Pyrolysis Combustion Research Articles

Synergic flame-retardant effect of cellulose nanocrystals and magnesium hydroxide in polyurethane wood coating

In this paper, a wood coating based on waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/nano-cellulose crystalline (CNC)/Magnesium hydroxide (MH) was prepared. Efficient dispersion of MH in WPU in presence of 5 wt% of CNCs was observed by biological microscope leading to a material with improved esthetic, thermal and fire-retardant properties and mechanical performance. By thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and comparison with WPU, the maximum weight loss rate (RTmax) of WPU/CNC/MH coating decreased dramatically from 13.2 to 6.63, and the residue increased sharply from 4.69% to 40.55%. The results of pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) showed that the flame-retardant performance of the composite coating is also greatly improved, and the peak of heat rate release (pHRR) being reduced from 350 w/g to 121 w/g. When applied to the wood panels, according to the Limiting oxygen index (LOI) experiment, for MH < 40 wt%, the combustibility grade is B2 level (combustible material), whereas for MH > 40 wt% the grade is B1 level (flame retardant material).

Flame retardant treatment of jute fabric with chitosan and sodium alginate

Jute is a low-cost lignocellulosic fiber, and can be applied as upholstery fabrics and composites in automotive, transport and architecture industries. Such applications have flame retardant requirements for jute fiber. In the present work, jute fabric was treated using two natural polysaccharides (chitosan [CH] and sodium alginate [SA]) for enhanced flame retardancy. Firstly, the gel was prepared through the ion-ion interaction between positively charged CH and negatively charged SA with the use of sodium chloride as stabilizing and reinforing agents. Afterwards, the CH/SA gel was used to treat jute fabric using the immersing-padding-drying approach. The thermal degradation, char-forming and heat release properties of the treated fabric were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The treated jute fabric by the gel prepared using 3% w/v CH, 7% w/v SA, and 8.8% w/v sodium chloride had a limiting oxygen index of 27% and a damaged length of shorter than 5 cm in the vertical combustion, and its heat release capability was decreased by 50%.

Insights into Wood Species and Aging Effects on Pyrolysis Characteristics and Combustion Model by Multi Kinetics Methods and Model Constructions

Insights into Wood Species and Aging Effects on Pyrolysis Characteristics and Combustion Model by Multi Kinetics Methods and Model Constructions

Efektivitas Alat Pengolahan Sampah Plastik Jenis Low Density Polyethylene dan Polyethylene Terephthalate dengan Metode Pyrolisis

Plastic Plastic is a daily human need, excessive use of plastic has caused serious environmental problems and health problems for humans. The manufacturing process is not environmentally friendly and takes 10 - 50 years to decompose naturally by soil microbes. Therefore, the problem of plastic waste needs a solution, namely waste processing using the combustion pyrolysis method without air pollution which produces by-products in the form of liquids, steam, and solids that have economic value. In this study, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic was processed by the pyrolysis method with variations in temperature (70,90,100,125,145) °C and processing time (30,60,90,120,150) minutes. For liquid output, the mass produced from PET (574 grams) is more than that of LDPE (197 grams) obtained at a temperature of 100 °C. The density of the oil produced by pyrolysis in Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is close to the density value of gasoline fuel of 731.250 kg/m3, while PETE plastic which is close to the density of gasoline is 767.213 kg/m3 and 784.615 kg/m3 the density is close to ethanol fuel. For solid output, the mass produced from PET (588 grams) is less than LDPE (1740 grams) The solid output quality of LDPE is more sturdy and strong than PET.

Flame retardancy of flax fibers by pre-irradiation grafting of a phosphonate monomer

The functionalization of natural fibers using a phosphorus-containing monomer to improve flame retardancy is presented. Flax fabrics were modified using a pre-irradiation grafting method requiring electron beam radiation treatment. A phosphorus-based dimethyl(methacryloxy)methyl phosphonate (MAPC1) was used as a flame retardant (FR) grafting agent. The grafting process consists of three main steps. First, flax fibers were irradiated at a dose ranging between 5 and 100 kGy and stored cold to preserve the radicals created over the long period before being immersed into an aqueous solution containing MAPC1 monomer. Finally, a washing step of the treated fibers was carried out to remove the unreacted monomer units as well as the free oligomers and polymers chains which were not covalently bonded to the flax structure. The presence of radicals on the flax fibers after irradiation was confirmed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Grafting efficiency was evidenced by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and quantified using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The location of the grafted phosphorus polymer chains in the fiber structure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The impact of grafting MAPC1 onto flax fibers on the thermal properties and fire behavior was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a preliminary fire test were used for this assessment. Different parameters such as radiation dose, monomer concentration, temperature and reaction duration which might impact grafting efficiency were monitored. In particular, it was observed that MAPC1 was grafted in a homogeneous way into the bulk of the elementary flax fibers leading to high phosphorus content of around 2 wt% for a dose of 10 kGy and up to 7 wt% for a dose of 100 kGy.

