Combustion Plants Research Articles

Documentation of Mosquito Repellant Plants from Fringe Villages of Manas National Park, Assam, India

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,497-503.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.052Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Himangshu Baruah, Harmonjit Boro, and Ananta Swargiary Author(s) affiliations:Himangshu Baruah, Harmonjit Boro, Ananta Swargiary* Department of Zoology, Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Lab., Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Mosquito-borne diseases are among the common problems in developing countries. For centuries, herbal formulations have been used by tribal communities as medicines. A survey was carried out to document the insecticidal plants from fringe villages of Manas National Park. Materials and Methods: The survey was carried out from April to July 2020. The survey was conducted in a face-to-face manner with a ready-made questionnaire. Results: A total of 25 fringe villages were surveyed, and 57 informants were interviewed. Most of the informants were male (87%) and aged (>50 years old). A total of 24 plant species belonging to 18 families were recorded in the present study. Among the plant families, Solanaceae and Lamiaceae were the most famous families. Brassica rapa was the most popular plant with five citations, followed by Cinnamomum tamala and Nicotiana tabacum. Leaves were the most commonly used plant parts, followed by stems. The survey also reported that smokes, produced by burning plant parts, are the most commonly practised mode of use, followed by the rubbing of raw juices of plant parts to repel mosquitoes by fringe villagers of Manas National Park. Conclusion: With a solid ethnobotanical knowledge system supported by scientific evidence, the present study may be used by researchers to explore further the insecticidal and mosquitocidal activities of the plants. Keywords:Fringe village, Larvicidal, Manas National Park, Medicinal plants, Mosquitocidal.View:PDF (314.94 KB)

CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER INTENSITY OF GAS FUEL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

Link for citation: Mrakin A.N., Afanaseva O.V., Kuleshov O.Yu. Calculation of heat transfer intensity of gas fuel combustion products. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 5, рр.109-115. The relevance of the research is determined by the modern trend in the field of thermal power engineering and heat engineering for the transition from traditional gaseous fuel (methane) to the use of hydrogen, methane-hydrogen mixtures, as well as thermochemical conversion gases. Switching to new non-design fuel is justified by considerations of reducing the negative impact on the environment and increasing the thermal efficiency of fuel combustion plants. In this case, the use of fuels with a composition different from the design one will affect the heat transfer processes. The main aim: carrying out a comparative analysis of indicators of the intensity of radiant and convective heat transfer of combustion products of non-design fuels, such as hydrogen, methane-hydrogen mixture and thermochemical conversion gases. As an assumption in the formulation of the problem and objectives of the study, the constancy of the heat release power in the apparatus due to changes in the amount of fuel burned was taken. Objects: heat exchange surface of a fire-tube hot water boiler. Methods: carrying out numerical calculation using traditional approaches to determine the indicators of the intensity of heat transfer in the system «combustion products – metal wall of the pipe of thermal power plants». We also used the relations tested earlier by other authors to calculate the thermophysical parameters of gas mixtures. Results. According to the results of the performed comparative calculations, we can conclude that the transition from the use of conventional fuel (natural gas/methane) to its thermochemical conversion gases under the considered conditions has almost no effect on the integral heat transfer performance. To a greater extent, this transition is caused by changes in the intensity of heat transfer for products of combustion of hydrogen and methane-hydrogen mixture, which will affect the operation of thermal power and heat technological installations. At the same time, it is necessary to conduct additional research on the combustion kinetics of thermochemical methane conversion gases, their thermophysical properties, etc., because the hardware design, type of the catalyst used and operating parameters of the process will affect the composition of obtained synthesis gas.

