Combretum Glutinosum Research Articles

Isolation, purification, and characterization of lectins from medicinal plant Combretum glutinosum seeds endowed with analgesic and antiulcer properties

In the pursuit of safer and more effective treatments, there is a growing interest in plant-derived compounds, particularly lectins, because of their diverse pharmacological properties. This study focused on isolating, purifying, and characterizing lectin from Combretum glutinosum seeds (CGSLs) to assess its potential as an analgesic and antiulcer agent. CGSL extraction involved defatting and buffer extraction, followed by purification using ammonium sulfate fractionation and fetuin-agarose affinity column chromatography. The isolectins (iso-CGSLs), each consisting of 60 kDa and 57 kDa heterodimeric subunits, displayed glycoprotein properties with a 40 % neutral sugar content. They exhibited peak activity at 55 °C and remained stable for up to the fifth day at room temperature. The activity exhibited a pH dependence, peaking between 7.5 and 10.5, and all seemingly operated independently of metal ions. CGSL, at optimal doses ranging from 6 to 12 mg/kg, had significant analgesic effects on acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in mice. Evaluation using 0.7 % acetic acid resulted in notable pain reduction across all doses (P < 0.05). The analgesic effect of lectin was partially reversed by naloxone (a morphine antagonist), indicating partial involvement of the opioid receptor system. Furthermore, CGSL exhibited antiulcer effects in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models in rats, highlighting its therapeutic potential as a natural alternative for analgesic and antiulcer treatments.

Antibacterial activity and partial characterization of antibacterial agent from combretum glutinosum leaf extracts against microbes isolated from dental caries

Antibacterial activity and partial characterization of antibacterial agent from combretum glutinosum leaf extracts against microbes isolated from dental caries

Antibacterial and anti-coronavirus investigation of selected Senegalese plant species according to an ethnobotanical survey

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn Senegal, upper and lower respiratory tract infections constitute a real health problem. To manage these disorders, most people rely on the use of local medicinal plants. This is particularly the case for species belonging to the botanical families, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae, which are widely used to treat various respiratory problems such as colds, flu, rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis, angina, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and also pneumonia. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to identify medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of infectious diseases, in particular those of the respiratory tract. On the basis of these ethnopharmacological uses, this study made it possible to highlight the antibacterial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities of selected plant species. Materials and methodsAn ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Senegal among informants, including herbalists, traditional healers, and households, using medicinal plants in the management of infectious diseases, with a focus on respiratory tract infections. The most cited plant species were evaluated in vitro on a panel of 18 human pathogenic bacteria may be involved in respiratory infections and against the human coronavirus HCoV-229E in Huh-7 cells. The antiviral activity of the most active extracts against HCoV-229E was also evaluated on COVID-19 causing agent, SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-81 cells. In parallel, cytotoxic activities were evaluated on Huh-7 cells. ResultsA total of 127 informants, including 100 men (78.74%) and 27 women (21.26%) participated in this study. The ethnobotanical survey led to the inventory of 41 plant species belonging to 19 botanical families used by herbalists and/or traditional healers and some households to treat infectious diseases, with a specific focus on upper respiratory tract disorders. Among the 41 plant species, the most frequently mentioned in the survey were Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (95.2%), Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex DC. (93.9%) and Eucalyptus spp. (82.8%). Combretaceae (30.2%) represented the most cited botanical family with six species, followed by Fabaceae (29.3%, 12 species). A total of 33 crude methanolic extracts of the 24 plant species selected for their number of citations were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Guiera senegalensis, Combretum glutinosum, Vachellia nilotica subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., and Terminalia avicennioides Guill. & Perr., showed antibacterial activities. The most active plants against HCoV-229E were: Ficus sycomorus L., Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir., and Spermacoce verticillata L. One of these plants, Mitragyna inermis, was also active against SARS-CoV-2. ConclusionThis work confirmed the anti-infective properties of plant species traditionally used in Senegal. Overall, the most frequently cited plant species showed the best antibacterial activities. Moreover, some of the selected plant species could be considered as a potential source for the management of coronavirus infections. This new scientific data justified the use of these plants in the management of some infectious pathologies, especially those of the respiratory tract.

