Combination Of Photocatalysis Research Articles

Robust Light Driven Enzymatic Oxyfunctionalization Via Immobilization of Unspecific Peroxygenase.

Unspecific peroxygenases have attracted interest in synthetic chemistry, especially for the oxidative activation of C-H bonds, as they only require hydrogen peroxide instead of a cofactor. Due to their instability in even small amounts of hydrogen peroxide, different strategies like enzyme immobilization or in situ hydrogen peroxide production have been developed to improve the stability of these enzymes. While most strategies have been studied separately, a combination of photocatalysis with immobilized enzymes has not been reported so far. To show the advantages and limiting factors of immobilized enzyme in a photobiocatalytic reaction, a comparison is made between free and immobilized enzymes. Adjustment of critical parameters such as (i) enzyme and substrate concentration, (ii) illumination wavelength and (iii) light intensity results in significantly increased enzyme stabilities of the immobilized variant.

Ultra-high selective recovery of Cu2+ and Ni2+ by a combination of photocatalysis and adsorption from electroless plating wastewater

Ultra-high selective recovery of Cu2+ and Ni2+ by a combination of photocatalysis and adsorption from electroless plating wastewater

Iron phthalocyanine nanodots decorated ultra-thin porous carbon nitride: A combination of photocatalysis and Fenton reaction to achieve two-channel efficient tetracycline degradation

Recent years, many scholars have been greatly intrigued by the large amounts of emerging antibiotics pollutants (such as tetracycline, penicillin, etc.) in natural water environments. Photo-Fenton oxidation, a highly advanced oxidation technique, has been seen as a promising way to effectively break down these pollutants by generating a great deal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, iron phthalocyanine nanodots (FePc)/ultra-thin porous carbon nitride (UPCN) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by thermal polymerization and calcination processes. In the system with a small amount (10 μL) of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and natural pH conditions, the 1%-FePc/UPCN nanocatalcatalyst had the best degradation effect, and the TC removal rate reached 89% within 20 min and 99% within 60 min. The excellent performance of the nano-composites is ascribed to the large surface area, multiple active sites, small pore size, easy excitation and fast transfers of photogenerated carriers induced by π-π bond. In addition, the improvement of the degradation of TC is also due to the synergistic effect of the photocatalytic reaction center dominated by UPCN and Fenton reaction center dominated by FePc in the system, simultaneously. In this study, a synergistic dual-reaction center catalytic system was constructed to provide new insights and strategies for the degradation of organic pollutants in natural water environments.

Application of g-C3N4-PVDF membrane for the photocatalytic degradation of micropollutants in continuous flow mode: Impact of water matrix

The combination of photocatalysis with membrane separation technology allows to mitigate potential membrane fouling while degrading the organic micropollutants in water. This work is focused on the immobilization of a g-C3N4 promising photocatalyst, in the form of a g-C3N4-PVDF polymeric membrane, for the elimination of representative pharmaceutical substances from complex water matrices in a continuous flow mode under visible light irradiation. Metoprolol (MTP), venlafaxine (VEN) and diclofenac (DCF) in a mixture (at 250 μg L−1 each) were fed to the system at room temperature. The adsorption of these substances on the membrane was negligible (< 5%) in the dark. Removals of 89%, 92% and 72% for MTP, VEN and DCF, respectively, were achieved in deionized water using visible-light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light source. Moreover, the permeate flux remained constant throughout the experiments (89.5 L m−2 h−1). The membrane system was then assessed using urban wastewater treatment plant effluent, surface and tap waters, spiked with the target analytes. As expected, a worse performance was observed with these matrices, although still high removals were achieved in tap water (73%, 61% and 75%, respectively for MTP, VEN and DCF). Accordingly, the impact of the occurrence of humic acid as representative species of natural organic matter, as well as inorganic ions such as chlorides, sulphates, phosphates and carbonates, was evaluated in more detail. Clearly, humic acid and sulphates were the most impactful on the treatment performance. Finally, different scavengers were used to understand the photocatalytic mechanism, suggesting that superoxide radicals and photogenerated holes were the main active species involved in the removal of the studied micropollutants.

