risks to public health and the environment. The results obtained demonstrate direct implications for waste management policies, raising awareness of the consequences of improper disposal and burning.

Comprehensive source identification of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matter in a megacity: A case study of Hangzhou

Megacities face significant pollution challenges, particularly the elevated levels of heavy metals (HMs) in particulate matter (PM). Despite the advent of interdisciplinary and advanced methods for HM source analysis, integrating and applying these approaches to identify HM sources in PM remains a hurdle. This study employs a year-long daily sampling dataset for PM1 and PM1-10 to examine the patterns of HM concentrations under hazy, clean, and rainy conditions in Hangzhou City, aiming to pinpoint the primary sources of HMs in PM. Contrary to other HMs that remained within acceptable limits, the annual average concentrations of Cd and Ni were found to be 20.6 ± 13.6 and 46.9 ± 34.8 ng/m³, respectively, surpassing the World Health Organization's limits by 4.1 and 1.9 times. Remarkably, Cd levels decreased on hazy days, whereas Ni levels were observed to rise on rainy days. Using principal component analysis (PCA), enrichment factor (EF), and backward trajectory analysis, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were determined to be primarily derived from traffic emissions, and there was an interaction between remote migration and local emissions in haze weather. Isotope analysis reveals that Pb concentrations in the Hangzhou region were primarily influenced by emissions from unleaded gasoline, coal combustion, and municipal solid waste incineration, with additional impact from long-range transport; it also highlights nuanced differences between PM1 and PM1-10. Pb isotope and PCA analyses indicate that Ni primarily stemmed from waste incineration emissions. This explanation accounts for the observed higher Ni concentrations on rainy days. Backward trajectory cluster analysis revealed that southern airflows were the primary source of high Cd concentrations on clean days in Hangzhou City. This study employs a multifaceted approach and cross-validation to successfully delineate the sources of HMs in Hangzhou's PM. It offers a methodology for the precise and reliable analysis of complex HM sources in megacity PM.

Eco-friendly, lightweight, and high-strength sandwich corrugated particleboard from tea oil camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) shells

This study investigates the potential of developing corrugated panels from tea oil camellia shell (TOCS), an abundant agricultural waste in the southern provinces of China, with an annual production of approximately 4 million tons, using experimental and computational methods. Hence, various corrugated geometries were designed using AutoCAD software, and finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted using Ansys Mechanical software to optimize the panel geometry based on TOCS engineering data. Bending performance simulations revealed that a trapezoidal geometry with a 3 mm edge radius exhibited superior bending performance. Therefore, this geometry was selected to fabricate corrugated panels of different densities to assess the impact of density variation. Mechanical characterization included evaluation of bending stiffness, maximum moment, total deflection, compression strength, ultimate strength, dowel bearing strength, and face screw resistance of the panels was performed. Furthermore, specific energy absorption and failure mechanisms of mechanical tests were analyzed. The results indicate that TOCS-based sandwich panels, characterized by their lightweight and sustainable nature, not only meet, or exceed the criteria specified in APA PS 2–10 for use as structural materials but also mitigate the environmental hazards associated with landfill disposal or burning of agricultural waste.

Standard operating procedures for utilizing household combustible waste as an alternative fuel for the cement industry

Standard operating procedures for utilizing household combustible waste as an alternative fuel for the cement industry

Integrated catalytic systems for simultaneous NOx and PM reduction: a comprehensive evaluation of synergistic performance and combustion waste energy utilization.