Gallery forest species and water quality of the Okpara River in northern Benin

This study aims to understandf the relationships between water quality, vegetation and human activity in the forest gallery of the Okpara River in northern Benin. Within this framework, floristic surveys and measurements of physicochemical parameters were carried out on 48 sites along the watercourse, located in 8 villages bordering the river. Sociodemographic surveys were also carried out among neighboring populations. The densities of Khaya senegalensis, Mitragyna inermis, Vitellaria paradoxa, Cola laurifolia and Isoberlinia doka of the wooded stratum and the recoveries of Andropogon gayanus, Cassia mimosoïdes, Panicum maximum, Andropogon tectorum, Hyptechis suaveolens and Aptechis suaveolens increased from upstream to downstream. The water can be considered as water of average quality according to the parameters measured. It emerged that the density of Berlinia grandiflora, Isoberlinia doka and Combretum glutinosum on one hand, and the recovery of Andropogon gayanus, Cassia mimosoïdes, Detarium microcarpa and Gynandropsis gynandra on other hand were particularly linked to the physicochemical parameters of water. There was a relative strong relationship between the two groups of parameters with the first canonical coefficient estimated at 0.75. The species richness of shrubs and herbaceous plants, water temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand for 5 days and, to a lesser extent, dissolved oxygen contributed to the relationship between the two groups of variables. The importance of human activities from upstream to downstream was also a factor that had a detrimental effect on water quality and on the composition of riparian flora. This information is important for a good sustainable management of these resources.

STRUCTURE ET DISTRIBUTION DE LA POPULATION DE BALANITES AEGYPTIACA (L.) DEL. DANS LA COMMUNE RURALE DE SIMIRI (NIGER)

In the context of the rampant destruction of natural resources, a study on the populations of Balanites aegyptiaca was carried out in Simiri. The objective of the study is to improve the understanding of the natural and anthropogenic ecological processes which are determining the distribution and structure of these populations. The survey device used is systematic with 4 transects of 2 km each arranged radially around the villages. Analysis of vegetation data shows that the floristic diversity of the area is declining. A total of 26 species divided into 19 genera and 12 families are inventoried. The most represented families are Combretaceae and Mimosaceae with 23.08% each. The population is dominated by Combretum glutinosum (30.26%), Balanites aegyptiaca (16.59%), Acacia albida (10.85%), Ziziphus mauritiana (9.35%), Guiera senegalensis (8.29%) and Piliostigma reticulatum (5.84%). The spatial distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca is under the influence of natural dynamic processes and anthropogenic actions with great variability in its density both at the village scale and at the scale of geomorphological and land use units. Furthermore, their specific structure is recurrently approved, which gives them great ecological importance in the municipality. The demographic structure of Balanites aegyptiaca, for its part, showed the population, an appreciable proportion of young individuals, and aging populations and thus confirms the importance of this woody resource. However, renewal (92%) constitutes, at the current state, the structural problem because of the strong competition for the seed.

How does Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) Improve Soil Fertility and Plant Cover in the Simiri Commune in Niger?

Aims: This study aimed to assess Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) impacts on improving soil fertility and plant cover through the physicochemical characterization of soil samples taken from ANR fields and control fields.&#x0D; Study Design: The experimental design is made up of a vegetation observation gradient along an East-West transect and a soil sampling gradient along a North-South transect.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Sahelian zone in the rural commune of Simiri in Niger between May and June 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: Data on the diversity of species predominant in the ANR system, the social categories of ANR users and farmers' perceptions of ANR were collected on a sample of 120 farmers chosen at random from three villages in the commune of Simiri.&#x0D; Results: A sandy texture was recorded in all the samples submitted for analysis, with an overall acid of soil pH (5.18 ⁃ 5.62). The proportions of the main nutrients: C(0,16), N(0,015), P(6,88), K(0,066), Mo(0,30) C/N(10,83) were relatively higher in the fields under ANR practices compared with the control fields. With regard to the dominant woody species, the results show that the stands are mainly based on Combretum glutinosum, Combretum micranthum and Guera senegalensis. The ability of woody species to withstand stressful conditions could act as a bulwark against climatic hazards. The strong dominance of these species is due, among other things, to their regenerative capacity, their rapid spread and, above all, their economic interest in the production of firewood and other ecosystem services.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) adoption in farming practices has often been accompanied by the creation of village committees for the protection and management of trees and other areas of sustainable natural resource management. Despite mutilation and other illegal felling, the new agroforestry parks increase the resilience of agricultural production systems to climatic shocks and biotic stresses.