Progress of the Pyrolyzer Reactors and Advanced Technologies for Biomass Pyrolysis Processing

In the future, renewable energy technologies will have a significant role in catering to energy security concerns and a safe environment. Among the various renewable energy sources available, biomass has high accessibility and is considered a carbon-neutral source. Pyrolysis technology is a thermo-chemical route for converting biomass to many useful products (biochar, bio-oil, and combustible pyrolysis gases). The composition and relative product yield depend on the pyrolysis technology adopted. The present review paper evaluates various types of biomass pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis, slow pyrolysis, and advanced pyrolysis techniques concerning different pyrolyzer reactors have been reviewed from the literature and are presented to broaden the scope of its selection and application for future studies and research. Slow pyrolysis can deliver superior ecological welfare because it provides additional bio-char yield using auger and rotary kiln reactors. Fast pyrolysis can produce bio-oil, primarily via bubbling and circulating fluidized bed reactors. Advanced pyrolysis processes have good potential to provide high prosperity for specific applications. The success of pyrolysis depends strongly on the selection of a specific reactor as a pyrolyzer based on the desired product and feedstock specifications.

Effects of Basalt and Carbon Fillers on Fire Hazard, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of EPDM Rubber Composites.

Due to growing restrictions on the use of halogenated flame retardant compounds, there is great research interest in the development of fillers that do not emit toxic compounds during thermal decomposition. Polymeric composite materials with reduced flammability are increasingly in demand. Here, we demonstrate that unmodified graphene and carbon nanotubes as well as basalt fibers or flakes can act as effective flame retardants in polymer composites. We also investigate the effects of mixtures of these carbon and mineral fillers on the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of EPDM rubber composites. The thermal properties of the EPDM vulcanizates were analyzed using the thermogravimetric method. Flammability was determined by pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry.

Flame Retardant Functionalization of Microcrystalline Cellulose by Phosphorylation Reaction with Phytic Acid.

The functionalization of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an important strategy for broadening its application fields. In the present work, MCC was functionalized by phosphorylation reaction with phytic acid (PA) for enhanced flame retardancy. The conditions of phosphorylation reaction including PA concentration, MCC/PA weight ratio and temperature were discussed, and the thermal degradation, heat release and char-forming properties of the resulting PA modified MCC were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The PA modified MCC, which was prepared at 90 °C, 50%PA and 1:3 weight ratio of MCC to PA, exhibited early thermal dehydration with rapid char formation as well as low heat release capability. This work suggests a novel strategy for the phosphorylation of cellulose using PA and reveals that the PA phosphorylated MCC can act as a promising flame retardant material.

PROSES PEMBUATAN ARANG BATOK KELAPA DAN TULANG SAPI MENGGUNAKAN METODE PIROLISIS SEBAGAI MEDIA CARBURIZING

Fueled by a rise in food needs as beef and oil into basic commodities has been consumed by thepublic, has lead the increasing of waste the cows and coconut shell. The main ingredient used in thisresearch is a waste product from cow bones and from the remains of the coconut shells from which no orhousehold wastes, that can be processed into charcoal. The purpose of this research which is to enhanceeconomic value of waste from cow bones and coconut shells using combustion pyrolysis system beingcharred (fixed carbon) to produce good quality charcoal, to find out the extent of the temperature used andthe composition of charcoal. The process used in this research is pack carburizing with cow bones andcoconut shell as the media at the temperature 950oC, time detention three hours with variations compositioncharcoal. It can be concluded that charcoal bone across his cattle and charcoal coconut can be used as asource of carbon that might improve the force and hardness in the material carbon steel low (low carbonsteel). The process of pack carburizing can increase the value of % C, against low carbon steel material.

