Combination Of Mineral Fertilizers Research Articles

Heavy Metal Contamination of Gray Forest Soil in Oilseed Agrocenoses using Mineral Fertilizers

Background: The purpose of the research is to study the features of contamination of dark gray forest soils with heavy metals and to establish the yield of oil cabbage crops as a result of the use of various levels of mineral nutrition in the conditions of the Non-black earth zone of Russia. Methods: The experiments were carried out on the dark gray forest soils of Ryazan region in crops of spring rape, white mustard and gray mustard (Sarepta). Soil sampling to determine HMs was carried out before the experiment. Determination of heavy metals was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry using a semi-quantitative spectral method on a spectrophotometer in the laboratory of the State Station of the Agrochemical Service “Ryazanskaya” and the laboratories of the university. Result: The studied types and combinations of mineral fertilizers had effect on the growth and development of plants. The effectiveness of the use of mineral nutrition doses proves its high efficiency in studies with oilseed crops in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The highest yields, for spring rapeseed (19.3 dt ha-1), for gray mustard (13.7 dt ha-1) and white mustard (12.2 dt ha-1), were observed in the variants with the action of N90-120P60K60.

SOFT WINTER WHEAT YIELD GROWN ON LEACHED CHERNOZEM OF THE WESTERN CISCAUCASIAN REGION

The article presents the results of a study in the agrocenosis of soft winter wheat to determine the effects of pre-sowing and early spring application of various forms and combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash fertilizers when growing it in the leached chernozem of the Western Ciscaucasia. The soil is characteristic of a satisfactory state of the structure, density: 1.26–1.42 g/cm3; active acidity (pH): 6.29– 6.58 pH; exchangeable (pH): 5.11–5.25 units; hydrolytic: 1.94–3.05 meq/100 g; the amount of absorbed bases: 27.5–31.2 meq/100 g; cation exchange capacity: 30.6– 33.1 meq. /100 g; the soil saturation degree with bases: 90.2%–94.3%; and humus content: 2.93%. Fertilizers improve the nutrient regime of the soil. The average supply level with mineral nitrogen, high and mobile phosphorus, and very high mobile potassium has been well-defined. It could lead to an increase in grain when applying N120P30K60 - 1.28 t/ha (or 24.1%), N120P90K20 - 1.47 t/ha (or 27.8%), and N120P90K60 - 1.53 t/ha (or 28.8%). The grain yield of soft winter wheat was 6.58, 6.77, and 6.83 t/ha, respectively. The protein content in the grain varied from 13.2% to 14.3%. The collection of protein per hectare was 870.5, 948.5, and 958.3 kg/ha for the treatments N120P30K60, N120P90K20, and N120P90K60, respectively. The protein in the control was equal to 554.9 kg/ha. Dispersion analysis of the study results showed the share of the contribution of the factor "combination of fertilizers" was 75.95%. Similarly, the data analysis of the conditions of the agricultural year and combinations of mineral fertilizers has a smaller share - 19.24%. With the introduction of N120P30K60 and N120P90K20, the payback of mineral fertilizers by increasing the yield of soft winter wheat grain is the largest - 6.10 and 6.39 kg/kg a.i. NPK, respectively.

Nitrogen Regime of Sod–Podzol Soil with Prolonged Use of Different Types and Combinations of Mineral Fertilizers

Nitrogen Regime of Sod–Podzol Soil with Prolonged Use of Different Types and Combinations of Mineral Fertilizers

Nitrogen regime of soddy-podzolic soil with long-term use of different types and combinations of mineral fertilizers