Phytochemical screening, in vitro and in vivo effects of an aqueous extract of the bark of Combretum glutinosum Perr ex DC. (Combretaceae) on gastrointestinal strongyles

IntroductionPlants remain an inexhaustible source of medicines for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the aqueous extract of Combretum glutinosum bark on adult gastrointestinal strongyle worms. MethodsIn vitro, the extract was contacted with worms at various doses. In vivo, 25 sheep were divided into five batches of 5 animals, with one batch untreated, one batch treated with albendazole and three batches treated with the extract at three different doses. The body weight of the animals, the number of eggs per gram of faeces and haematological parameters were used to assess the efficacy of the extract. ResultsIn vitro, the extract appeared to inhibit the motility of adult Haemonchus contortus worms more than Trichostrongylus colubriformis (P < 0.05). In vivo, a significant reduction in the faecal excretion rate was observed in batches of animals treated with the drug and those treated with the extract, compared with the untreated control. Similarly, an increase in animal weight and an improvement in haematological parameters were observed in the treated batches after experimentation. The chemical profile of the extract revealed the presence of various chemical groups suspected of being responsible for its anthelmintic properties. ConclusionTreatment at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight appeared to be more active in reducing the number of eggs per gram of faeces and could therefore be recommended for the formulation of an improved traditional medicines with anthelmintic properties.

Ex vivo and in vitro investigations on the protective effects of Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC against oxidative and inflammatory stress-induced liver and kidney damage

BackgroundOrgan damage, such as liver and kidney injury, is a serious and frequent problem leading to end-stage failure. Despite advances in research, there is still no proof of the effectiveness of potentially anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and organoprotective compounds in therapeutic contexts. The need for potential therapeutic drugs is therefore enormous and urgent. For a long time, plant-based remedies, including Combretum glutinosum, have been a crucial component of healthcare. MethodsIn order to develop anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and organoprotective phytomedicine, the current research aims to evaluate the nephroprotective and hepatoprotective abilities of C. glutinosum extract, targeting its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential using ex vivo and In vitro models. ResultsThe phytochemical screening pointed out a large number of beneficial substances, including flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids. C. glutinosum extract showed strong anti-inflammatory activity against heat and hypotonia-induced protein denaturation and membrane destabilization. Moreover, remarkable antioxidant action in DPPH radicals, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Ferric chloride/ascorbic acid (FeCl2-AA)-mediated lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney tissues was significantly (p < 0.001) mitigated by C. glutinosum extract. ConclusionC. glutinosum has a good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profile. This would place it among the potential candidates for hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities.

EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE TOXICITY, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITIES OF FOUR PLANTS USED IN THE BENINESE PHARMACOPOEIA (ANNONA SENEGALENSIS, SARCOCEPHALUS LATIFOLIUS, COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM AND DETARIUM MICROCARPUM)

Inflammation and pain are a common feature of almost all non-communicable diseases. Annona senegalensis, Sarcocephaluslatifolius, Combretum glutinosum and Detariummicrocarpum have been traditionally used to treat different types of diseases. This study aimed to evaluate in-vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of these plants extracts, as well as their acute toxicity. The hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves were used for in-vivo tests on Wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the 2% formalin-induced edema test, while the analgesic activity was evaluated by the acetic acid test. The acute toxicity of the crude hydroethanol extract was evaluated by oral administration of the extract to Wistar rats. A single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was administered and the effects on biochemical parameters were evaluated. The two plants tested showed a significant analgesic activity with a percentage of inhibition of cramps of 85.37 % for D. microcarpum and 87.37 % for A.senegalensis compared to aspirin which is 45.07%. The percentage of edema inhibition at 100 mg/kg reached 37.47 % for Detariummicrocarpum and 68.0 % for Annona senegalensis against 34.10 % for diclofenac. The toxicity test performed on rats by the oral route at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight showed no adverse effects and no deaths during the 14 days of observation.

Flavonol-Glycoside and Rare Triterpenoid Derivatives Isolated from Leaves of Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex Dc. with In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity

