Combination Of Citric Acid Research Articles

Photodynamic therapy using graphene quantum dot derivatives

In this study, we show photodynamic therapy (PDT) by graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) to kill the cancer cells. For PDT, we used GQDs and GOQDs as photosensitizer and 365 ​nm UV tubelight as irradiation source. GQDs/GOQDs are synthesized by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rod. The electrolyte used was a combination of citric acid, NaOH and H2O2 in different proportion. The GQDs and GOQDs with the size range of 1.5–5.5 ​nm, show excitation dependent PL behavior. GQDs/GOQDs show strong absorbance in UV region, exhibit excitation dependent photoluminescence behavior ranging from UV to visible region and show singlet oxygen generation. GQDs/GOQDs show very low cytotoxicity towards skin cancer (B16F10) cells and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. GQDs/GOQDs show easy cellular uptake and are well distributed inside the cells. Singlet oxygen generation, low cytotoxicity and easy cellular uptake make them a promising candidate for PDT application. PDT is performed on B16F10 ​cells and MCF-7 ​cells using GQDs/GOQDs. More than 90% cells are killed during a short exposure of 5 ​min. However, the cells not treated with GQDs/GOQDs and exposed to irradiation for 5 ​min show that more than 80% cells are alive. The GQD/GOQD PDT has several advantages such as high cell killing efficacy with micro-watt power UV irradiation, less irradiation time and uniform large area exposure. However, the therapy will be limited to skin related cancers as the depth of penetration of UV irradiation is very less.

Polar-Functionalized, Crosslinkable, Self-Healing, and Photoresponsive Polyolefins.

The nonpolar nature of polyolefins is one of their biggest limitations. Now, an efficient route to generate polar-functionalized, crosslinkable, self-healing, photoresponsive polyolefins with thermoplastic, elastomeric, and thermosetting properties is reported. Tunable amounts of carboxylic acid and a cyclic comonomer are installed onto polyolefins by palladium-catalyzed terpolymerization reactions. The incorporated carboxylic acid unit can alter the surface properties of polyolefins. The subsequently introduced Fe3+ /citric acid combination induces dynamic crosslinking and enables self-healing. Under UV light irradiation, citric acid reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ and decreases the crosslinking density. The Fe2+ moiety can be easily oxidized back to Fe3+ , making the process reversible at the expense of citric acid. The incorporated cyclic comonomer modulates the crystallinity of polyolefins, provides elastic properties, and installs carbon-carbon double bonds for sulfur-induced vulcanization.

Combined effects of citric acid and pulsed light treatments to degrade B-aflatoxins in peanut

The aim of this study was to assess the combination of citric acid (CA) and pulsed light (PL) treatments on B-aflatoxins inactivation and the treatment’s effects on the physicochemical properties of peanuts. AFT (B1 and B2) levels in peanuts after PL+CA treatment by ELISA and LC–MS–MS were measured and compared to untreated peanuts. The physiochemical properties of the treated samples were evaluated. Results indicate that the total number of AFTs were reduced by 98.2% (±1.03) from the combined treatment (citric acid+PL). Moreover, LC–MS/MS results confirmed that the combined treatment (citric acid+PL) reduced AFT B1 and B2 up to 98.9% (±0.8) and 98.1% (±1.1), respectively. Differences were not significant (p>0.05) between the evaluated chemical quality indices for all experiments, while significant (p<0.05) changes were recorded in color parameters. Further parameter optimization is required to achieve a commercially desired product.

Development of antibrowning and antimicrobial formulations to minimize Listeria monocytogenes contamination and inhibit browning of fresh-cut “Granny Smith” apples