Coffee Wastes as Sustainable Flame Retardants for Polymer Materials

Development of green flame retardants has become a core part of the attention of material scientists and technologists in a paradigm shift from general purpose to specific sustainable products. This work is the first report on the use of coffee biowastes as sustainable flame retardants for epoxy, as a typical highly flammable polymer. We used spent coffee grounds (SCG) as well as SCG chemically modified with phosphorus (P-SCG) to develop a sustainable highly efficient flame retardant. A considerable reduction in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) by 40% was observed in the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter analysis (PCFC), which proved the merit of the used coffee biowastes for being used as sustainable flame retardants for polymers. This work would open new opportunities to investigate the impact of other sorts of coffee wastes rather than SCG from different sectors of the coffee industry on polymers of different family.

Karakteristik Briket Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Metode Pirolisis Dengan Perekat Tepung Tapioka

The energy crisis in Indonesia is marked by the increasing scarcity of fuel oil in the midst of society. One of the alternative energy sources is charcoal briquettes, where the ingredients are derived from solid waste from palm fronds. This study aims to determine the characteristics of oil palm midrib briquettes with 50% tapioca flour adhesive. The palm fronds were chopped to a size of ± 5 cm and then put into the pyrolysis chamber. Oil palm fronds were burned with a little oxygen at a temperature of 200-300⁰C for 3 hours. The result of pyrolysis combustion from oil palm fronds in the form of charcoal, then ground and filtered with a mesh of 60. The charcoal is glued with tapioca flour in a ratio of 2:1. Briquette testing is carried out at the Briquette Testing Laboratory provider to determine the parameters of combustion time, calorific value, moisture content, ash content, and carbon content that occur. From the test results, the following parameters are obtained: the average burning time is 1 minute/gr, the calorific value is 5.361kcal/kg wet basis and 5.863 kcal/kg dry basis, the water content is 8.56%, the ash content is 6.84 % wet basis and 7.48% dry basis, volatile matter is 36.96% wet basis and 40.42% dry basis and fixed carbon 47.64% wet basis and 52.10% dry basis.

Flame retardancy effect of phosphorus graphite nanoplatelets on ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer: Physical blending versus chemical modification

AbstractA novel modified exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (GNP‐g‐APP), resulting from grafting ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) was prepared and evaluated as flame retardant for ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The effect of modification on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EVA was discussed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL‐94, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC), and mass loss calorimeter (MLC) analyses were employed for the evaluation of the thermal stability and flame retardancy of composites. The introduction of 20 wt.% GNP‐g‐APP into EVA resulted in significant enhancement in flame retardant properties with respect to the system containing physical mixture of GNP and APP. The former blend exhibited 57% decrease in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR), and 35% reduction in the total heat release (THR) than the latter one in MLC test. Thus, pHRR was decreased from 940 kW.m−2 for neat EVA to 403 kW.m−2 for EVA containing GNP‐g‐APP. V0 rating (auto‐extinguishable behavior) was also observed in UL 94 chemically modified sample. According to the present study, chemical modification of GNP with APP is more effective than a physical mixing of GNP and APP in improving the flame retardant properties of EVA.

Effectiveness of Silanization and Plasma Treatment in the Improvement of Selected Flax Fibers' Properties.

The study investigated the effectiveness of the combination of chemical and physical methods of natural fibers’ modification. The long flax fibers were subjected to various types of modification. These were silanization, plasma modification and a combination of these methods. For the silanization process, two types of silanes were used: amino- and vinylsilane. The application of structurally different compounds allowed us to acquire knowledge about the effect of the modifier structure on its properties. Various properties of flax fibers were investigated, comparing the results before and after different modification processes. The flammability of prepared samples were tested by pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC). In the effect of the natural fibers’ modifications, flammability was reduced even by 30%. The thermal stability of modified fibers increased. The FTIR tests of the gases released during thermal degradation of the tested fibers allowed us to determine the important compounds and prove a lower degree of flax-fiber decomposition after modification. Flax fibers were also tested to evaluate their physical properties (linear mass, average diameter, aspect ratio and hygroscopicity). Changes in surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The properties of natural fibers improved significantly, thus contributing to an increase in their suitability for the use in composites.

A Nonpremixed Annular Jet Vortex Chamber Reactor for Methane Pyrolysis under Oxygen-Enriched Conditions

A novel high-swirl reactor ANJEVOC-CP (annular jet vortex chamber for combustion pyrolysis) was designed for producing high-value chemicals such as alkynes and olefins from natural gas. In such a s...