Combretaceae plants are used traditionally by many cultures, especially in Sudanese patients for the treatment of diverse ailments such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant disorders. Of these plants, the genus Combretum are traditional medicinal plants. Thus, they are formed from the non-polar or polar extracts of many isolated phytochemicals. Of these necessities, the use of Combretum extracts for their medicinal properties can be found in the earliest of myths and traditions used to document the plants’ ability to treat diseases. Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex Dc. is a common shrub native to the African continent, especially Sudan. Currently, there are no published data regarding its cytotoxic activity. Additionally, there are few chemical and biological reports of C. glutinosum. Therefore, the current study aimed to isolate the chemical bioactive compounds (1–6) from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of C. glutinosum. A new flavonoid compound, namely, glutosinumoside (4), was afforded, and five known compounds were obtained: three oleanane-glycosides (1–3) and two phenolic acids (5,6). The structures of the six compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR, mass spectrometry, and chromatographic analysis. Moreover, an in vitro cytotoxic evaluation of the successive extracts and the bioactive EtOAc fractions of C. glutinosum against MCF7 (breast), HT29 (colon), HepG2 (liver), and MRC5 (normal lung) cell lines was performed. The isolated compounds showed comparable cytotoxic activities with the crude EtOH extract and doxorubicin against the tested cell lines. Compounds (1) and (6) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MCF7 (1.37 ± 0.21 and 1.48 ± 0.34 µg/mL, respectively) and HepG2 (3.30 ± 0.02 and 2.10 ± 0.22 µg/mL, respectively) in the MTT assay. In addition, compounds (1) and (3) demonstrated a significant upregulation of cancer’s two important hallmarks (caspase 3 and bax genes) by inducing apoptosis and perturbing the MCF7 cell cycle.

In vivo anti-inflammatory and healing activities of the methanolic fraction of Combretum glutinosum Perr. bark

In vivo anti-inflammatory and healing activities of the methanolic fraction of Combretum glutinosum Perr. bark

Phytochemical analysis, investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of roots of Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC from Cote d'Ivoire

The phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of root (ethanol and aqueous) extracts of Combretum glutinosum was investigated in this study. Their antioxidant activity was determined using an in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. The ethanol extract had the lowest IC50 (0.055 mg/mL), which is comparable to vitamin C. Phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, catechin tannins, gallic tannins, saponosides, terpenoids, mucilages, anthocyanins, volatile oils, and cardiac glycosides. The extracts significantly inhibit the development of paw edema induced by carrageenan. Anti-inflammatory studies showed that the inflammation inhibition potential of 200 mg/kg body weight of all extracts was significantly lower than the standard diclofenac (20 mg/kg) in the first hours. At the third hour, the inflammation inhibition potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts was significantly higher than that of the standard. This study revealed that Combretum glutinosum extracts have anti-inflammatory effects and can act as an effective antioxidant.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity Essay of Alkaloids Extracted from Four Combretaceae Used in Senegal

The use of medicinal plants remains important in West Africa where Combretaceae are among the most widely used for the treatment and herbal teas. The objective of this study is to extract total alkaloids from four plants of the Combretaceae family and test their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results of the extraction showed that Combretum glutinosum is the richest with 0.61% in alkaloids. It is followed by Anogeissus leiocarpus, 0.13%. The study of antimicrobial activity has globally shown that alkaloids are more active against fungi than against bacteria. In this study, the lowest MIC, 93&amp;micro;g/ml, was obtained with alkaloids from Guiera senegalensis against Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, the total alkaloids extracted from Combretum glutinosum are the only ones that are active against all strains, both bacterial and fungal.

Nutritional aspects of the main natural fodder resources in the locality of Ngouye in Senegal

The study was carried out in the locality of Ngouye which is an agro-pastoral area located in the Karffine region in Senegal. The breeding that is practiced is of the extensive type on natural pastures. The study aims to know the nutritional aspects of woody fodder found in the area. During our ethnobotanical survey, we identified 28 woody species, 23 of which are fodder. All species showed high levels of nitrogenous matter (MAT) ranging from 15.66% to 18.21% dry matter (DM). However, among these 23 species, 9 are considered to be better fodder. These 9 species have much greater dry matter ingestion and digestion capacities and low parietal components, in particular lignin and cellulose. These fodder species are Eucalyptus Alba, Securidaca longepedunculata, Acacia ataxacantha, Adansonia digitata, Azadirachta indica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, Anogeissus leiocarpus, and Acacia nilotica. The calcium phosphorus imbalance with respective averages of 0.17 and 1.16 shows that most species are phosphorus deficient.

ECO-PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF TAMARIND (TAMARINDUS INDICA L.) IN DRY ENVIRONMENT OF WEST AFRICA (CASE STUDY OF SENEGAL).