The global transition towards sustainable automotive vehicles has driven the demand for energy-efficient internal combustion engines with advanced aftertreatment systems capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in aftertreatment technologies, focusing on the synergistic integration of in-cylinder combustion strategies, such as low-temperature combustion (LTC), with post-combustion purification systems. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx traps (LNT), and diesel particulate filters (DPF) are critically examined, highlighting novel catalyst formulations and system configurations that enhance low-temperature performance and durability. The review also investigates the potential of energy conversion and recovery techniques, including thermoelectric generators and organic Rankine cycles, to harness waste heat from the exhaust and improve overall system efficiency. By analyzing the complex interactions between engine operating parameters, combustion kinetics, and emission formation, this study provides valuable insights into the optimization of integrated LTC-aftertreatment systems. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of considering real-world driving conditions and transient operation in the development and evaluation of these technologies. The findings presented in this article lay the foundation for future research efforts aimed at overcoming the limitations of current aftertreatment systems and achieving superior emission reduction performance in advanced combustion engines, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable and efficient automotive technologies.

Guidelines for efficient nitrogen preservation in sewage sludge-based fertilizers

This study explores sustainable methods to mitigate nitrogen (N) loss in agriculture amid rising food demands and limited arable land. It examines sewage sludge (SS) as an alternative to synthetic N fertilizers. SS is rich in nitrogen (4.21 ± 0.42 %) and phosphorus (3.60 ± 0.72 %), making it suitable for nutrient recovery and soil enhancement. Unfavorable sludge management methods result in the loss of 950,000 tons of nitrogen, meeting almost 10 % of the EU's nitrogen fertilization demand. This research evaluates SS treatment methods, including chemical conversion, thermal treatment, and biological composting, focusing on nitrogen conservation efficiency. Results show nitrogen loss during hydrolysis is minimized at pH 4 to 8 but increases significantly as ammonia (NH3) at pH 9 to 11, ranging from 4.2 % to 9 %. Neutralizing the hydrolysate is crucial; using solid KOH resulted in 13.5 % nitrogen loss, 11 times more than using slightly alkaline ash (1.22 %). Adding ash during drying reduced nitrogen emissions by 30 % compared to traditional drying at 105 °C. Improving the C/N ratio with food residues reduced nitrogen losses by 46.3 % during composting. These findings highlight the importance of pH control in chemical processes and temperature regulation in thermal treatments. Adding residues from other processes, such as biomass combustion waste, enhances SS processing conditions. Understanding nitrogen retention mechanisms is crucial for the environmental sustainability of SS usage. Efficient nitrogen retention strategies improve the fertilization value of SS and reduce its environmental footprint by lowering greenhouse gas emissions, particularly ammonia. Reducing nitrogen loss during SS treatment significantly lowers ammonia emissions, a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. These results help determine optimal methods for managing and processing SS to minimize emissions and increase agricultural usability.

Global health costs of ambient PM2·5 from combustion sources: a modelling study supporting air pollution control strategies

Climate actions targeting combustion sources can generate large ancillary health benefits via associated air-quality improvements. Therefore, understanding the health costs associated with ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) from combustion sources can guide policy design for both air pollution and climate mitigation efforts. In this modelling study, we estimated the health costs attributable to ambient PM2·5 from six major combustion sources across 204 countries using updated concentration-response models and an age-adjusted valuation method. We defined major combustion sources as the sum of total coal, liquid fuel and natural gas, solid biofuel, agricultural waste burning, other fires, and 50% of the anthropogenic fugitive, combustion, and industrial dust source. Global long-term exposure to ambient PM2·5 from combustion sources imposed US$1·1 (95% uncertainty interval 0·8-1·5) trillion in health costs in 2019, accounting for 56% of the total health costs from all PM2·5 sources. Comparing source contributions to PM2·5 concentrations and health costs, we observed a higher share of health costs from combustion sources compared to their contribution to population-weighted PM2·5 concentration across 134 countries, accounting for more than 87% of the global population. This disparity was primarily attributed to the non-linear relationship between PM2·5 concentration and its associated health costs. Globally, phasing out fossil fuels can generate 23% higher relative health benefits compared to their share of PM2·5 reductions. Specifically, the share of health costs for total coal was 36% higher than the source's contributions to corresponding PM2·5 concentrations and the share of health costs for liquid fuel and natural gas was 12% higher. Other than fossil fuels, South Asia was expected to show 16% greater relative health benefits than the percentage reduction in PM2·5 from the abatement of solid biofuel emissions. In most countries, targeting combustion sources might offer greater health benefits than non-combustion sources. This finding provides additional rationale for climate actions aimed at phasing out combustion sources, especially those related to fossil fuels and solid biofuel. Mitigation efforts designed according to source-specific health costs can more effectively avoid health costs than strategies that depend solely on the source contributions to overall PM2·5 concentration. The Health Effects Institute, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and NASA.