ZnS/Ag2S decorated PES membrane with efficient near-infrared response and enhanced photocatalysis for pollutants photodegradation on high-turbidity water

By the combination of photocatalysis with membrane separation technology, a concurrent strategy of near-infrared (NIR) photocatalytic degradation and flow-through filtration for the treatment of antibiotics and dye effluent are proposed. After the deposition of homogeneous polyether sulfone (PES) layer with zinc acetate seeds as zinc oxide (ZnO) precursor on PES substrate membrane fabricated by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPs), a photocatalytic membrane comprising of zinc sulfide (ZnS), silver sulfide (Ag2S), and PES substrate (ZnS/Ag2S@PES) was fabricated using successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and ion exchange method based on the conversion of ZnO into ZnS. ZnS/Ag2S@PES photocatalytic membrane with UV–vis-NIR full-spectrum response ability due to the construction of p-Ag2S/n-ZnS heterojunction can fulfil high pollutant photodegradation efficiency (methylene blue (MB) ∼ 70 % & tetracycline (TC) ∼ 58 %) in dead-end filtration by single pass. By simply two successive repeating units in flow-through filtration, more than 95 % of photodegradation efficiency for MB and TC can be achieved. More importantly, under NIR irradiation by the penetration of high-turbidity media and real turbidity wastewater, 68 % and 72 % of MB photodegradation efficiency can be respectively reached by only one unit within 1 h, which is expected to achieve the catalytic degradation to high-turbidity real industrial wastewater.

Plasmonic Nanodomains Decorated on Two-Dimensional Oxide Semiconductors for Photonic-Assisted CO2 Conversion.

Plasmonic nanostructures ensure the reception and harvesting of visible lights for novel photonic applications. In this area, plasmonic crystalline nanodomains decorated on the surface of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials represent a new class of hybrid nanostructures. These plasmonic nanodomains activate supplementary mechanisms at material heterointerfaces, enabling the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers from plasmonic antennae into adjacent 2D semiconductors and therefore activate a wide range of visible-light assisted applications. Here, the controlled growth of crystalline plasmonic nanodomains on 2D Ga2O3 nanosheets was achieved by sonochemical-assisted synthesis. In this technique, Ag and Se nanodomains grew on 2D surface oxide films of gallium-based alloy. The multiple contribution of plasmonic nanodomains enabled the visible-light-assisted hot-electron generation at 2D plasmonic hybrid interfaces, and therefore considerably altered the photonic properties of the 2D Ga2O3 nanosheets. Specifically, the multiple contribution of semiconductor-plasmonic hybrid 2D heterointerfaces enabled efficient CO2 conversion through combined photocatalysis and triboelectric-activated catalysis. The solar-powered acoustic-activated conversion approach of the present study enabled us to achieve the CO2 conversion efficiency of more than 94% in the reaction chambers containing 2D Ga2O3-Ag nanosheets.

Internal electric field-assisted copper ions chelated polydopamine/titanium dioxide nano-thin film heterojunctions activate peroxymonosulfate under visible light to catalyze degradation of gatifloxacin: Theoretical calculations and biotoxicity analysis

The combination of photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation is considered effective in treating organic pollutants in water; however, the photocatalysts currently used to activate PMS are primarily in powder form, which cause secondary contamination because they are difficult to recycle. In this study, copper-ion-chelated polydopamine/titanium dioxide (Cu-PDA/TiO2) nanofilm were prepared for PMS activation on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates using hydrothermal and in-situ self-polymerization methods. The results showed that Cu-PDA/TiO2 + PMS + Vis degraded 94.8% of gatifloxacin (GAT) within 60 min, and the reaction rate constant reached 4.928 × 10-2 min−1, which was 6.25 and 4.04 folds higher than that of TiO2 + PMS + Vis (0.789 × 10-2 min−1) and PDA/TiO2 + PMS + Vis (1.219 × 10-2 min−1), respectively. The Cu-PDA/TiO2 nanofilm is easily recyclable and activates PMS to degrade GAT with no inferior performance, unlike the powder-based photocatalysts, and simultaneously maintains outstanding stability, which is highly suitable for applications in real aqueous environments. Biotoxicity experiments were conducted using E. coli, S. aureus, and mung bean sprouts as experimental subjects, and the results showed that the Cu-PDA/TiO2 + PMS + Vis system had excellent detoxification ability. In addition, a detailed investigation of the formation mechanism of step-scheme (S-scheme) Cu-PDA/TiO2 nanofilm heterojunctions was conducted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, a specific process for activating PMS to degrade GAT was proposed, which provides a novel photocatalysts for practical applications in aqueous pollution.