Experimental and numerical study on laminar combustion characteristics of by-product hydrogen coke oven gas

The coke oven gas (COG) which mainly consists of H2, CH4 and CO is a kind of feasible by-product hydrogen that could be applied by combustion plants. This paper conducted experiments and numerical calculations to explore the combustion properties of COG. The laminar burning velocity (LBV) and flame stability of COG with different CO/CH4/H2 fractions were firstly tested. Then, based on the LBV results, a new chemical kinetic model was proposed and a mixing rule for quick estimating the LBV of COG was acquired. The influences of different COG components on LBV were obtained. The peak LBV of COG could achieve 100.2 cm/s when the highest tested hydrogen portion in COG was adopted at an equivalence ratio of 1.2. Concerning its application in real combustion plants, the exhaust emissions of CO and NO from the COG final combustion products were also detected by an emissions analyzer. The results showed that raising the hydrogen fraction in COG availed reducing CO at rich conditions through lowering the carbon fraction. The NO emission gained the peak value around the equivalence ratio of 0.9, which was found to be generally raised with the hydrogen fraction due to the increased combustion temperature.

Synergistic Chemical Looping Process Coupling Natural Gas Conversion and NOx Purification

We present a novel low-temperature chemical looping combustion scheme for simultaneous natural gas conversion into a sequestration-ready CO2 stream and NOx purification. The scheme employs nickel oxide (NiO) supported on ZrO2 as the oxygen carrier. In the process, CH4 reduces the oxidized carrier to Ni/ZrO2 in a co-current moving bed reactor, which is then oxidized back to NiO/ZrO2 by the NOx-laden flue gas in a fluidized bed reactor, completing the oxygen carrier loop. Thermodynamic studies demonstrate that the presence of CO2 does not significantly affect NOx purification performance at different flue gas flow rates. The operating temperatures of the reactors are selected based on NOx-temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and CH4-temperature programmed reduction (TPR) experiments. Results show that the process can optimally operate at temperatures close to the combustion plants’ flue gas temperature of 400–500 °C, reducing the need for hot utilities. The study conducts comprehensive isothermal and autothermal analyses of the process to evaluate the effects of temperature and carrier flow rate on CH4 conversion, CO2 selectivity, carbon deposition, and NOx conversion. For the autothermal analysis, the CH4 reactor operates adiabatically, while the NOx reactor operates isothermally. Comparative studies with the conventional NOx selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process indicate an exergy efficiency and effective thermal efficiency (ETE) improvement of 9 and 18 percentage points, respectively. The findings suggest that this low-temperature chemical looping process is a promising solution for flue gas NOx treatment, utilizing cheaper natural gas as the reductant and eliminating environmental concerns, such as ammonia or urea slippage. Overall, this study contributes to the development of more efficient and sustainable methods for reducing NOx emissions.

Risk Evaluation of Pollutants Emission from Coal and Coal Waste Combustion Plants and Environmental Impact of Fly Ash Landfilling.

Emission factors (EFs) of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, certain harmful trace elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from three thermal power plants (TPPs) and semi-industrial fluidized bed boiler (FBB) were compared. EFs of particulate matter, trace elements (except Cd and Pb), benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene exceed the upper limits specified in the EMEP inventory guidebook for all combustion facilities. The comparison of trace elements and PAHs content in fly ashes (FAs) from lignite and coal waste combustion in TPPs and FBB, respectively, as well as the potential environmental impact of FAs disposal, was performed by employing a set of ecological indicators such as crustal enrichment factor, risk assessment code, risk indices for trace elements, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration for PAHs. Sequential analysis shows that the trace elements portion is the lowest for water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. The highest enrichment levels in FAs are noticed for As and Hg. Based on toxic trace elements content, FAs from TPPs represent a very high ecological risk, whereas fly ash from FBB poses a moderate ecological risk but has the highest benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration, indicating its increased carcinogenic potential. Lead isotope ratios for Serbian coals and FAs can contribute to a lead pollution global database.

