Combination Of Strength Research Articles

The Multifaceted Benefits of Exercise in Prevention of COVID-19

The Multifaceted Benefits of Exercise in Prevention of COVID-19

A Comprehensive Assessment of the Demographic Security of the Republic of Belarus

Security is a necessary component of the life of individuals and society as a whole. One of the most important components of the national security is demographic security, which achievement in the Republic of Belarus means the neutralization of threats such as depopulation, population ageing, degradation of the family institute and unregulated migration processes.
 The article presents a methodology for a comprehensive statistical assessment of the demographic security of the Republic of Belarus for 2000–2019, based on of the dualistic approach to the interpretation of this concept, proposed by the author, namely: real and potential demographic security. The real demographic security is the degree of protection from demographic threats in the current social circumstances, which is largely determined by the compliance of government policy with demographic realities.
 The proposed methodology for a comprehensive assessment of demographic security includes five consecutive phases: formulating a definition of “demographic security”, identifying demographic threats, building a set of indicators for a comprehensive statistical assessment of demographic security, assessing the effect of demographic threats (general and real), and, finally, assessing the degree of protection from demographic threats (real demographic security).
 The structural components of the overall strength of demographic threats are the degrees of real demographic security and the real strength of the threats. The following trend in these values was observed in the Republic of Belarus in 2000-2019: an increase in the degree of real demographic security in parallel with a decrease in the degree of real combined strength of threats in 2015 compared to 2000, giving way to a decrease in the first indicator and an increase in the second one in 2019. It follows that the achievements of the Republic of Belarus in demographic security were short-lived. For a systemic change in the negative trends, it is necessary to form a favorable demographic situation through the active use of educational and propagandist measures.

Long-Term Effect of an Exercise Training Program on Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-month combined aerobic and strength exercise training program on functional and psychological aspects and health-related quality of life in patients with PH and to evaluate its longer-term impact. In total, 22 stable patients (mean age 53.9 ± 13.8, 13 female) with pulmonary hypertension of World Health Organization (WHO) class I-III participated in a nine-month study. They were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A participated in a 6-month combined aerobic and strength exercise training program, whereas Group B remained untrained. All patients underwent physical and psychological assessment at baseline and at month 6 (after completing the exercise program) and physical assessment after 9 months (3 months posttraining). After the 6-month exercise training program, patients of Group A significantly improved their physical (6MWD, STS 10 rep, STS 20 rep, TUG, lower limb strength, cardiopulmonary exercise time, METs, peak VO2, VCO2, and VE/VCO2 slope) and psychological aspects (SF-36, STAI, and BDI). Between the two groups, differences were observed at the 6MWD (95% CI: 36.2-64.6, η2 = 0.72), STS 10 rep (95% CI: 6.6-2.2, η2 = 0.4), STS 20 rep (95% CI: 10.8-2.4, η2 = 0.34), lower limb strength (95% CI: 7.2-3.6, η2 = 0.38), cardiopulmonary exercise time (95% CI: 0.1-3.3, η2 = 0.2), and VCO2 (95% CI: 0.1-0.5, η2 = 0.2). Additionally, psychological changes were noted at SF-36, PCS (95% CI: 3.6-14.8, η2 = 0.35), MCS (95% CI: 1.3-16.1, η2 = 0.22), TCS (95% CI: 1.3-16.1, η2 = 0.22), and STAI (95% CI: 1.8-28.2, η2 = 0.18). The favorable results of exercise were maintained at the 3-month posttraining follow-up assessment. No exercise-induced complications were observed throughout the study. In conclusion, a long-term exercise training program is a safe and effective intervention to improve functional status, psychological aspects, and health-related quality of life in patients with PH.