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers on the fractional composition of nitrogen in soddy-podzolic soil in a long-term stationary experiment and compare it with a virgin analogue. The studies were carried out in 2016 and 2018 on the experimental field of the Perm Research Institute of Agriculture after harvesting barley in an eight-field crop rotation deployed on soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil. The experiment scheme: without fertilizers: N90; Р90; К90; N90P90; N90K90; P90K90; N90Р90К90. To assess the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers and their combinations on the nitrogen regime of soddy-podzolic soil, the arable soil was compared with the virgin analogue. The nitrogen fund of soddy-podzolic soil of a long-term stationary experiment is represented by 64…71 % non-hydrolyzable and 17…22 % hardly hydrolyzable forms of nitrogen. Long-term use of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers did not significantly change the ratio of nitrogen fractions characteristic of virgin soils of this type. Nitrogen fertilizers, both with one-sided application and in combination with potassium chloride (N90К90) and superphosphate (N90P90), contributed to an increase in the total nitrogen content in the arable soil layer by 10…20 % relative to the control, mineral nitrogen compounds - by 2…3 times. Unilateral application of potash fertilizer provided an increase in the content of total nitrogen in the soil by 12 %, the introduction of superphosphate did not have a signi cant effect on the nitrogen regime of the soil. Long-term use of complete mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90) only in this way: (N90P90К90) contributed to maintaining total nitrogen at the level of virgin soil - 1490 mg/kg. Long-term unilateral application of nitrogen fertilizers increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil over the entire meter layer by 1.5-2.5 times, ammonium - by 1.5-14.6 times. The reserves of mineral nitrogen in the variants N90P90, N90K90, and N90P90K90 in the 0-20 cm layer increased 2-3 times, in the 0-100 cm layer - 2 times relative to the control variant.

A biochar and Fulvic Acid Usage-Based Approach to Reduce Pollution Resulting from the use of Mineral Fertilizers

Nowadays, due to pollution in world due to due to excessive consumption of mineral fertilizers, the limiting or minimizing their use has become a major strategy for environmentalists. The research work objective was to reduce quantities of mineral fertilizers, especially NPK fertilizers, by gradually replacing nitrogen fertilizers with fulvic acid and biochar. Four different combinations of mineral fertilizers were used as soil application (NPK1: 120, 160 and 143, NPK2: 180, 310 and 190, NPK3: 240, 475 and 240 and NPK4: 300, 635 and 285 kg ha-1), biochar as soil application (B0: without biochar, B1: 15 and B2: 30 Mg ha-1) and fulvic acid as foliar addition (FA0: without fulvic acid and FA1: 0.2, gL-1) were studied using pot experiment during 2017/2018 season using wheat plants. The results indicated general increment trend in almost investigated parameters with increasing fertilizers level especially that combined with biochar at any rate and fulvic acid. The highest soil N and P contents (63.59 and 38.35 mgkg-1) were reported with NPK4 + B2 + F1 while the lowest values (31.09 and 2.96 mgkg-1) were recorded under the lowest fertilization level without application of B or FA. Unlike, maximum K contents (216.79 and 214.88 mgkg-1) were reported under adding the NPK4 or with B2 without FA. The grain yield recorded maximum values (5 Mg ha-1) under combined application of maximum NPK fertilizer level, 30 Mg ha-1 of biochar and fulvic acid while applying the minimum NPK fertilization level (level 1) without any applications of biochar or fulvic acid resulted in the lowest values (2.94 Mg ha-1). The results showed that it is possible to partially reduce the quantities of mineral fertilizers used and replace them with a complementary addition from fulvic acid and biochar, and this is reflected in the reduction of environmental pollution resulting from the use of mineral fertilizers. Also, the combination of NPK and biochar led to an improvement in the productivity of wheat grown in sandy lands, as it reduced the loss of nutrients, and the addition of fulvic acid led to an increase in plant resistance to stress conditions that appear under sandy soil conditions.