Mineral Concentration and ash content of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland var. vulgaris) culm growth stages in three ecological zones in Ghana

This work examines how ash and the mineral elements in four bamboo culm growth stages (shoot, juvenile, mature and dead) can affect fuel conversion technology plants through slagging, fouling, and corrosion. 48 samples consisting of the shoot; juvenile; mature and dead culms were tested for ash content and ash mineral elements. The mean values of ash contents of the bamboo culm growth stages across the three ecological zones were from 0.93% to 2.11%. The contents were within the threshold approved in the EN standards EN 14775 ≥3%. The mean values of carbon across the culm growth stages ranged from 48.46% to 53.31%. Hydrogen among the bamboo culms ranged from 5.60 to 7.04%. Higher carbon and hydrogen contents lead to higher heating values. Nitrogen among the culm growth stages ranged from 0.31 to 0.79%. The concentration levels of N in the culms were within the threshold prescribed in the EN standards EN 15104 ≥ 1%. The mean Cu concentration of mature culms ranged from 0.89-1.31 ppm; Zn ranged from 2.74-3.25 ppm; As varies from 0.055 to 0.078 ppm; Ni ranges from 0.43-0.85 ppm and Cd in the mature bamboo culm ranged from 0.81 to 3.66 ppm. Amount the minor ash elementals calcium in the mature culm ranged from 16.70 to 26.49 ppm; potassium (K) from 0.42-2.45 ppm and Mg from Ca and Mg contents increases the melting point of ash K content lowers the melting point of ash which can cause slagging. The concentrations of minor and heavy metals were below the standard set by EN 1496 1-2 and therefore may not cause problems to human health or slagging to combustion plants for the production of biofuels.

State of Implementation of European Legislation Regarding Water Resources Management, Industrial Pollution and Man-Made Hazards in Ukraine

The Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, requires Ukraine to bring its national legislation closer to EU law and policy. Environmental protection can be singled out as a separate direction. The article analyzes Ukraine's progress in fulfilling its obligations under the Association Agreement with the EU in the field of industrial pollution and technogenic threats and water resources management. The process of harmonization of the Ukraine legislation and the EU in the field of emissions control from large combustion plants is described. The specifics of the implementation of the Concept of state policy implementation in the field of industrial pollution provisions have been established. The analysis of the legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the reduction and control of industrial pollution was carried out. The problems of implementing the provisions of directives 2001/80/EU and 2010/75/EU into the Ukraine legislation are described. Significant disputes between the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and business representatives in the field of industrial pollution control and prevention are indicated. The article provides information on the environmental policy of Ukraine in the field of water resources use and protection. Cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in this direction is carried out in accordance with Section V of Chapter 6 of the Association Agreement with the European Union. It is noted that the system of water resources integrated management based on the basin principle is being implemented in the country. The process of implementing the provisions of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EU into the legislation of Ukraine is described. The article presents the principles of developing river basin management plans, activities of Basin Councils, and procedures for state monitoring.

Comparing the quantity and quality of glass, metals, and minerals present in waste incineration bottom ashes from a fluidized bed and a grate incinerator

Bottom ash is the primary solid residue arising from municipal solid waste incineration. It consists of valuable materials such as minerals, metals and glass. Recovering these materials from bottom ash becomes evident when integrating Waste-to-Energy within the circular economy strategy. To assess the recycling potential from bottom ash, detailed knowledge of its characteristics and composition is required. The study at hand aims to compare the quantity and quality of recyclable materials present in bottom ash from a fluidized bed combustion plant and a grate incinerator, both located in the same city in Austria and receiving mainly municipal solid waste. The investigated properties of the bottom ash are grain-size distribution, contents of recyclable metals, glass, and minerals in different grain size fractions, and the total and leaching contents of substances in minerals.The study results reveal that most recyclables present are of better quality for the bottom ash arising at the fluidized bed combustion plant. Metals are less corroded, glass contains fewer impurities, minerals contain fewer heavy metals, and their leaching behavior is also favorable. Furthermore, recoverable materials, such as metals and glass are more isolated and not incorporated into agglomerates as observed in grate incineration bottom ash. Based on the input to the incinerators more aluminum and significantly more glass can potentially be recovered from bottom ash from fluidized bed combustion. On the downside, fluidized bed combustion produces about five times more fly ash per unit of waste incinerated, which is currently disposed of in landfills.