Exercise intervention protocol in children and young adults with cerebral palsy: the effects of strength, flexibility and gait training on physical performance, neuromuscular mechanisms and cardiometabolic risk factors (EXECP)

BackgroundIndividuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have problems in everyday tasks such as walking and climbing stairs due to a combination of neuromuscular impairments such as spasticity, muscle weakness, reduced joint flexibility and poor coordination. Development of evidence-based interventions are in pivotal role in the development of better targeted rehabilitation of CP, and thus in maintaining their motor function and wellbeing. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of an individually tailored, multifaceted exercise intervention (EXECP) in children and young adults with CP. EXECP is composed of strength, flexibility and gait training. Furthermore, this study aims to verify the short-term retention of the adaptations three months after the end of the EXECP intervention.MethodsTwenty-four children and young adults with spastic CP will be recruited to participate in a 9-month research project with a 3-month training intervention, consisting of two to three 90-min sessions per week. In each session, strength training for the lower limbs and trunk muscles, flexibility training for the lower limbs and inclined treadmill gait training will be performed. We will evaluate muscle strength, joint flexibility, neuromuscular and cardiometabolic parameters. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline design with two pre-tests and two post-tests all interspaced by three months is used. In addition to the CP participants, 24 typically developing age and sex-matched participants will perform the two pre-tests (i.e. no intervention) to provide normative data.DiscussionThis study has a comprehensive approach examining longitudinal effects of wide variety of variables ranging from physical activity and gross motor function to sensorimotor functions of the brain and neuromuscular and cardiometabolic parameters, providing novel information about the adaptation mechanisms in cerebral palsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first intervention study providing supervised combined strength, flexibility and gait training for young individuals with CP.Trial registration numberISRCTN69044459, prospectively registered (21/04/2017).

Mechanical Properties and Damage Characteristics of Coal-Rock Combination with Different Dip Angles

The effect of the dip angle of an interlayer coal seam on rock mass mechanical behavior and damage characteristics is seldom discussed. To address the lack of the existing research, a numerical simulation was conducted using the Particle Flow Code (PFC2D), and its damage to mechanical behavior, acoustic emission (AE)characteristics, and damage characteristics were analyzed. The outcomes exhibit the peak strength and elastic modulus of coal-rock combinations are between that of rock and coal. As the coal inclination angle rises, the elastic modulus and peak strength gradually decrease. AE model experiences the initial growth period, stable growth period, and rapid decline period. The value of AE hits and the generation of the AE signal is affected by the size of the inclination angle. The degree of damage to the coal-rock combination gradually rises as the angle rises. The damage process of the coal and rock composite sample encompasses an initial damage phase, damage stable evolution phase, accelerated damage phase, and a failure phase. The damage values of the stable evolution stage for varying dip angle models are also different. As the inclination angle increases, the damage value gradually increases, while the strain at the same damage value gradually decreases.

Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents With Obesity: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in children and adolescents with obesity. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise ≥4 weeks in children and adolescents with obesity were included if one or more CVD risk factors were included as an outcome. Studies were retrieved by searching 7 electronic databases, cross-referencing, and expert review. Data were pooled using the inverse-variance heterogeneity (IVhet) model and strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) instrument. Thirty-nine studies representing 1548 participants (847 exercise, 701 control) met the inclusion criteria. Aerobic exercise improved 10 of 12 (83.3%) outcomes (P < .05 for all) while combined aerobic and strength training improved 5 of 8 (62.5%) outcomes (P < .05 for all). The strength of evidence ranged from "very low" to "moderate." It was concluded that aerobic exercise, as well as combined aerobic and strength training, is associated with improvements in multiple CVD risk factors among children and adolescents with obesity. However, the generally low strength of evidence suggests a need for future well-designed and conducted RCTs on the effects of exercise, especially strength training, in children and adolescents with obesity.

Modeling the coating layer thickness in a pharmaceutical coating process

Although mechanistic numerical simulations can offer great insights into a process, they are limited with respect to resolved process time. While statistical models provide long-term predictability, determining the underlying probability distributions is often challenging. In this work, detailed CFD-DEM simulations of a pharmaceutical Wurster coating process for microspheres are used to evaluate the input parameters for a novel Monte-Carlo simulation approach. The combined strengths of both modeling approaches make it possible to predict the coating mass and thickness distributions over the entire process time. It was observed that smaller beads receive a thicker coating layer since they pass the spray zone closer to the nozzle. Moreover, it was established that, in contrast to the airflow rate, the spray rate has a great impact on the inter-particle coating variability. A stochastic model was developed to investigate the relative contribution of coating layer variability and fill weight variability to the product non-uniformity in a capsule filling process of Multiple Unit Pellet Systems (MUPS).