Rancang Bangun Insinerator Pengolahan Sampah dengan Penerapan Teknologi Termal yang Ramah Lingkungan

Concerns about environmental problems such as increasing the volume of waste which if not treated properly will affect environmental pollution which can damage soil fertility and also have an impact on human health. This study aims to make a waste processing incinerator with the application of thermal technology. Oil and water stoves are used as media for burning waste, the stove will burn the waste that has been put into the combustion chamber made of drums coated with clay. This clay coating aims to increase the temperature of the combustion chamber so that maximum combustion is obtained with minimal smoke. From the waste burning test, the temperature measurement results in the combustion chamber reached 751ºC. Carbon gas measured at the maximum temperature around the incinerator is 27 ppm. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that waste burning with an incinerator has been made to minimize air pollution so that it can be used for solutions in environmentally friendly waste processing.

IMPACT OF THE SPACE INDUSTRY ON CANCER INCIDENCE IN THE POPULATION OF KAZAKHSTAN: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevance: Resolving the impact of the space industry on cancer incidence comes down to assessing and preventing the environmental risks caused by the Earth’s surface contamination with space debris and rocket fuel combustion waste. Components of liquid rocket fuel, like unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and others, have proven general toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic properties. The research available in the world uses calculations of the individual inhalation and oral carcinogenic risk of the effect of UDMH and its derivative N-nitrosodimethylamine on public health. Cancer incidence is an indicator of the specific influence of carcinogenic and co-carcinogenic environmental factors on public health. The Ulytau region is particularly interesting since separating parts of launch vehicles usually fall there, and sub-route areas are located there. From 2020 to 2022, the Karaganda region, including districts and cities that later became part of the Ulytau region, ranked 5th in cancer incidence in Kazakhstan. The study aimed to analyze published data on cancer incidence among the population of the Ulytau region living near the areas where the separated parts of launch vehicles fell and determine the direction of further research. Methods: A literature search in the PubMed database and archives of Kazakhstani scientific editions revealed 35 literature sources that met the search criteria. The analysis included 29 scientific publications examining the health status of a population exposed to rocket and space activities, including reference materials. Data on morbidity and mortality from neoplasms in the population of several districts of the Karaganda region was analyzed. Results: Research data analysis showed conflicting conclusions regarding the influence of rocket fuel components on the health of the population living in the zones of influence of the rocket and space activities. Some researchers found increased morbidity and mortality in the population, but others did not reveal statistically significant differences with control groups. An analysis of data on the mortality of the population living near the regular and emergency areas of fall of separating parts of launch vehicles in the Karaganda region showed an increased mortality rate for some nosologies. Conclusion: No studies have compared the cancer incidence in the Ulytau region’s population living in areas adjacent to the fall areas of separating parts of launch vehicles with the control areas.