A new concept for carbon dioxide elimination from combustion plants flue gases

The production of energy from thermal power plants by burning fossil fuels is expected to remain a major part of the global energy mix for a significant period of time. The issue of pollutant emissions remains on the agenda, especially carbon dioxide (CO2) due to its large quantities released. The article proposes a new concept for the elimination of carbon dioxide and other gaseous pollutants from the waste gases of combustion plants. Based on the assessment of the thermodynamic feasibility of the processes, metals and alloys were selected and initial tests were performed for the transformation of model waste gases from thermal power plants into solid products that could be further utilized by hydrometallurgical technologies. Removals achieved at small scale laboratory experiments were >89 % CO2, > 71 % CO, > 96 % NOx and > 60 % SO2.

Combustion conditions and feed coals regulating the Fe- and Ti-containing nanoparticles in various coal fly ash.

Quantitative characteristics and sizes of nanoparticles (NPs) in coal fly ash (CFA) produced in coal-fired power plants as a function of coal type and plant design will help reveal the NP emission likelihood and their environmental implications. However, little is known about how combustion conditions and types of coal regulate the NP abundance in CFAs. In this study, based on single particle (SP)-ICP-MS technology, particle number concentrations (PNCs) and sizes of Fe- and Ti-containing NPs in CFAs were determined for samples collected from power plants of different designs and burning different types of coal. The PNCs of Fe- and Ti-containing NPs in all CFAs measured were in the range of 1.3×107 - 3.4×108 and 6.8×106 - 2.2×108 particles/mg, with the average particle sizes of 111nm and 87nm, respectively. The highest Fe-NP PNCs likely relate to the highest contents of Fe and pyrite in the feed coal. In addition, high TOC in CFAs are associated with metal-containing NPs, resulting in elevated abundances of these NPs with relatively large sizes. Moreover, elevated PNCs of NPs were found in CFAs produced by coal-fired power plants burning low-rank coals and with small installed capacity (especially those under 100-MW units). Compared to cyclone filters, ESPs and FFs with higher removal efficiency typically retain more Fe-/Ti- containing NPs with smaller sizes. Based on a structural equation (SE) model, raw coal properties (coal rank and Fe/Ti content), boiler types, and efficiency of particulate emission control devices likely indirectly affect PNCs of Fe- and Ti-containing NPs by influencing TOC contents and their corresponding metal concentrations of CFAs. This study provides the first analytic and comprehensive information concerning the direct and indirect regulating factors on NPs in various CFAs.

Secondary formation and source analysis of carbonaceous components in PM1 in a typical city, Southwest of China

Carbonaceous components are major components of PM1, which have a significant impact on climate change, air quality and human health. However, the secondary formation and source analysis of carbonaceous components in PM1 are still unclear. Therefore, in order to study the secondary formation and sources of carbonaceous components in PM1, PM1 samples were collected in Chengdu, a typical city located in southwest of China, from 2018 to 2019. The concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and isotopic compositions of carbon (δ13C) in PM1 were determined using a thermal/optical carbon analyzer and elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In addition, the δ13C values from relevant potential sources (C3 plants, C4 plants, vehicle exhaust and coal) were also determined. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of OC and EC in PM1 in Chengdu were 6.43 ± 3.30 μg·m−3 and 1.99 ± 0.98 μg·m−3, accounting for 13.83% and 4.28% of the PM1 mass concentration, respectively. The concentrations of OC in PM1 ranked in the order of winter > summer > spring > autumn, while the concentrations of EC varied in the order of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The concentrations of OC and EC in PM1 reached the maximum in winter, mainly due to the special meteorological conditions and significantly higher pollutant emissions. The correlations of OC and EC were higher in spring, autumn and winter, and lower in summer. It showed that OC and EC might have the same sources in spring, autumn and winter, while the sources of OC and EC were relatively complex in summer. The annual average concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC) in PM1 was 2.23 ± 1.22 μg·m−3. The concentrations of SOC were higher in autumn and winter and lower in spring and summer. The special meteorological conditions and significantly higher pollutant emissions are important reasons for the higher SOC concentrations in winter. On the other hand, the low temperature in winter can also promote the formation of SOC. The results of carbon isotopic compositions indicated that the carbonaceous components in PM1 were mainly derived from vehicle exhaust (52.4%), C3 plants combustion (26.2%), coal burning (16.2%) and C4 plants combustion (5.2%). The findings help to deepen the understanding of the secondary formation and sources of carbonaceous components in PM1 and provide theoretical guidance for environmental management.