Stakeholder Perceptions of White Oak Supply in Kentucky: A SWOT-AHP Analysis

Growing demand for white oak (Quercus alba) timber and difficulties in regenerating this species point toward future supply issues. Implementing forest policy and management interventions to support its long-term supply will be necessary particularly in Kentucky, where bourbon industry relies solely on casks made from white oak. To increase the probability that these actions will be successful, it is advisable to consider perceptions of stakeholders who are most likely to be involved with and impacted by those decisions. The combined Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat and Analytic Hierarchy Process technique used in this study facilitated independent capturing and ranking of perceptions from three key stakeholder groups (members of woodland owners, forest industry, and distillers industry associations) regarding long-term supply of white oak. The results of this study suggest implementing forest policy and management decisions that have the most support among stakeholders to ensure long-term sustainable supply of white oak are: (1) encourage and incentivize sustainable forest management, and (2) address poor harvesting practices.

Muscular strength across the life course: The tracking and trajectory patterns of muscular strength between childhood and mid-adulthood in an Australian cohort

ObjectivesLow muscular strength is a risk factor for current and future adverse health outcomes. However, whether levels of muscular strength persist, or track, and if there are distinct muscular strength trajectories across the life course is unclear. This study aimed to explore muscular strength trajectories between childhood and mid-adulthood. DesignProspective longitudinal study. MethodsChildhood Determinants of Adult Health Study participants had their muscular strength (right and left handgrip, shoulder extension and flexion, and leg strength measured by hand-held, shoulder and leg-back dynamometers, and a combined strength score) assessed in childhood, young adulthood and mid-adulthood. The tracking of muscular strength was quantified between childhood and mid-adulthood (n=385) and young- and mid-adulthood (n=822). Muscular strength trajectory patterns were identified for participants who had their muscular strength assessed at least twice across the life course (n=1280). ResultsLevels of muscular strength were persistent between childhood and mid-adulthood and between young- and mid-adulthood, with the highest tracking correlations observed for the combined strength score (childhood to mid-adulthood: r=0.47, p<0.001; young- to mid-adulthood: r=0.72, p<0.001). Three trajectories of combined muscular strength were identified across the life course; participants maintained average, above average, or below average levels of combined muscular strength. ConclusionsWeak children are likely to become weak adults in midlife unless strategies aimed at increasing muscular strength levels are introduced. Whether interventions aimed at increasing muscular strength could be implemented in childhood to help establish favourable muscular strength trajectories across the life course and in turn, better future health, warrant further attention.

Improved metabolic fitness, but no cardiovascular health effects, of a low-frequency short-term combined exercise programme in 50–70-year-olds with low fitness: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT We evaluated the cardiometabolic effects of a 15-week combined exercise programme, implemented in sports clubs, for 50–70-year-olds with low aerobic fitness. In a randomized controlled trial, 45 participants (26 women) with low fitness were randomly assigned (2:1-ratio) to a training group (TG, n = 30) or inactive control group (CG, n = 15). TG had 15 weeks with one weekly 90-min supervised group-based session in a recreational sports club with combined aerobic exercise and strength training and were encouraged to perform home-based training 30 min/wk. Evaluations of relative VO2max (mLO2/min/kg), blood pressure, resting heart rate (HR), echocardiography, peripheral arterial tonometry, body composition, lipid profile and HbA1c were performed at 0 and 15 wks. Average HR during supervised training was 113 ± 13 bpm (68.6 ± 7.0%HRmax), with 4.3 ± 6.6% spent >90%HRmax. At 15-wk follow-up, intention-to-treat analyses revealed no between-group difference for VO2max/kg (0.4 mLO2/min/kg, 95%CI −0.8–1.5, P = 0.519; −3 mL/min, 95%CI −123–118, P = 0.966) or other cardiovascular outcomes (all P > 0.05). Compared to CG, total fat mass (−1.9 kg; 95%CI −3.2 to −0.5, P = 0.005), total fat percentage (−1.3%, 95%CI −2.2 to −0.3, P = 0.01) and total/HDL cholesterol ratio (P = 0.032) decreased in TG. Regular adherence to supervised training was high (81%), but 0% for home-based exercise. In conclusion, the group-based supervised training was associated with high adherence and moderate exercise intensity, whereas insufficiently supported home-based training was not feasible. Together, 15 wks of combined exercise training did not improve aerobic fitness or affected cardiovascular function in 50–70-yr-olds with low aerobic fitness, whereas some positive effects were observed in metabolic parameters. Highlights Combined exercise training implemented in a sports club elicited moderate aerobic intensity in 50-70-year-old untrained individuals. Supervised group-based training had high adherence whereas unsupported home-based training had very low adherence. 15 weeks of low-frequency combined moderate intensity exercise training improved lipid profile and fat mass, but had no effect on cardiovascular fitness.