Water deficit is considered by several authors to be the most limiting factor for agricultural production in the subtropics (Kizito et al., 2006; Porcel and Ruiz-Lozano, 2004; Bader et al., 2006; Logan et al., 2010; Rodriguez-Gamir et al., 2011; Conedera et al., 2011). On woody plants, only a few isolated studies (on Acacia, and combretaceae) exist in the tropical zone south of the Sahara. Noteworthy are the works done on Sahelian forest species, Acacia tortilis (Diouf, 1996), Combretum glutinosum, Guiera senegalensis; Piliostigma reticulatum; Balanites aegyptica, Boscia senegalensis, A. senegal and Ziziphus mauritiana (Fournier, 1995; Kizito et al., 2006; Lufafa et al., 2008). Characterization of plant water functioning is a tool for selecting plants and/or varieties for their tolerance to water deficit (Lufafa et al., 2008; Zhu Qiuan et al., 2011; Logan et al., 2010). It is most often done at young age for ease of use (nursery and early field establishment of seedlings). However, even as adults, woody plants remain dependent on climatic factors such as rainfall (Kisito et al., 2007; Lufafa et al., 2008). It is therefore important to understand the in situ water functioning of adult plants to better explain the depressive effects of such complex water stress at a young age. However, the behavior of plants in situ is influenced by the climatic conditions and the uniformity (age) of the subjects (tamarind plants) to be followed. The present work was carried out on adult T. indica plants in situ in Senegal (Niokhoul in the Sahelian zone and Mbassis in the Sudano-Sahelian zone) and aimed mainly to: (1) understand and describe the physiological water management strategies of tamarind under arid conditions; and (2) understand the impact of this water management strategy on phenology and productivity. The study was conducted in Senegal, characterized by a dry and arid climate. It adopted a field approach (Seghieri, 2010; Conedera et al., 2010) based on adult stands and climatic data collected at the study sites. Ultimately, the adaptation mechanism of tamarind to water deficit would be that of avoidance, described by various authors (Khalfaoui, 1985; Lacape, 1996; Nwalozie and Annerose, 1996; Rouhi et al., 2007; Roussel, 2008; Maes et al., 2009). Indeed, the plant first proceeds to a decrease in water potential (case of the Mbassis stand) and in case of continuous water deficit, it integrates the reduction of the leaf surface by the progressive fall of the leaves and flowers which can go up to the total defoliation (case of the stand of the Sahelian zone in Niokhoul).

Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of woody savanna vegetation: a case study from Patako Forest (Senegal)

Due to the presence of tree species of high socio-economic importance, many protected areas in the sudanian zone are facing anthropogenic pressure that threatens their stability and resources integrity. This study aimed at providing a better understanding of woody plant composition and structure in Patako Forest in Senegal. Data collection was conducted by stratified random sampling in a total of 251 plots in different vegetation types. The results indicated that Combretum glutinosum, Terminalia macroptera, Cordyla pinnata, Elaeis guineensis, Acacia macrostachya and Khaya senegalensis were the most representative species. The Importance Value Indices (IVI) of these species varied significantly among vegetation types. Species diversity and structural characteristics were higher in gallery forest. The most important Shannon diversity indices was recorded in gallery forest (2.81) while it was medium in both woodland (2.12), tree savanna (1.55) and shrub savanna (1.24). Tree density was dominated by multi-stemmed species. Stem density was significantly higher in gallery forest (536 ± 13 per ha) and woodland (526 ± 12 per ha) than in tree savanna (364 ± 15 per ha) and shrub savanna (309 ± 14 per ha). Forest management should focus on gallery forest to enhance biodiversity conservation and increase the potential of carbon sequestration.

Assessing Energy Source Preference of Household and Stand Diversity in the Catchment Area of Bamako, Mali

Wood fuel as a domestic combustible plays a major role for the Malian population (more than 90% of households depend on it for domestic cooking). It is used in rural as well as in urban areas. This paper focuses on assessing the energy source preference of households and stand diversity in Bamako catchment area. We have surveyed 200 households and 70 firewood and charcoal sellers in the District of Bamako. Forest inventory was carried out in Famana and Kassela within the Bamako catchment area where plots have been established (10 plots of 50 x 20 m per site). Plots were separated from each other by 50m. Results showed that the use of charcoal is higher than firewood in the urban households due to its availability and easy handling. 71.50% of households in Bamako use charcoal for cooking meals. Charcoal has become the most preferred source of energy for households in Bamako. The main factors for this trend are related to poverty, cooking habits of households, and urbanization. The two sites (Famana and Faya) are characterized by high diversity. Famana has a Shannon Diversity Index of 2.92 while Faya has 2.55. The study revealed a strong capacity of woody formations to provide species such as Combretum glutinosum, Combretum micranthum, and Lannea velutina which is very convenient for domestic combustion. These species have a rapid regeneration capacity and can grow in many types of ecological environments. Species such as Parkia biglobosa, Vittelaria paradoxa, Ficus gnaphalocarpa, and Khaya senegalensis (protected species) that are highly appreciated by households of Bamako have a great economic value and are constantly under threat. Households demand for these species exceeds the production capacity of forests. Immediate actions are needed to promote modern energy in order to ensure sustainable development.