Dynamics of large-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustion plants for heat and power production

Bubbling fluidized bed combustion (BFBC) plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production have traditionally been dispatched under slow load changes. As the amount of variable renewable electricity increases in energy systems worldwide, knowledge regarding the transient capabilities of the gas and water-steam sides of BFBC plants is required. The aim of this work is to investigate the dynamic performance of large-scale BFBC plants when accounting for both the gas and water-steam sides. To do so, this paper presents a dynamic model of BFB-CHP plants that result from connecting a model of the gas side to a process model of the water-steam side. The plant model output is validated by comparisons with operational data measured in a 130-MWth BFBC plant that produces electricity, district heating (DH) water and steam for industrial clients. The validation shows that the model can satisfactorily describe both multi-load steady-state operation and load transients. The simulation results highlight the fact that the water-steam cycle achieves stabilization more rapidly after changes in the DH line and steam delivered to customers, as compared to changes in the combustor load. The timescales of the plant outputs for different changes have been calculated, with stabilization times ranging from 2 to 15 min for the power production versus 2–25 min characterizing the DH production. Compared to the stabilization times of the gas side, the water-steam side is an order of magnitude slower, thereby limiting the transient operation capabilities of BFB-CHP plants.

Utilising Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculations to Model Potassium Capture by Aluminosilicate Additives in Biomass Combustion Plants

When it comes to the modelling of solid aluminosilicate additive particles, many current attempts are still using a high-level approach, leaving out the mechanistic detail on a particle level to reduce model complexity. This paper shows different ways in which thermodynamic equilibrium calculations can help to understand the processes inside additive particles and to generate sub-models for detailed CFD-calculations. First, the influence of the additive's chemical composition (Al/Si ratio and traces of Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti) on its maximum capture value is investigated. Afterwards, two sub-models for the behaviour of additives in combustion chambers are presented: one model for the calculation of the loss in surface area inside a particle, as well as a model for the in-situ determination of an additive particle's capture ceiling function. The results show that the chemical composition of the additive plays an important role in determining the capture of potassium from flue gases. High Al/Si ratios lead to higher thermal stability of the particles, while simultaneously reducing the amount of potassium that is captured in equilibrium. This knowledge can help improve models of solid additive particles and help optimise their use in thermal power plants.

The role of ecotoxicology in the health impact assessment: an innovative ecosystem approach for the protection of human health in Italy.

The Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a procedure with the aim to protect the populations exposed to the impacts deriving from the establishment or upgrading of large industrial enterprises, i.e. large combustion plants (>300 MWth). In Italy a guideline for the HIA procedure has been published in compliance with the 2014/52/EU Directive on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements. Italian HIA procedure. An ecotoxicological approach has been included for the first time in the HIA procedure with the aim to detect toxic effects caused by unknown not-monitored contaminants or mixtures in the ecosystem components affected by the potential emissions, discharges and releases of large industrial enterprises. Ecotoxicology plays an important bridge role between environment and human health in the scoping and monitoring step of the HIA procedure with a key function of early warning system and screening. The aim of this paper is to present the Italian experience in the first three years of the application of the new approach, proposing recommendations on specific case studies. Conclusion and future perspective. 80% of enterprises, that applied HIA, have delivered a robust, integrated and detailed documentation in relation to the ecotoxicological assessment, this positive feedback will generate environmental and human health benefits to the areas where the plants are established.