How Many US Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity Could Improve Their Percent Body Fat by Exercising?: Meta-Analytic Based Estimates.

Background: Provide national estimates of the number of US children and adolescents with overweight and obesity who could improve their percent body fat by exercising. Methods: Data were derived from (1) a previous meta-analysis, (2) 2015-2016 prevalence data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and (3) 2017 US Census population data. Multiplicative calculations were based on (1) number-needed-to treat data from a previous meta-analysis of the number of children with overweight and obesity who could reduce their percent body fat by participating in either aerobic, strength, or combined aerobic and strength training, (2) 2015-2016 NHANES data on the prevalence of children and adolescents with overweight or obesity, and (3) 2017 US Census population data on children and adolescents 2-19 years of age. Results: For both children and adolescents with overweight or obesity, the number who could improve their percent body fat was estimated at 4,388,273 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3,831,523-4,845,023] for either aerobic or strength exercise and 6,507,410 (95% CI 5,744,285-7,267,534) for combined aerobic and strength exercise. Conclusions: A large number of US children and adolescents with overweight and obesity could improve their percent body fat by exercising.

A Coordinated Air Defense Learning System Based on Immunized Classifier Systems

Autonomous (unmanned) combat systems will become an integral part of modern defense systems. However, limited operational capabilities, the need for coordination, and dynamic battlefield environments with the requirement of timeless in decision-making are peculiar difficulties to be solved in order to realize intelligent systems control. In this paper, we explore the application of Learning Classifier System and Artificial Immune models for coordinated self-learning air defense systems. In particular, this paper presents a scheme that implements an autonomous cooperative threat evaluation and weapon assignment learning approach. Taking into account uncertainties in a successful interception, target characteristics, weapon type and characteristics, closed-loop coordinated behaviors, we adopt a hierarchical multi-agent approach to coordinate multiple combat platforms to achieve optimal performance. Based on the combined strengths of learning classifier system and artificial immune-based algorithms, the proposed scheme consists of two categories of agents; a strategy generation agent inspired by learning classifier system, and strategy coordination inspired by Artificial Immune System mechanisms. An experiment in a realistic environment shows that the adopted hybrid approach can be used to learn weapon-target assignment for multiple unmanned combat systems to successfully defend against coordinated attacks. The presented results show the potential for hybrid approaches for an intelligent system enabling adaptable and collaborative systems.

Dynamic Single-Fiber Pull-Out of Polypropylene Fibers Produced with Different Mechanical and Surface Properties for Concrete Reinforcement.

In strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC), polypropylene (PP) fibers are often used to provide ductility through micro crack-bridging, in particular when subjected to high loading rates. For the purposeful material design of SHCC, fundamental research is required to understand the failure mechanisms depending on the mechanical properties of the fibers and the fiber–matrix interaction. Hence, PP fibers with diameters between 10 and 30 µm, differing tensile strength levels and Young’s moduli, but also circular and trilobal cross-sections were produced using melt-spinning equipment. The structural changes induced by the drawing parameters during the spinning process and surface modification by sizing were assessed in single-fiber tensile experiments and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the fiber material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements were applied to determine the topographical and wetting properties of the fiber surface. The fiber–matrix interaction under quasi-static and dynamic loading was studied in single-fiber pull-out experiments (SFPO). The main findings of microscale characterization showed that increased fiber tensile strength in combination with enhanced mechanical interlocking caused by high surface roughness led to improved energy absorption under dynamic loading. Further enhancement could be observed in the change from a circular to a trilobal fiber cross-section.