Synergetic Photocatalytic Peroxymonosulfate Oxidation of Benzotriazole by Copper Ferrite Spinel: Factors and Mechanism Analysis.

The development of oxidation processes with the efficient generation of powerful radicals is the most interesting and thought-provoking dimension of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. This study reports the successful preparation of a magnetic spinel of CuFe2O4 using a facile, non-toxic, and cost-efficient co-precipitation method. The prepared material exhibited a synergetic effect with photocatalytic PMS oxidation, which was effective in degrading the recalcitrant benzotriazole (BTA). Moreover, central composite design (CCD) analysis confirmed that the highest BTA degradation rate reached 81.4% after 70 min of irradiation time under the optimum operating conditions of CuFe2O4 = 0.4 g L-1, PMS = 2 mM, and BTA = 20 mg L-1. Furthermore, the active species capture experiments conducted in this study revealed the influence of various species, including •OH, SO4•-, O2•-, and h+ in the CuFe2O4/UV/PMS system. The results showed that SO4•- played a predominant role in BTA photodegradation. The combination of photocatalysis and PMS activation enhanced the consumption of metal ions in the redox cycle reactions, thus minimizing metal ion leaching. Additionally, this maintained the reusability of the catalyst with reasonable mineralization efficiency, which reached more than 40% total organic carbon removal after four batch experiments. The presence of common inorganic anions was found to have a retardant effect on BTA oxidation, with the order of retardation following: HCO3- > Cl- > NO3- > SO42-. Overall, this work demonstrated a simple and environmentally benign strategy to exploit the synergy between the photocatalytic activity of CuFe2O4 and PMS activation for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with widely used industrial chemicals such as BTA.

Improving the Degradation Kinetics of Industrial Dyes with Chitosan/TiO2/Glycerol Films for the Sustainable Recovery of Chitosan from Waste Streams

This study investigates the potential of a combined photocatalysis–adsorption approach to effectively degrade near wash yellow (NWY), a commonly used and highly persistent dye in the textile industry, notorious for its challenging treatment and removal from wastewater due to its colorfastness. A chitosan–glycerol (CTiG) film combined with titanium dioxide was examined in both batch and continuous-flow experiments under visible solar irradiation. The results show that this combination was more effective than a pure chitosan film (60%) or chitosan–glycerol film (63%), with up to 83% degradation of NWY achieved in just 60 min of visible solar irradiation. The kinetics of the film were evaluated using both pseudo-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic models. The rate constant values (k, min−1) decreased with increasing NWY concentration from 20 to 80 mg/L, and k was found to be greater than twice as high under visible solar irradiation as it was in the dark. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood model’s KLH (reaction rate constant) and KL (adsorption coefficient) values were 0.029 mg/L·min and 0.019 L/mg, respectively. The optimal conditions for NWY degradation were found to be 4% TiO2 to chitosan ratio, glycerol/chitosan ratio of 40%, and a pH of 7. In the continuous-flow model, the CTiG film was submerged in an 8 L NWY solution (80 mg/L) and degraded at a rate of 22.6 mg NWY/g film under natural sunlight. This study contributes to the development of effective and sustainable methods for the degradation of dyes from textile industry wastewater.