Effects of Mineral and Organic Fertilization on Forage Maize Yield, Soil Carbon Balance, and NPK Budgets, Under Rainfed Conditions in the Azores Islands (Portugal)

Green organic fertilizers can be a valuable option to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, and promote circular agriculture. The effects of two fertilization schemes, (i) a combination of mineral fertilizers with dairy farm slurry (TA) and (ii) an organic substrate (SO) from green waste (TB), on soil fertility and forage maize (Zea mays L.) yield were studied in an on-farm trial in the Azores Island of S. Miguel (Portugal). For this purpose, soil chemical parameters were evaluated on three sampling dates, forage maize yield and yield components were compared, and the balances of soil carbon (SC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were evaluated. The results showed that the maize yield obtained in TB was significantly higher than in TA. The differences in precipitation that occurred over the two years influenced the yield in both treatments. The SC, available P, and pH were significantly higher in TB at every sampling date, mainly in the subsurface layer, and overall enrichment in nitrogen was observed. Despite the need to extend this evaluation over a longer period, the results indicate that the application of SO could be an alternative to conventional mineral fertilization in forage maize in the Azores and in similar cropping systems in regions of temperate insular nature.

Organic Amendments and Reduced Tillage Accelerate Harvestable C Biomass and Soil C Sequestration in Rice–Wheat Rotation in a Semi-Arid Environment

Rice–wheat crop rotations have high carbon fluxes. A 2-year field study in Punjab, Pakistan quantified impacts of different nutrient management on harvestable carbon biomass, crop-derived C, soil organic C sequestration (SCS), and decomposition. Treatments included different combinations of mineral fertilizer, animal manure (20 Mg ha−1), and incorporated crop residue in a split-plot design under conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT). Combined use of mineral fertilizer and manure resulted in (1) 12.56% to 53.31% more harvestable C biomass compared to use of fertilizer and manure alone and (2) 18.27% to 60.72% more crop-derived C inputs relative to using only fertilizer or manure across both tillage practices. Combined fertilizer/manure treatments also significantly enhanced SCS relative to using fertilizer alone. Using only manure increased SCS by 63.25% compared with fertilizer alone across both tillage practices. The relationship between SCS and C inputs indicated high humification (14.50%) and decomposition rates (0.46 Mg ha−1 year−1) under CT compared to RT at 0–15 cm soil depth. At 15–30 cm soil depth, rates of humification (10.7%) and decomposition (0.06 Mg ha−1 year−1) were lower for CT compared to RT. Combined manure/fertilizer treatments could induce high C sequestration and harvestable C biomass with reduced decomposition in rice–wheat rotations.

Вплив тривалого внесення добрив на агрохімічні показники чорнозему типового та якість зерна пшениці озимої

The aim of the article is to present the results of analytical research on the evaluation of changes in the parameters of the properties of typical chernozem in a stationary field experiment under the influence of 28 years of application of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers on two agrophones in a crop rotation. The experiment established in 1990 on a typical heavy loam chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) in the experimental farm "Hrakivske” which belongs to the NSC "Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research" named after O. N. Sokolovsky, in the Chuguyiv district of the Kharkiv region. The aim was to conduct agroecological monitoring in conditions of intensive agriculture to establish the permissible level of load of intensive chemicalization on physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. In the soil samples taken in 2019 from the 0-30 cm layer, the changes that occurred after long-term application of fertilizer in the pH of the soil solution and the content of the following soil components were determined: humus; mineral compounds of nitrogen; nitrate nitrogen; ammonium nitrogen; mobile phosphorus compounds; mobile compounds of potassium. The quality of winter wheat grain determined by the gluten content. Seven variants of the experiment with different fertilizer combinations and the control variant (without fertilizers) placed on two agrophones: natural (only mineral fertilizers applied) and after-effect of manure (mineral fertilizers and manure applied). The results of the research in 2019 compared with the initial state of the soil in 1990 separately at each site, thus revealing changes in the parameters of the agrochemical characteristics of the soil under the influence of different types of fertilizers. Common conclusion. In the Left-bank high Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the long-term (28 years) application of mineral fertilizers in the natural agrophone has a negative effect on the reaction of the soil solution and the content of total humus, but has a positive effect on the accumulation of mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil. The negative effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil properties manifested to a lesser extent after the application of manure. The application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the norms of N60P120 provides a gluten content in winter wheat grains at the level of 25 %, which meets the regulatory requirements of the second class of group A.