Who Believes Hoaxes? Xenophobia and Religiosity as Hoax Predictors among Social Media Users

Several studies show that social media is a source of hoaxes. This study aims to find out who among Muslim social media users who easily believe hoaxes. The dependent variable in this study was the ease of believing hoaxes, while religiosity and xenophobia are predictor variables. Demographic attributes such as education, income, age, and time spent using social media are control variables. This study uses a sample survey with a structured questionnaire. The purposive sampling technique used resulted in 350 respondents residing in Jakarta and surrounding areas. Data analysis was performed using hierarchical multiple regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings show that xenophobia gives an exceptionally large influence of 71.8 percent in encouraging people to easily believe hoaxes while religiosity contributes 13.5%. The combined strength of the two constructs even reaches more than 85% to further drive Muslims to believe hoaxes. The resulting regression equation also shows that xenophobia tends to increase with the religiosity rise. Analysis using structural equation modeling also supports the proposed structural model which involves the four constructs namely hoaxes, religiosity, xenophobia, and social media use. Keywords: Xenophobia, Religiosity, Hoax, Social Media, Islam Introducti

Confinement of an ultra-cold-matter wave packet near the delocalization threshold by a waveguide bend with two or more contact impurities

The properties of confined quantum systems are of fundamental importance in the understanding of quantum behavior at extreme conditions. One of such quantum systems at extreme conditions is an ultra-cold quantum matter wave packet confined by a square well potential. The square well potential could be produced by a bend in a waveguide in an atom chip. Of further interest is the presence of contact impurities inside the bend produced by guide defects. In order to study such a system, its properties are well described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. In this work, we generalize our previous work (Mendez-Fragoso and Cabrera-Trujillo in Eur J Phys D 69:139, 2015) to study the ground state behavior of a quantum matter wave packet under confinement by a bend modeled by an attractive square well potential of strength $$V_0$$ and width 2R in the presence of several contact impurities represented by delta potentials with strength $$\beta $$ placed inside it at the threshold of delocalization, i.e., at the point where the well has trapped the maximum number of particles. We find that the maximum number of atoms held by the squared well potential only depends on the total strength of the contact impurities and not on their position. This implies that the maximum number of trapped particles is the same for one or more contact impurities as long as the combined strength is the same. For small $$R \sqrt{V_0}$$ values of the squared well potential, the number of particles trapped at the delocalization threshold is lower than when no contact impurities are present and decreases more as the contact impurity repulsive strength increases. This induces a threshold on the maximum number of particles trapped by an attractive squared well at $$2R V_0=\sum _i\beta _i$$ . The matter wave packet profile shows the effect of the contact impurity as a wedge shape at the contact impurity position.

Evolutionary computing for nonlinear singular boundary value problems using neural network, genetic algorithm and active-set algorithm

In this numerical study, a class of nonlinear singular boundary value problem is solved by implementation of a novel meta-heuristic computing tool based on the artificial neural networks (ANNs) modeling of system and the optimization of decision variable of ANNs through the combined strength of global search via genetic algorithms (GA) and local search ability of active-set algorithm (ASA), i.e., ANN–GA–ASA. The proposed intelligent computing solver ANN–GA–ASA exploits the input, hidden, and output layers’ structure of ANNs. This is to represent the differential model in the nonlinear singular second-order periodic boundary value problems, which are connected to form an error-based objective function (OF) and optimize the OF by the integrated heuristics of GA–ASA. The purpose to present this research is to associate the operational legacy of neural networks and to challenge such kinds of inspiring models. Two different examples of the singular periodic model have been investigated to observe the robustness, proficiency and stability of the ANN–GA–ASA. The proposed outcomes of ANN–GA–ASA are compared with reference to true results so as to establish the value of the designed scheme. Exhaustive comparison has been made and presented between the Log-sigmoidal ANNs results and the radial basis ANNs outcomes. The reliability of the results obtained is endorsed by using both types of networks as well as the value of designed schemes.