Three pathways towards elimination of CO2 emissions from industrial plants that use hydrocarbon fuels

Many industrial plants burn hydrocarbon fuels to generate electricity and high-temperature thermal energy required in their processes. This work proposes a novel system for generation of such thermal energy while eliminating CO2 emissions. The system produces electricity, thermal energy, methanol, and carbon black. Combined heat and power (CHP) unit generates high-temperature thermal energy and electricity required by the industrial plant; CO2 produced by CHP and by the plant itself is converted to methanol by using hydrogen produced via pyrolysis of methane, which has recently advanced to the first industrial scale plant. Thermal energy contained in the CHP flue gas replaces utility plant boilers or furnaces of the industrial plant (e.g. a refinery or a petrochemical plant). Two pathways are based on two different methane pyrolysis methods and CO2 removal via MEA absorption. The third pathway replaces MEA absorption with a novel in situ CO2 conversion reactor. Proposed pathways are examined as ways of eliminating CO2 emissions from a 5 million ton of crude oil per annum refinery. The study includes operational costs, capital costs, and material prices in USA, EU, and China. The results show that the proposed pathways are profitable for USA and EU, while for China they are not. The proposed pathways provide CO2 free energy generation from natural gas as an alternative to energy generation from either solar, wind or hydro energy sources. In addition, they enable capture and conversion of CO2 emissions from industrial process units.

Feasibility of 10 MW Biomass-Fired Power Plant Used Rice Straw in Cambodia

This study investigates the feasibility of rice straw for energy production in Cambodia. The potential areas for a 10 MW biomass-fired power plant installation are estimated based on rice straw availability displayed in a graphic information system (GIS). The discounted cash flow (DCF) method on the profitability index (PI) was executed by Mathlab software, which was used to determine the period of the power plant profitability. The reduction of CO and CO2 emissions from the proposed rice straw biomass-fired power plant with 10 MW capacity was calculated and compared with the coal-fired power plant and open field burning. Prey Veng, Takeo, and Battambang are potential provinces that have an estimated rice straw source of 804,796 t/annum, 720,040 t/annum, and 603,273 t/annum, respectively. Within a 20-year project, the biomass-fired power plant can reach profitability between six and ten years with the operation of the rice-straw price of 20 USD/t to 40 USD/t. The total energy produced by these potential areas is 1251 GWh/annum, with a CO2 emission avoidance of 1.06 million t/annum compared to the coal-fired power plant operation. Simultaneously, the emission savings of the biomass-fired power plant compared to open-field burning are 0.61 million t/annum of CO2 and 0.02 million t/annum of CO in the study site. The findings are prospectively essential for further designing of a small-scale biomass-fired power plant in Cambodia.

CALORIFIC VALUE OF PELLETS PRODUCED FROM RAW MATERIAL COLLECTED FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER PRUT

The production of pellets has recently experienced a sudden upward trend worldwide, including the Republic of Moldova and Romania, especially due to the energy crisis caused by the war in Ukraine and rapid depletion of fossil energy sources. The widespread use of pellets has several reasons: it is an eco-friendly fuel, it allows the automation of the combustion process, and it can be easily produced in any region that has enough raw materials. The calorific value of pellets is the main characteristic feature that determines their price and is used in combustion engineering to find out the thermal efficiency of combustion plants. This paper synthesizes the results regarding the calorific value of the pellets produced from different types of plant biomass specific to the Republic of Moldova and the counties adjacent to the river Prut in Romania. The research has been carried out within the Solid Biofuels Laboratory, SAUM using standard methods of testing densified solid biofuels. The experimental results obtained in this study showed that the pellets produced from arboriculture residues, residues generated from vine pruning, table varieties, as well as those produced from sunflower seed husk have a calorific value equal to or greater than 16.5 MJ/kg, i.e., they meet ENPlus 3 requirements.