Soil Chemical Properties Depending on Fertilization and Management in China: A Meta-Analysis

The long-term overuse of fertilizers negatively affects soil chemical properties and health, causing unsustainable agricultural development. Although many studies have focused on the effects of long-term fertilization on soil properties, few comparative and comprehensive studies have been conducted on fertilization management over the past 35 years in China. This meta-analysis (2058 data) evaluated the effects of the fertilizer, climate, crop types, cultivation duration and soil texture on the soil chemical properties of Chinese croplands. NPKM (NPK fertilizers + manure) led to the highest increase in pH (−0.1), soil organic carbon (SOC) (+67%), total nitrogen (TN) (+63%), alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) (+70%), total phosphorus (TP) (+149%) and available potassium (AK) (+281%) compared to the unfertilized control, while the sole nitrogen fertilizer (N) led to the lowest increase. The SOC (+115%) and TN (+84%) showed the highest increase under the influence of NPKM in an arid region. The increase in the chemical properties was higher in unflooded crops, with the maximum increase in the wheat–maize rotation, compared to rice, under NPKM. The SOC and TN increased faster under the influence of organic fertilizers (manure or straw) compared to mineral fertilization. Fertilizers produced faster effects on the change in the SOC and TN in sandy loam compared to the control. Fertilizers showed the highest and lowest effects on change in pH, organic C to total N ratio (C/N), TP and TK in clay loam with the cultivation duration. NPKM greatly increased the C/N compared to NPK in an arid region by 1.74 times and in wheat by 1.86 times. Reaching the same SOC increase, the lowest TN increase was observed in wheat, and the lowest increase in TP and AK was observed in rice, compared to the other crops. These results suggest that organic fertilizers (manure or straw) play important roles in improving soil fertility and in acidification. NPKM greatly increased the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat and in the arid region. The small increases in TP and TK can increase the SOC in rice and in the humid region. Therefore, considering the crop types and climatic conditions, reduced fertilization and the combination of mineral fertilizers with manure may be the best ways to avoid agricultural soil deterioration and increase soil carbon sequestration.

SOYBEAN YIELD OPTIMIZATION BY UTILIZATING THE SOLID WASTE OF OIL PALM FACTORY

Soybean is planted in some types of land agroecology, but production centers are mostly on peat and tides. This research was conducted at the soybean center in Rantau Rasau District with agroecology peat and tideland. The trial was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments and four times repeatitions. It consisted of several doses of organic material decanter cake (DC) and the percentage of the recommended amount of mineral fertilizer (RDF). RDF was selected based on Indonesia Food Crop Agriculture Service. Decanter cake from palm oil mill waste was used as a source of organic material. Experimental parameters are plant height, leaf number, grain yield, 100 grain weight, and the number of pods, seeds per pod, and plant. The result indicated the combination of mineral fertilizer and organic material DC had significant differences in increasing plant height and number of leaves. Different types of RDF and DC combinations showed substantial effects on the soybean yield and yield components. The combination of RDF 25% and decanter cake at any dose positively impacted soybean height, leaf number, and grain yield component. The highest dry seed yield of 2.48 tons per hectare was achieved by a combination of 25% RDF and 20 ton ha-1 decanter cake. Soybean yield in this study was higher than Anjasmoro’s description of 2.03–2.25 tons ha-1