Visible-light-driven removal of 4-tert-butylphenol by coupled photoredox and enzyme catalysis

The combination of photocatalysis and enzyme catalysis makes many previously difficult or slow chemical reactions easy to realize. A novel laccase@g−C3N4 biohybrid catalyst was successfully synthesized using a simple in situ synthesis method to remove 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP). A series of characterization methods were used to investigate the structure, morphology, chemistry, and optical properties of biohybrid catalysts. Laccase@g−C3N4 has improved photogenerated electron-hole pair separation efficiency and charge carrier mobility, as well as photocatalytic activity, with a removal rate of 4-t-BP nearly 100% within 180 min. The catalyst recycling test revealed that the composite could maintain its high removal efficiency after 10 recyclings. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic mechanism investigation reveals that ∙O2− play critical roles in the removal of 4-t-BP by g−C3N4. A detailed examination of the mechanism and pathway of 4-t-BP removal by photoenzyme oxidation was also carried out. This biohybrid catalyst opened up a new avenue for the advancement of environmental protection technology.

Direct enantioselective α-alkylation of secondary acyclic amines with ketones by combining photocatalysis and lipase catalytic promiscuity

Described is a method for directly achieving enantioselective α-alkylation of secondary acyclic amines with ketones through the combination of photocatalysis and the catalytic promiscuity of lipase.

AIE Polymer Micelle/Vesicle Photocatalysts Combined with Native Enzymes for Aerobic Photobiocatalysis

Biocatalytic transformation has attracted increasing attention in the green synthesis of chemicals due to the diversity of enzymes, their high catalytic activities and specificities, and environmentally benign conditions. Most redox enzymes in nature are dependent on nicotinamide cofactors like β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The use of solar energy, especially visible light, in the regeneration of cofactors through the combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis provides an extraordinary opportunity to make complete green processes. However, the combination of photocatalysts and enzymes has been challenged by the rapid degradation and deactivation of the enzymatic material by photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we design core-shell structured polymer micelles and vesicles with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) as visible-light-mediated photocatalysts for highly stable and recyclable photobiocatalysis under aerobic conditions. NAD+ from NADH can be efficiently regenerated by the photoactive hydrophobic core of polymer micelles and the hydrophobic membrane of polymer vesicles, while the enzymatic material (glucose 1-dehydrogenase) is screened from the attack of photogenerated ROS by the hydrophilic surface layer of polymer colloids. After at least 10 regeneration cycles, the enzyme keeps its active state; meanwhile, polymer micelles and vesicles maintain their photocatalytic activity. These polymer colloids show the potential to be developed for the implementation of industrially relevant photobiocatalytic systems.

Semiconductors Application Forms and Doping Benefits to Wastewater Treatment: A Comparison of TiO2, WO3, and g-C3N4

Photocatalysis has been vastly applied for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and other micropollutants, with the aim of future water reclamation. As a process based upon photon irradiation, materials that may be activated through natural light sources are highly pursued, to facilitate their application and reduce costs. TiO2 is a reference material, and it has been greatly optimized. However, in its typical configuration, it is known to be mainly active under ultraviolet radiation. Thus, multiple alternative visible light driven (VLD) materials have been intensively studied recently. WO3 and g-C3N4 are currently attractive VLD catalysts, with WO3 possessing similarities with TiO2 as a metal oxide, allowing correlations between the knowledge regarding the reference catalyst, and g-C3N4 having an interesting and distinct non-metallic polymeric structure with the benefit of easy production. In this review, recent developments towards CECs degradation in TiO2 based photocatalysis are discussed, as reference catalyst, alongside the selected alternative materials, WO3 and g-C3N4. The aim here is to evaluate the different techniques more commonly explored to enhance catalyst photo-activity, specifically doping with multiple elements and the formation of composite materials. Moreover, the possible combination of photocatalysis and ozonation is also explored, as a promising route to potentialize their individual efficiencies and overcome typical drawbacks.