Ecological and chemical safety assessment of RDF as alternative fuel for boiler stations

In this paper, an ecological and chemical safety assessment of using RDF (Refuse-derived fuel) is considered. It is shown that production and consumption wastes, including combustible unclaimed fractions of secondary material resources from household solid waste, which have undergone preliminary sorting and preparation, in terms of grinding and cleaning from non-combustible inert materials, are used as raw materials for its manufacture. It has been established that it is expedient to use this type of fuel during thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) with a working temperature of about 1200-1500 °C, since at this temperature all substances pass into the composition of flue gases. Installation "Mark 1" is proposed, which can be used in boiler station for burning RDF. The technological scheme and the principle of operation of the proposed installation are described. An assessment of the impact of the operation of this installation on the environment was carried out. It is shown that the concentrations of pollutants from the heating system, according to the protocol for measuring quantitative chemical analysis (QCA) of emissions into the atmosphere at control points at a distance of 25 meters from the mouth of the boiler station pipe, using the example of pilot tests of RDF, do not exceed the MPC. Thus, the ecological and chemical safety of RDF is confirmed and its use in combustion plants equipped with swirling-type furnaces is justified.

Ensuring economic security of thermal power plants with accelerated decarbonization of the energy industry

The article highlights the results of a detailed study of the Report of the Institute of Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “Economically justified approach to the introduction of the National Emission Reduction Plan in Ukraine based on the experience of reducing emissions of harmful pollutants into the air by large combustion plants in Europe” and considers the European experience of state support thermal power plants/ thermal power plants. It was emphasized that among the mechanisms that were used and continue to be used to support coal generation, the most significant in terms of funding are the transitional payment mechanism, which is currently used in Poland, Germany, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Greece, Italy, and contracts for difference, which are still used in Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain, etc. countries It is justified that for Ukraine it is more expedient to finance reconstruction/modernization/technical re-equipment projects using the transitional payment mechanism, for which the transitional payment before payment will be calculated: for household consumers – as the product of the corresponding rate of transitional payment for final household consumers (UAH/month) and the number of household consumers connected to the network of this distribution system operator; for non-household consumers – as the product of the corresponding transitional payment rate (UAH/kWh) and the amount of electricity consumed by final non-household consumers. The inclusion in this way of a transitional payment to electricity supply tariffs (which include the cost of purchasing electricity on the market, the cost of services for its distribution and transmission, as well as the cost of the services of the electricity supplier) will not have a significant impact on their growth for both domestic and non-domestic consumers, instead, it will allow to have additional revenues, which the thermal power station/ thermal power plant will be able to direct to finance projects for their reconstruction/modernization/technical re-equipment. The introduction of transitional payment can definitely serve as only one of the alternative options for financing the implementation of projects for the modernization of thermal power plants/thermal power plants and, accordingly, ensuring their economic security, but it does not finally resolve the issue of financial support for the implementation of projects for the reconstruction/modernization/re-equipment of thermal power plants, which are provided for by the National Reduction Plan emissions from large combustion plants.

Criteria for Enhanced Monitoring and Control Plans for a Waste Gasification Plant

Abstract The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) and the Monitoring and Control Plan (MCP) are key documents required respectively in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures and in the Integrated Environmental Authorization (IEA) for activities subjected to this procedure. Both documents aim at preventing impacts on the environment and human health and/or quickly taking actions if anomalous levels of pollutants are found in the environment. Trentino is an Italian region located in the Alps characterized by high population density in its valleys, complex terrain and, thus, a low level of dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants. The research carried out in Trentino in the last two decades has allowed identifying innovative monitoring approaches to point out issues that conventional methodologies could not detect. The present paper provides the key elements of an EMP that must be included in the EIA of a waste gasification plant. The paper proposes unconventional monitoring campaigns to guarantee a more efficient control of the areas influenced by the plant before, during and after its construction. The paper also discusses key aspects of an MCP for plants that are subjected to IEA. The final aim is to make this paper a reference document to 1) evaluate new projects of waste combustion plants, 2) suggest alternative monitoring methodologies to investigate the role of specific pollutants in peculiar contexts, and 3) prescribe a specific surveillance plan in the case of a plant that is subjected to IEA. Considerations on differences with conventional plants were also included.