FIBRE FLAX YIELD AND QUALITY DEPENDING ON INCREASED DOSES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS

The article presents results of a three-year study (from 2019 to 2021) on evaluation of application of various doses of complete mineral fertilizer on fiber flax. The soil of the experimental plot is soddy-podzolic, medium loamy, with a low content of humus, with slightly acidic reaction of the soil medium, a high content of phosphorus and an average content of potassium. The object of the study was a new promising fiber flax variety Phoenix of Smolensk breeding. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of various doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers on yield and quality of seeds and fiber of a new variety of fiber flax. It was established that application of mineral fertilizers for fiber flax significantly increased the yield of seeds (by 80%) and flax straw (by 76%). Maximum yield was observed on variants 333 and 444 (48 - 64 kg a.r./ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The crop structure and the quality parametres of the obtained products improved under the influence of mineral fertilizers. In particular, a tendency of increase of plant height and the weight of 1000 seeds by 15% in relation to the control up to appropriate variant (N64P64K64 inclusive) was revealed. The number of capsules formed on the plant directly depended on the dose of mineral fertilizer and was maximum when nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied at 112 kg a.r./ha and amounted to 78% compared to the variant without fertilizer. The yield of long flax fiber increased by 112.5% and its yield by 28% in case of increase of the dose of mineral fertilizers (from 90 kg a.r./ha). When using medium and high doses of mineral fertilizers, the fiber had high strength values up to 32.3 kg/s, but its flexibility decreased.

Agricultural Management Practices and Decision-Making in View of Soil Organic Matter in the Urbanizing Region of Bangalore

Rapid urbanization and agricultural intensification are currently impacting the soils of many tropical countries. Bangalore is a growing megacity experiencing both issues and their derived ecological and socio-economic effects. This paper seeks to understand how the socio-economic effects of urbanization are affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) in Bangalore’s rural–urban interface. We first compiled information on how management practices affect SOC dynamics and specifically evaluated the effects of fertilization practices on SOC levels in major cropping systems. We then used interview data from farmers’ households across an urbanity gradient in Bangalore to test the association between urbanization as well as related socio-economic drivers and farming practices. We found that fertilization increases SOC concentrations, especially when mineral fertilizer is combined with additional farmyard manure. Single mineral fertilizer and a combination of mineral fertilizer and farmyard manure are commonly applied in Bangalore. Conservation practices, such as reduced tillage and mulching, are applied by 48% and 16% of households, respectively. Farm and household characteristics, including market integration, are the most important determinants of management decisions that affect SOC. Our study shows that improving farm and household conditions and opportunities, independently of the degree of urbanity, is necessary for implementing agricultural practices that can benefit SOC in Bangalore.

Influence of fertilization on the crop rotation productivity and the balance of essential nutrients in the soil

The article shows the influence of different rates and combinations of mineral fertilizers on the balance of essential nutrients in the four-field crop rotation (winter wheat, corn, spring barley, and soybean) during eight years in the context of incorporation into the soil or removal of a non-commercial part of the yield of the field. The stationary field experiment was performed on the black podzolized heavy loamy soil of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. The experiment scheme included 11 variants of combinations and separate applications of mineral fertilizers as well as control variants without fertilization. It has been established that in the annual removal of nutrients together with grain harvest nitrogen makes up the biggest share (64.4–149.9 kg hа-1), then phosphorus – 21.1–51.4 kg hа-1 depending on the fertilizing in the crop rotation. The variant of the experiment N110P60K40 provides the optimal intensity of the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (103, 122, and 111%, respectively) when a non- marketable part of the yield is left for fertilizing in the field. When this part of the yield is removed from the field there is a deficit balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with the intensity (76, 76, 61%, respectively) even in the variant with the annual average application of N110P60K80. The use of non-marketable agricultural products in crop rotation for fertilization and the average annual application of N110P30–60K40–80 allows compensation for the losses of nitrogen 24%, phosphorus 33%, and potassium 71%

Effect of mineral N fertilizer and organic input on maize yield and soil water content for assessing optimal N and irrigation rates in Central Kenya