The Effect of Surface Treatment with Isocyanate and Aromatic Carbodiimide of Thermally Expanded Vermiculite Used as a Functional Filler for Polylactide-Based Composites.

In this work, thermally expanded vermiculite (TE-VMT) was surface modified and used as a filler for composites with a polylactide (PLA) matrix. Modification of vermiculite was realized by simultaneous ball milling with the presence of two PLA chain extenders, aromatic carbodiimide (KI), and 4,4’-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI). In addition to analyzing the particle size of the filler subjected to processing, the efficiency of mechanochemical modification was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composites of PLA with three vermiculite types were prepared by melt mixing and subjected to mechanical, thermomechanical, thermal, and structural evaluation. The structure of composites containing a constant amount of the filler (20 wt%) was assessed using FTIR spectroscopy and SEM analysis supplemented by evaluating the final injection-molded samples’ physicochemical properties. Mechanical behavior of the composites was assessed by static tensile test and impact strength hardness measurements. Heat deflection temperature (HDT) test and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMTA) were applied to evaluate the influence of the filler addition and its functionalization on thermomechanical properties of PLA-based composites. Thermal properties were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The use of filler-reactive chain extenders (CE) made it possible to change the vermiculite structure and obtain an improvement in interfacial adhesion and more favorable filler dispersions in the matrix. This translated into an improvement in impact strength and an increase in thermo-mechanical stability and heat release capacity of composites containing modified vermiculites.

Hyperbranched Rigid Aromatic Phosphorus‐Containing Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resins

AbstractA rigid aromatic phosphorus‐containing hyperbranched flame retardant structure is synthesized from 10‐(2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐10H‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO‐HQ), tris(4‐hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide (THPPO), and 1,4‐terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). The resulting poly‐(DOPO‐HQ/THPPO‐terephthalate) (PDTT) is implemented as a flame retardant into an epoxy resin (EP) at a 10 wt% loading. The effects on EP are compared with those of the monomer DOPO‐HQ and triphenylphosphine oxide (OPPh3) as low molar mass flame retardants. The glass transition temperature, thermal decomposition, flammability (reaction to small flame), and burning behavior of the thermosets are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, UL 94‐burning chamber testing, and cone calorimeter measurements. Although P‐contents are low at only 0.6 wt%, the study aims not at attaining V‐0, but at presenting a proof of principle: Epoxy resinswith PDTT show promising fire performance, exhibiting a 25% reduction in total heat evolved (THE), a 30% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) due to flame inhibition (21% reduction in effective heat of combustion (EHC)), and an increase in Tg at the same time. This study indicates that rigid aromatic hyperbranched polymeric structures offer a promising route toward multifunctional flame retardancy.

Fast pyrolysis corn husk for bio-oil production

The fast pyrolysis of corn husk was studied by using a tube pyrolysis unit. This research aimed to produce bio-oil from corn husk through a fast pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition process of biomass at high temperatures with the absence of oxygen. The products in pyrolysis combustion are solids (bio-char), liquids (bio-oil), and gases. The major factors to get excellent products of pyrolysis are temperature and time. The corn husk was dried at 105 °C in the oven to reduce water content. The dried sample was burned at temperatures of 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C by flushing the nitrogen gas inside the tube for two h. The highest yield of bio-oil was reached of 33.3% at a temperature of 400 °C. Bio-oil characteristics such as density (1.007 gr/ml) and viscosity (0.9625 cSt) were observed. The composition of bio-oil was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Its composition was composed of hydrocarbons such as acids, furfural, phenols, and ketones.

Dual UV-Thermal Curing of Biobased Resorcinol Epoxy Resin-Diatomite Composites with Improved Acoustic Performance and Attractive Flame Retardancy Behavior

This study has developed novel fully bio-based resorcinol epoxy resin–diatomite composites by a green two-stage process based on the living character of the cationic polymerization. This process comprises the photoinitiation and subsequently the thermal dark curing, enabling the obtaining of thick and non-transparent epoxy-diatomite composites without any solvent and amine-based hardeners. The effects of the diatomite content and the compacting pressure on microstructural, thermal, mechanical, acoustic properties, as well as the flame behavior of such composites have been thoroughly investigated. Towards the development of sound absorbing and flame-retardant construction materials, a compromise among mechanical, acoustic and flame-retardant properties was considered. Consequently, the composite obtained with 50 wt.% diatomite and 3.9 MPa compacting pressure is considered the optimal composite in the present work. Such composite exhibits the enhanced flexural modulus of 2.9 MPa, a satisfying sound absorption performance at low frequencies with Modified Sound Absorption Average (MSAA) of 0.08 (for a sample thickness of only 5 mm), and an outstanding flame retardancy behavior with the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 109 W/g and the total heat release of 5 kJ/g in the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) analysis.