Anthelmintic flavonoids and other compounds from Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC (Combretaceae) leaves.

A chemical study of the hydro-ethanol extract of the leaves of Combretum glutinosum resulted in the isolation of nine compounds, including 5-demethylsinensetin (1), umuhengerin (2), (20S,24R)-ocotillone (3), lupeol (4), β-sitosterol (5), oleanolic acid (6), betulinic acid (7), corymbosin (8) and β-sitosterol glucoside (9). Four compounds have been isolated for the first time from the genus Combretum [viz. (1), (2), (3) and (8)]. The crystal structures of flavonoid (2), C20H20O8, Z' = 2, and triterpene (3), C30H50O3, Z' = 1, have been determined for the first time; the latter confirmed the absolute configuration of native (20S,24R)-ocotillone previously derived from the crystal structures of related derivatives. The molecules of (3) are linked into supramolecular chains by intermolecular O-H...O hydrogen bonds. The crude extracts obtained by aqueous decoction and hydro-ethanolic maceration, as well as the nine isolated compounds, were tested for their anthelmintic activity on the larvae and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus, a hematophage that causes parasitic disorders in small ruminants. The evaluated anthelmintic activity showed that the extracts at different doses, as well as all the compounds tested at 150 µg ml-1, inhibited the migration of the larvae and the motility of the adult worms of the parasite compared with the phosphate buffer solution negative reference control. The best activity was obtained with flavonoids (1), (2) and (8) on both stages of the parasite. The flavones that showed good activity can be used for the further development of other derivatives, which could increase the anthelmintic efficacy.

A new flavonoid glycoside from Tapinanthus sp. (Loranthaceae) and evaluation of anticancer activity of extract and some isolated compounds

The present work describes the isolation and anticancer activity of Tapinanthus sp. which is a hemi parasitic plant harvested on Combretum glutinosum, the host plant. Phytochemical study afforded a new flavonoid glycoside, tapinantoside (1) isolated for the first time from natural source, alongside six known compounds (2-7). Structure of compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1 D and 2 D NMR, mass spectrometry and by comparison with literature data. The anticancer activity of extract and some isolated compounds were evaluated on glioblastoma (U87MG, C6) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. The methanol leaves extract showed good anticancer activity against U87 (IC50 = 21.40 µg/mL) and PC-3 cells (IC50 = 10.26 µg/mL). Compound 3 powerfully inhibits the proliferation of C6 (IC50 = 38.84 µM) and PC-3 cells (IC50 = 21.33 µM), while its effect was moderated on U87MG cells. Compound 1 and 7 were not active on all tested cancer cell lines.

English

Small ruminants farming is a traditional activity mostly practiced by local populations in developing countries since several centuries. Nowadays, due to many biotic and climatic factors, it faces various problems which damage smallholders&rsquo; income especially those related to gastrointestinal parasites. In opposite to the chemical drugs use in controlling those parasites, medicinal plants have been investigated with fewer side effects on both the meat quality and the environment. This current study aimed at reviewing Haemonchus contortus prevalence in small ruminants across the world and present medicinal plants that have been investigated in the last decades. H. contortus is identified as the most significant nematode parasite in small ruminants due to its high prevalence reported by many studies. Its presence in small ruminants results in a loss of feed absorption and disturbance of nutrient metabolism, which lead to poor performance and significant economic loss in the herds, especially in rural areas of developing countries. For the past decades, its control was mainly based on the use of chemical anthelmintics; whose use has been limited due to several factors like the irrational and misuse. Recently, the use of medicinal plants has been identified as alternatives methods of its control with conclusive results. Parts of plants or the whole plants of several plant species were reported to be relevant to control H. contortus infection in small ruminants such as: Bridelia ferruginea, Mitragyna inermis, Combretum glutinosum, Hagenia abyssinica, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytolacca icosandra, Eucalyptus staigeriana, Carica papaya, Newbouldia laevis and Zanthoxylum zanthoxylo&iuml;des. Key words: Economic losses, gastrointestinal nematodes, chemical anthelmintics, medicinal plants, poor performance.