Maize ( Zea mays L.) is an important food crop in Kenya, while low and erratic rainfall, and low nutrient input mainly result in low maize yield. This study were to assess optimal nutrient and irrigation management practice for maize in central Kenya based on field experiment combined with modeling simulation. On-farm experiment with four treatments including no fertilizer (N0), N applied at dose of 100 kg ha –1 only in the form of a chemical fertilizer (N100) or combined with animal manure (N100M) or straw (N100S) has been conducting since 2013 in central Kenya. The Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer–Cropping System Model (DSSAT–CSM) was firstly calibrated under the relative optimal treatment N100M, and it was then evaluated for the rest three treatments for 6 maize growing seasons from 2014 to 2018. The responses of grain yield to different irrigation and fertilizer regimes were simulated using the calibrated DSSAT–CSM. The combination of fertilizer and manure (N100M) resulted in the highest yield and that of fertilizer and straw (N100S), in the highest level of soil water content in each soil layer. The model (DSSAT-CSM) successfully predicted both grain yield (normalized root mean square error, or nRMSE , of 21–37% and the index of agreement, or d , of 0.89–0.93) and changes in water content of each soil layer ( nRMSE < 20% and d > 0.70) in all treatments except N100S. The yield was most sensitive to any deficit in soil water content (dry spells) at the beginning of grain-filling stage, and the best regime for high yield, high water-use efficiency, and high agronomic efficiency comprised irrigation at 50–70 mm during that stage combined with fertilizer N at 100–120 kg ha –1 . The estimated magnitude yield gain with respect to optimal nutrition and irrigation ranged from 2 to 4 t ha –1 in different crop seasons. Optimal application of irrigation at the sensitive stage, fertilizer N, animal manure, and straw mulching holds great potential as an integrated farming practice for high grain yield and for efficient use of resources in maize cultivation in semi-arid parts of Kenya. • Optimal fertilizer practice and irrigation strategy was assessed for maize in Kenya. • The combination of mineral fertilizer, manure, and straw mulching is recommended. • DSSAT can be used to predict maize yield and soil water content in central Kenya. • Irrigation at 50 mm in early grain filling together with N at 100 kg ha –1 is optimal.

Ecological and hygienic aspects of cervical erosion in rural women of the Republic of Dagestan

Based on the available results of the conducted studies, it can be said that the current level of influence of negative environmental factors has exceeded the critical level of the adaptive capabilities of the body of women of fertile age. This determines the fundamental applied importance of identifying the influence of individual factors and the consequences of the use of pesticides on the incidence of cervical erosion, which is an endogenous risk factor for the development of malignant neoplasms of the cervix. In the course of the work, an assessment was made of the independent, total and combined effect of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals on indicators of the incidence of cervical erosion in women in rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan, since they are the leading environmental factors. A two-way analysis of variance was carried out for the influence of the place of residence and the intensity of the use of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals. In total, information was obtained on the effect of over 600 combinations of mineral fertilizers and pesticides on the incidence of cervical erosion in women in rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan. The influence of natural and anthropogenic ecological and hygienic factors in the Republic of Dagestan on the incidence of cervical erosion (ESM) in the adult female population, especially in rural areas of the republic, was established. The analyzed data on the impact of the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides demonstrate that in rural regions, where there is an intensive rate of development of agriculture with the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, it is necessary to take them into account as real risk factors for the development of cervical erosion in women. The results of the study give grounds to assume the presence of an indirect influence of the considered environmental factors on the incidence of cervical erosion.

Effect of Nutrient Omitting on Phonological Parameters and Growth Performance of Maize (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Zea mays&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) at Omo Nada District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