Photocatalytic Bi2WO6/pg-C3N4-embedded in polyamide microfiltration membrane with enhanced performance in synergistic adsorption-photocatalysis of 17β-estradiol from water

17β-estradiol (E2) is one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) ubiquitously with significant impacts on ecosystem and organisms even at extremely low concentrations. Photocatalytic membranes, with the combination of photocatalysis and membrane filtration, have great potential to enhance E2 removal. In this work, a photocatalytic membrane was fabricated from the polyamide (PA) microfiltration membrane and visible light responsive Bi2WO6/protonated g-C3N4 (BPG) photocatalyst. The BPG photocatalyst was embedded into calcium alginate hydrogel followed by immobilizing onto PA membrane through vacuum filtration and crosslinking. The transparent calcium alginate hydrogel guaranteed 100% light transmittance which contributed to visible light induced photodegradation. Under static and dynamic conditions, the removal efficiency of E2 reached 99.5% and remained 95.1%, which was mainly owing to the synergistic effects of the adsorption of PA and photodegradation of the BPG nanocomposites. The synergistic interaction was fitted by modified Elovich model, and a strong positive correlation (r = 0.834, rs = 0.965) was confirmed by Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficient, indicating that adsorption could enhance photocatalysis by concentrating contaminants around the photocatalyst and photocatalysis could promote the adsorption by regenerating adsorption sites. The photocatalytic membrane can be reused, and the removal efficiency of E2 was 96.6% after 5 cycles. This work provided not only a facile fabrication of photocatalytic membrane, but also a deep understanding of the synergistic adsorption-photocatalysis for effective removal of E2.

1-Naphthol removal by Fenton-like heterogenous photocatalysis: Kinetic modelling, optimization, and prediction by response surface methodology

Degradation of 1-Naphthol by combined photocatalysis and adsorption in column reactor was studied, and the performance could be predicted by employing a proposed multiple regression model. The model includes four variables: concentration of 1-Naphthol, concentration of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), FeOOH dosage and pH, along with their second-order effects and interactions. Statistical analyses were performed to verify the statistical significance of the regressors, and extra experimental sets were conducted to validate the proposed model. The mathematical model proposed exhibited good reproducibility with no significant statistical difference between the experimental and predicted values. Response surface methodology was used to explore the relationship between the four variables and the response. The process optimal ranges can be further refined at pH 2–2.5; [PMS] = 1.2–1.4 mM; and FeOOH 2.75–3 g respectively, according to the proposed overlaid contour plots.

Superamphiphobic cotton fabric with photocatalysis and ultraviolet shielding property based on hierarchical ZnO/halloysite nanotubes hybrid particles

The combination of photocatalysis and superamphiphobic cotton fabric has attracted extensive attention as it can not only repel the millimeter-scale contaminant droplets in daily life, but also photodegrade the micro-droplet pollutants with ultralow surface tension d in light. However, its invention is a great challenge. In this work, superamphiphobic cotton fabrics with photocatalysis and ultraviolet (UV) shielding property were fabricated based on fluorinated ZnO/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) hybrid particles with micro/nano hierarchical structures and photocatalytic activity. The ZnO/HNTs hybrid particles were prepared by in-situ growth of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with unique needlelike microstructure, high aspect ratio, eco-friendliness, low cost, biocompatibility, and abundance in nature. The fluorinated ZnO/HNTs (F-ZnO/HNTs) based on ZnO/HNTs were sprayed onto cotton fabrics to obtain superamphiphobic cotton fabrics with ultraviolet (UV) shielding and photocatalysis. The as-obtained cotton fabrics could repel common liquids in daily life even with low surface tension (the rapeseed oil contact angle was 154.3 ± 0.9°), exhibiting excellent superamphiphobic self-cleaning and antifouling properties. About 89 % of methylene orange was degraded after being irradiated by UV lamp for 4 h, indicating that the coated cotton fabric had excellent photocatalytic activity. Importantly, after 1500 cycles of mechanical abrasion, 60 h UV illumination or1h of immersion in acidic and alkali solutions, the coated cotton fabrics retained superamphiphobic performance. Due to the synergistic effect of the superamphiphobic and photocatalytic performance, the obtained cotton fabrics showed potential applications in various promising fields.

Synthesis of β-Thiolated-α-arylated Ketones Enabled by Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Radical Relay of Alkenes with Disulfides and Aldehydes.