Seasonal and annual emission trends of PM2.5 and PM10 over the national capital Delhi from 2015 to 2020

Introduction: Many urban cities in India, including National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, have been adversely affected by air pollution since 2010s. Factors like atmospheric circulation, topography, local weather patterns, vehicular emission, industrial activities, waste burning etc. lead to extreme air pollution which is a growing threat to public health. Materials and methods: The study was conducted to examine severity of air quality in Delhi from 2015 to 2020. For this purpose, Particulate Matters (PM2.5 and PM10) measurements were done at ITO, Mandir Marg, Punjabi Bagh, Anand Vihar, and R K Puram for a period of 2015 to 2020. Everyday data was collected to interpret and analyze the trend of air pollution both seasonally and annually. Results: There was a significant increase in particulate matter levels at ITO, Mandir Marg, and RK Puram in the year 2016 while in the case of Anand Vihar the highest levels were measured in 2017. Also, Punjabi Bagh showed the highest PM10 levels in 2017. The annual average data for all five sites indicates that PM2.5 and PM10 levels were above the air quality standard throughout the study period. Anand Vihar showed the highest level of particulate matter among all five locations during the study period of 2015 to 2020. The change in seasons is also one of the important factors affecting air quality. Overall, PM2.5 and PM10 concentration were recorded maximum during winters i.e. 218.07 μg/m3 and 358.80 μg/m3 respectively. Conclusion: The results conclude that air quality deteriorated more during winters>autumn>summers>monsoon. Also, the air quality index (AQI) recorded for Delhi during the study period was highest in 2016, respectively. Though AQI decreased over the years, it lied in poor quality only

Study of Community Knowledge on the Impact of Waste Burning on Air Pollution in Cikopomayak Village, Bogor Regency

Irregular waste management in Indonesia occurs because most of the waste generated does not undergo a good management process, resulting in environmental problems or problems. This happens in Cikopomayak Village, where the community in processing waste uses the burning method with the aim of reducing the amount of waste that causes air pollution. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the level of knowledge and behavior of the community in waste management. The method used in the research is a descriptive qualitative method. By using data collection techniques in the form of survey techniques, observation, documentation and data analysis. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire. The research location was conducted in Cikopomayak Village, Jasinga District, Bogor Regency, the research was conducted in April 2024. Where the number of samples in this study were 78 respondents. The results of the study showed that the knowledge of the Cikopomayak Village community fell into the poor category, which was 54% higher than the community who had a good level of knowledge, which was 46%. And the Cikopomayak Village community also has poor waste management behavior, which is 63% much higher than the community who has good waste management behavior, which is 38%. Poor knowledge and behavior are influenced by the low level of community concern and understanding of the environment.

Design of Major Components of Green Urea Production Plant

Green urea refers to urea produced using renewable energy sources such as municipal solid wastes (MSW) to create a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to waste management and urea production. As the economy, population, and living standards proliferate swiftly, municipal solid waste has become a significant challenge, particularly in developing countries such as Nepal. This project aims to size the major components of a green urea plant that uses decomposable and combustible waste as feedstock. 15 CSTR digesters with a volume of 53323.2 m3 produced 41473.2 m3 of biogas to convert 740.6 Tons Per Day (TPD) of decomposable waste and 220.06 TPD of combustible waste into 574.4 TPD of green urea. A circulating fluidized bed gasifier, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, and an air separation unit using the cryogenic process were also selected. The study also involved picking a tubular steam methane reformer as the primary and an auto-thermal steam methane reformer as the secondary steam methane reformer. The shift reaction was carried out using a catalytic water gas shift reactor, and a three-bed type ammonia reactor was chosen for the Haber Bosch process. Finally, the Snamprogetti process was selected for urea synthesis. In addition, the study involves the preparation of a 2D system layout to understand the process flow and a 3D solid works drawing to visualize the plant design. The financial analysis of the green urea plant includes the calculation of CAPEX and OPEX, and it is found that total capital investment is 431.45 M$ and operating expenses are 102.2M$/year. Gasification, steam methane reformer, Air separation unit, ammonia synthesis, urea synthesis, electrolyzer, water gas shift reactor, and anaerobic digestion plant consist 7.15%, 13.55%, 3.32%, 16.13%, 26.12%, 13.37%, 13.43% and 6.93% of total capital investment respectively and 14.62%, 1.61%, 7.78%, 19.73%, 5.71%, 32.6%, 12.9% and 14.62% of total operating costs per year.