A plant nutrient is a chemical element that is essential for direct effect on plant growth and yield when it is applied based on soil nutrient level and crop requirement. Thus, a field experiment was conducted during 2019/20 cropping season to identify the most influential nutrient on the phonological and vegetative performance of maize on Nitisols of Omo Nada District, Southwestern Ethiopia. Nine combination of mineral fertilizers including one control plot with a total of ten treatments (NP, PKS (-N), NKS (-P), NPS (-K), NPK (-S), NPKS, NPKSZn (-B), NPKSB (-Zn) and NPKSZnB) were used. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) each replicated four times. The collected data was subjected to ANOVA using SAS 9.3 version software. LSD test was used to separate means at 5% level of significant (P<0.05). Accordingly, most of phonological and growth parameters were significantly affected due to combined application of major macronutrients (NPKS) with micronutrients (Zn), where non-fertilized and N omitted plots were inferior in all parameters. The results revealed that combined application of NPKS and Zn fertilizer significantly affected days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, stem diameter, NDVI value, leaf area index and plant height. Therefore, we can recommend that appropriate fertilizer usage will address problems of limiting nutrients in most smallholder maize fields once the nutrients are established.

Оптимізація живлення культур в інтенсивній короткоротаційній сівозміні на дерново-середньопідзолистих ґрунтах Полісся

Goal. To determine and investigate the features of optimizing the nutrition of plants of commercially attractive crops using nano-fertilizers on different agrochemical backgrounds. Methods. Lysimetric — to carry out stationary experiment, laboratory — to determine the qualitative indicators, computational — to make an economic evaluation of crop production, mathematical-statistical — to determine the reliability of the results of scientific research. NanoMineralis RK and Nagro nano-fertilizers were used for foliar fertilization of crop rotations. Results. The results of lysimetric studies of the influence of plant nutrition optimization on soil biological activity indicators, nutrient utilization coefficients, the yield of corn, soybean, sunflower, lupine, and productivity of 5-field short-rotary crop rotation obtained during 2016–2020 are presented. It is established that the intensity of CO2 release directly depends on the entry of organic matter into the soil. The combination of the mineral fertilizer system and foliar fertilization of crops with nano-fertilizers (due to the additional entry into the soil of root and crop residues of plants) caused an increase in the soil of biological activity by 8–15% compared to the mineral background. The use of nano-fertilizers promoted more efficient use of nutrients from mineral fertilizers (on average by 26–30%) than without foliar fertilization. The combined use of an alternative regenerative fertilizer system (by-products of the predecessor, green mass of green manure), N62R60K78, and nano-fertilizers provided a high level of crop rotation productivity: harvesting of grain units — 60.1–61.1, feed units — 101.8-103.3, digestible protein — 7.6–7.62 c/ha. Conclusions. Optimization of plant nutrition on low-fertile sod-podzolic soils should combine a holistic set of measures: agrotechnical, organizational (crop rotation), agrochemical (liming, use of all available local organic materials for fertilizer, use of modern mineral fertilizers, and innovative products for foliar fertilization). The deficiency of nutrients in the critical phases of crop development should be overcome by the use of nano-fertilizers in the system of foliar feeding of plants. The combination of mineral fertilizers (N62R60K78 per 1 ha of crop rotation area), by-products and nano-fertilizers of the new generation (NanoMineralis RK and Nagro) increase the biological activity of the soil, nutrient utilization factors from soil and fertilizers, which provides corn grain yield at the level of 9.30–9.43 t/ha, soybeans — 2.54–2.62, sunflower — 2.70–2.73, lupine — 2.83 t/ha, which is 18.5–24.1% higher than at the use of the mineral system of fertilization.

Винесення основних елементів живлення з ґрунту культурами польової сівозміни за різного удобрення