β-Thiolated-α-arylated ketones are perversive in bioactive molecules and serve as potential bidentate ligands for catalysis. Herein, a straightforward protocol to access β-thiolated ketones from aldehydes, alkenes, and disulfides enabled by the combination of photocatalysis and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis is reported. The sequential radical addition to alkenes and subsequent radical-radical coupling cascade process simultaneously forge C-S and C-C bonds. The mild conditions allow for radical relay coupling with a broad functional group tolerance.

Synthesis and characterization of Bi2O3/ZIF-67 nanocomposite integration with capacitive deionization system in the degradation tetracycline

A Bi2O3/ZIF-67 heterostructure was synthesized as a novel and highly active photocatalyst by the hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized catalysts were identified by XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, BET, and PL analyses. The two-component composite showed a significant improvement in photoactivity compared to Bi2O3 and pristine ZIF-67 due to its unique characteristics such as increased specific surface area and visible light adsorption, as well as reduced bandgap and recombination rate of electron-hole. The optimum values of the processing variables for the contaminant degradation efficiency were determined for photocatalytic process (catalyst concentration= 0.4 g/L, pH= 9, tetracycline (TC) initial concentration= 20 mg/L, and time= 120 min) and capacitive deionization system (CDI) (L=5 mm, voltage=1.8 V, and TC concentration=20 mg/l) and the maximum pollutant removal efficiency under optimal conditions for catalyst adsorption, photocatalytic process, and CDI systems were obtained 12%, 84% and 69%, respectively. The identification of a kinetic study confirmed that the TC removal followed the pseudo-first-order model. According to kinetic studies, the combination of photocatalysis and CDI system (PCS) has a significant effect on the efficiency of the contaminant removal, and the reaction rate constant is increased by about 1.5 and 2.4 times compared to the photodegradation process and the CDI system, respectively. As the results show, the PCS system is a promising way of removing contaminants and dramatically increasing the removal efficiency. Experimental results showed a great chemical stability and reusability of the photocatalyst and the graphite electrode after five cyclic usage.

Z-type ZnAl-LDO/Ag2S heterojunction activated peroxysulfate to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride under visible light efficiently

This study used electrostatic self-assembly and chemical deposition to construct a visible-light-driven Z-type ZnAl-LDO/Ag2S heterojunction composite material with active phase Zn/Al LDO. Then it is used as an efficient catalyst for photocatalysis (PC) coupled with sulfate radical based-advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) under visible light. The effects of ZnAl-LDO molar ratio, calcination temperature, Ag2S deposition amount, initial concentration of persulfate (PMS), initial solution pH, and catalyst dosage on the reaction were investigated. The results show that the combination of photocatalysis and SR-AOPs can significantly improve the degradation ability of pollutants. Under the action of 0.5 g/L ZnAl-LDO/Ag2S, pH = 7 and 6 mM PMS, within 35 min, 20 mg/L 100 mL of tetracycline hydrochloride can be completely degraded. The results of the scavenging experiment and ESR analysis show that SO4− and OH radicals are the leading free radicals that degrade tetracycline hydrochloride and verify the degradation mechanism. The ZnAl-LDO/Ag2S/PMS system has good structure and performance stability. This research has established the foundation for the design and optimization of the Photo-SR system and further promoted the broad application of the system in environmental treatment.

Synthesis of non-active electrode (TiO2/GO/Ag) for the photo-electro-Fenton oxidation of micropollutants in wastewater

Heterogeneous photo-electro-Fenton oxidation (hPEF) is known to be a robust technique, which can be employed for promoting organic degradation. This paper describes an environmentally friendly approach with the combination of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis in less acidic pH, aiming to achieve faster mineralization of a pharmaceutical micropollutant without adding any external oxidants. TiO2/GO/loaded Ag non-active electrodes are synthesized for the degradation of bupropion hydrochloride (antidepressant drug). The present work also seeks the parametric modeling and optimization of hPEF process parameters by using R programming. Nonlinear kinetic modeling was performed for the determination of kinetic parameters. The role of selected process parameters on the mineralization of bupropion was also explained in detail. The OH• and O2•− showed their active participation in the degradation process, while Ag and UV-C played an active role in the disinfection of treated wastewater.