Study of pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of oil sludge

ABSTRACT In order to deal with the shortage of oil and natural gas, the supplement energies, such as oil sludge, waste plastics, waste rubber needed to be studied. The pyrolysis and combustion methods have advantages when they are chosen to treat oil sludge. The investigation of kinetics is significantly important to know the kinetic parameters and the reaction mechanisms and to provide important theoretical basis for the process design of pyrolysis and combustion to treat oil sludge. Most previous studies on pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of oil sludge regarded pyrolysis process or combustion process, and rarely split pyrolysis or combustion process to calculate kinetic parameters separately. In this work, the experiment of pyrolysis and combustion were carried out by thermal gravimetric analyzer. After splitting the pyrolysis and combustion processes into two stages, respectively, the methods of Coats-Redfern and distributed activation energy model (DAEM) were used to calculate the kinetic parameters. Based on the results of thermogravimetric analysis, the pyrolysis and combustion process can be divided into two stages. For the pyrolysis process, the first stage is mainly with the evolution of adsorbed volatile hydrocarbon and the rupture of weaker chemical bond and the second stage is the cracking of organic macromolecules. Meanwhile, in the first stage of combustion process, small molecular organic matter in dry basis oil sludge will volatilize and then burn on the surface of the crucible and the gas phase outside the crucible, and in the second stage, macromolecular organic matter will volatilize, pyrolyze and burn, and the diffusion of oxygen into the crucible will cause the fixed carbon to burn. According to the kinetic results of the pyrolysis process, the activation energy of the first stage calculated by the Coats-Redfern model are all less than 40 kJ/mol, and that of the second stage increases from 148.14 kJ/mol to 184.97 kJ/mol with the increase of the heating rate. The results of DAEM model show that with the increase of the conversion rate, the activation energy of the first stage increases from 60.82 kJ/mol to 81.05 kJ/mol, and that of the second stage increases from 120.60 kJ/mol to 237.07 kJ/mol. For the combustion process, the activation energy calculated using Coats-Redfern model decreases from 120.18 kJ/mol to 73.48 kJ/mol in the first stage, and that of the second stage is relatively low. The results of DAEM model show that with the increase of the conversion rate, the activation energy decreases from 129.53 kJ/mol to 62.36 kJ/mol in the first stage and that in the second stage is stable at about 70 kJ/mol.

Comparison of Types and Size of Biomass on Pirolysis Combustion Toward The Results of Bio-Charcoal and Liquid Smoke

Biomass is a renewable carbon source and can be processed into gas fuels, liquid and solid fuels. Biomass has several types with different grain sizes. Biomass can be converted to other forms of energy by combustion pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic matter through a heating process at high temperatures with little or no oxygen. The results of the pyrolysis process in the form of bio-charcoal and liquid smoke. The purpose of this research was to determine the comparison of types and sizes of biomass in pyrolysis combustion with characteristics of bio-charcoal and liquid smoke. This research method uses rubber shell biomass waste, green coconut husk and rice husk. Biomass is burned by slow pyrolysis in the reactor with biomass fuel. Combustion in reactors and pitot tubes containing biomass. Measured temperature, time, amount of biomass, bio-charcoal and liquid smoke and the heating value of bio-charcoal. The research results obtained the heating value of rubber shell bio-charcoal at 6661.55 cal / gr, bio-charcoal yield of 2.3 kg, liquid smoke yield of 0.242 kg, green coconut husk biomass heating value amounted to 5388.56 cal/gr, the yield of 1.8 kg of bio-charcoal, the result of liquid smoke of 0.308 kg. and rice husk biomass obtained the heating value of 3626.48 cal/gr with a bio-charcoal yield of 1.3 kg resulting from liquid smoke of 0.284 kg.&#x0D; Keywords: Combustion, Pyrolysis, Liquid Smoke, Charcoal, Biomass