The effect of application of different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in plants, economic and relative removal of winter wheat, corn, spring barley and soybeans was studied. Soil - Luvic Chernic Phaeozem. The scheme of the experiment includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilizers and, including the variant without fertilizer. It was found that the level of nitrogen content of easily hydrolyzed compounds in the soil significantly affects its content in the grain of spring barley, corn, soybeans (R2 = 0,92–0,93), less - winter wheat (R2 = 0,63). The content of mobile phosphates in the soil has almost the same effect on its content in the main and non-commodity part of the crop, regardless of the crop (R2 = 0,39–0,70). The smallest relationship between the content of mobile compounds in the soil and in the crop was in potassium, but in soybean seeds and straw of spring barley and soybeans it was clearly traced (R2 = 0,53–0,68). Nitrogen (64,4–149,9 kg / ha) has the largest share in the economic extraction of nutrients with grain and seed yield, followed by phosphorus – 21,1–51,4 kg P2O5/ ha, depending on the crop. On the formation of the crop unit of marketable and the corresponding amount of non-marketable crop products absorb nutrients in the following ratio N : P2O5 : K2O: winter wheat – 1 : 0,4: 0,7; corn – 1 : 0,3 : 0,8; spring barley – 1 : 0,4 : 0,7 and soy – 1 : 0,4 : 0,4. With the non-commodity part of the crop, nitrogen with corn stalks returns to the soil from economic removal – 28–36 %, phosphorus with soybean straw (47–54 %) and potassium with winter wheat straw and corn stalks – 74–80 %, depending on the experiment variant.

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ ТРАВ И ПЛОДОРОДИЕ ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ПОЧВЫ ПРИ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОМ ВНЕСЕНИИ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ

The article considers the effect of increasing doses and various combinations of mineral fertilizers applied to the cover crop on the yield and quality of a mixture of perennial grasses of two - years use, as well as the effect of fertilizers on the agrochemical parameters of sod-podzolic light loamy soil. The objects of the study were Stodolich meadow clover and Leningradskaya 204 meadow timothy grass. The studies were carried out in two crop rotations - with standard and reduced single doses of mineral fertilizers. The research results showed that in the years (VIII rotation) when the unit dose of fertilizers was increased to N20P20K25, the yield of perennial grasses was higher compared to the harvest in the VII rotation. The most appropriate dose in the VII rotation on perennial grasses of the 1st year was N30P30K45, on grasses of the 2nd year - doses of N30P30K45 and N40P40K60. In the VIII rotation, the highest yield of perennial grasses of the 1st year of use was obtained at a dose of N160P160K200 (8.4 t / ha), of grasses of the 2nd year of use at doses of N80P80K100 and N100P100K125 (6.5 t / ha). Positive effect of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on the content of soil organic matter has been noted. On the contrary, the soil acidity increased from 4.7 to 4.3 units with an increase of mineral doses. Higher doses of fertilizers increased the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil.

Pathways of dissolved unreactive phosphorus loss under long-term crop straw and manure application

Dissolved unreactive phosphorus (DUP) loss can increase the risk of water organic and inorganic compound pollution. Because DUP loss under different fertilizers has not been evaluated, selecting a fertilizer that decreases losses but maintains yields remains challenging. Therefore, we compared DUP losses via overland flow, leaching, and sediment in lysimeter plots (8 m × 4 m × 0.6 m) with mineral and organic fertilizers for two years. The six treatments, with three replicates, included no fertilizer (CK), mineral fertilizer (NPK), pig manure only (OM), pig manure combined with NPK (OMNPK), crop straw only (RSD), and crop straw combined with NPK (RSDNPK). The results showed that leaching accounted for 54–89% and was the major route for DUP loss. Compared with NPK (0.074 kg ha−1 year−1), in the OM and OMNPK, the annual DUP losses via leaching were substantially increased by 11.1% and 8.6%, respectively, whereas they were decreased by 13.2% and 6.2% in the RSD and RSDNPK treatments, respectively. There was a significant positive linear relationship between the soil P surplus and the annual total DUP loss loading (r = 0.80, p = 0.05). Compared with the NPK (43.44 kg ha−1 year−1), the values of the soil P surplus under the RSD and RSDNPK treatments were greatly reduced by 122.6% and 14.5%, thereby decreasing the annual total DUP loss by 34.5% and 26.4%, respectively. In conclusion, pig manure application can increase DUP leaching risk, whereas the combination of mineral fertilizers and crop straw residues can decrease the DUP loss without compromising the crop yield.