Lamellar-structured Al-based alloys with high strength and plasticity

We present a novel approach to fabricating lamellar-structured metal alloys with enhanced mechanical properties by hot extrusion of metallic glass ribbon precursors. Using Al-based alloys as an example, we found that hot extrusion of metallic glasses causes significant crystallization, associated with thermal and stress gradients that facilitate the formation of a lamellar structure comprised of ultra-fine-grained (UFG) regions and fine-grained (FG) regions. This heterogeneous lamellar structure allows cooperative yielding and plastic deformation that results in high yield strength (over 750 MPa) in combination with high plasticity (over 40%) under compression. The evasion of conventional strength-plasticity trade-off suggests that hot extrusion of metallic glasses offers a new toolbox to create lightweight and high-performance structural metal alloys.

Hydrodynamic characterization of soil compaction using integrated electrical resistivity and X‐ray computed tomography

AbstractModern agricultural practices can cause significant stress on soil, which ultimately has degrading effects, such as compaction. There is an urgent need for fast, noninvasive methods to characterize and monitor compaction and its impact on hydraulic processes. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a well‐established method used for the assessment of soil hydraulic properties due to its high temporal resolution and sensitivity to changes in moisture content and salinity, whereas X‐ray computed tomography (CT) can be used for high‐spatial‐resolution imaging of soil structure. We used the combined strengths of both methods to study soil under three different levels of compaction. The soils were X‐ray scanned and electrically monitored after the application of a saline solution to the soil surface. The scans revealed the pore network architecture and allowed us to compute its size and connectivity. The ERT models revealed inhibited percolation rates for soils with a lower bulk density, but also how resistivity changes are spatiotemporally distributed within the soil columns. Furthermore, we obtained a quantitative link between the two methods, by which voxels more densely populated with pores were associated with higher temporal variations in electrical resistivity. Building on this, we established a spatial collocation between pore structure and distribution of solution during percolation. This demonstrates the potential of the combined strengths of the two tomographic methods to obtain an enhanced characterization of soil hydrodynamic properties.

Effects of Different In-Season Strength Training Methods on Strength Gains and Water Polo Performance

This study aimed to compare the effects of 5 different 18-week in-season strength training programs on strength gains and specific water polo performance. A total of 56 young male water polo players were randomly assigned to the following 5 training groups: dry-land strength training, in-water-specific strength training, combined (dry-land and in-water) strength training, ballistic training, and eccentric-overload training. Physical performance was assessed before (Pre) and after (Post) the training period using the following battery of tests: in-water boost and countermovement jump, muscle strength in bench-press and full-squat, throwing speed (ThS), in-water agility, and 20-m maximal sprint swim. Significant group × time interactions were observed for countermovement jump and in-water boost. Eccentric-overload training showed significantly higher gains in ThS and bench-press and full-squat strength than the rest of the training groups. In addition, all training groups (except in-water-specific strength training) induced significant improvements (P ≤ .05) in countermovement jump, in-water boost, and bench-press and full-squat strength. All training groups significantly increased (P ≤ .001) ThS. Moreover, all training groups improved (P ≤ .05) in-water agility (except dry-land strength training) and swimming sprint performance (except in-water-specific strength training and ballistic training). The findings indicate that the 18-week in-season strength training programs induced improvements in strength and specific water polo skills. The eccentric-overload training resulted in greater improvements in muscle strength (in both upper and lower body) and ThS than the other training methods examined in the study.

Analysis of impacting factors for soil-cement column combined high strength geogrid

Soil-cement column combined with geogrid on top or Geogrid Reinforced Pile Supported (GRPS), is used to construct structures on soft ground. Because of its high tensile capacity, the geogrid is spread on the top of the soil-cement column to form a soft transmission layer, increasing the capacity transferred to the columns, reducing a part of the load transmitted to the soft soil between the columns. The numerical analysis results of the GRPS with a high strength geogrid showed four major factors affecting transmission the efficacy of the column (Ef) and the tensile force of the geogrid including effective vertical load (v’); the ratio of the distance between the columns and the column’s diameter (s/D); the ratio of the elastic modulus of the soil-cement column to the deformation modulus of soil (Ec/Es); the tensile stiffness of the geogrid (J). The efficacy of the column (Ef) increases rapidly with an increase in effective vertical load (v’) from 0.23 to 0.44. In contrast, the transmission efficiency (Ef) decreases from 0.60 to 0.37 when s/D increased. When the ratio Ec/Es &gt; 150 and J &gt; 8000 kN/m, the tensile force of the geogrid tends not to change much.