In recent years, there have been a number of Listeria monocytogenes recalls involving fresh-cut apples treated with antibrowning solutions. In the present study, we used response surface methodology to develop and optimize formulations for reducing L. monocytogenes populations in the solutions and for maintaining cutting surface color of apple slices. The following two sets of three chemicals at various levels were combined: citric acid + calcium ascorbate+ N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), and citric acid + ascorbic acid +NAC. The survival of a 4-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes cells (F2365, serotype: 4b; NRRL 33857, serotype: 1/2a; NRRL 33723, serotype: 1/2a; NRRL 33230, serotype: 4c) in the solutions prepared from the combinations was evaluated, and the changes in cutting surface color parameters (L*, a* and b*) and skin edge browning of “Granny Smith” apple slices dipped in the solutions for 3 min were assessed during 21 d of storage at 4 °C. Results showed that combinations of citric acid, calcium ascorbate and NAC were ineffective in achieving 5 log reduction of L. monocytogenes. However, formulations comprised of 4.0–4.5 % citric acid, 3–4% ascorbic acid and 1.5–2.0% NAC achieved more than 5 log reduction of L. monocytogenes in the solutions, and the cutting surface of apple slices treated with these formulations maintained L* values of > 70, and a* values of < −1.8 during 21 d of storage. Our results suggest that the combinations of citric acid, ascorbate and NAC may be used to enhance microbial safety of fresh-cut apples without compromising product quality.

Sol-gel synthesis of substoichiometric cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) spinels: Influence of additives on their stoichiometry and magnetic properties

Spinel cobalt ferrites (CoFe2O4) with varying levels of substoichiometry were prepared via sol-gel synthesis with different combinations of citric acid, dextrose and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone). The gels, prepared from the metal nitrates, were dried at 110 °C, further treated at 850 °C and finally subjected to thorough structural and magnetic characterization in order to correlate the composition of the gel to the structural and magnetic properties displayed by the ferrites. The materials synthesized in the present work have shown to be rather iron-depleted, reaching over 50% deficiency of the metal, which leaves the spinel lattice and forms Fe2O3 instead. The fuel/oxidant ratio and the thermal behavior of the xerogels exert a direct influence on the compositional variation of the prepared spinels, which could in turn be correlated to the magnetic properties displayed by the particles. A maximum in coercivity of 2154.4 Oe was achieved without the application of any additive to the nitrate precursors. On the other hand, the magnetic remanence displayed by the ferrites shows a linear relationship to the iron content in their chemical formula. The results open up the possibility of fine-tuning the structural and magnetic properties displayed by the spinel product via careful control of the composition of the reaction medium.

Removal of Mercury (II) and Lead (II) from Aqueous Media by Using a Green Adsorbent: Kinetics, Thermodynamic, and Mechanism Studies

AbstractIn this study, a simple and highly efficient method for stabilizing the different combinations of citric acid and sodium hydroxide on the surface of a green adsorbent was presented as the b...

Electrochemical Method To Prepare Graphene Quantum Dots and Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots.

In this study, we present the preparation of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs). GQDs/GOQDs are prepared by an easy electrochemical exfoliation method, in which two graphite rods are used as electrodes. The electrolyte used is a combination of citric acid and alkali hydroxide in water. Four types of quantum dots, GQD1–GQD4, are prepared by varying alkali hydroxide concentration in the electrolyte, while keeping the citric acid concentration fixed. Variation of alkali hydroxide concentration in the electrolyte results in the production of GOQDs. Balanced reaction of citric acid and alkali hydroxide results in the production of GQDs (GQD3). However, three variations in alkali hydroxide concentration result in GOQDs (GQD1, GQD2, and GQD4). GOQDs show tunable oxygen functional groups, which are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. GQDs/GOQDs show absorption in the UV region and show excitation-dependent photoluminescence behavior. The obtained average size is 2–3 nm, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction peak at around 10° and broad D band peak at 1350 cm–1 in Raman spectra confirm the presence of oxygen-rich functional groups on the surface of GOQDs. These GQDs and GOQDs show blue to green luminescence under 365 nm UV irradiation.

Arsenic Speciation and Extraction and the Significance of Biodegradable Acid on Arsenic Removal-An Approach for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil.

A series of arsenic remediation tests were conducted using a washing method with biodegradable organic acids, including oxalic, citric and ascorbic acids. Approximately 80% of the arsenic in one sample was removed under the effect of the ascorbic and oxalic acid combination, which was roughly twice higher than the effectiveness of the ascorbic and citric acid combination under the same conditions. The soils treated using biodegradable acids had low remaining concentrations of arsenic that are primarily contained in the crystalline iron oxides and organic matter fractions. The close correlation between extracted arsenic and extracted iron/aluminum suggested that arsenic was removed via the dissolution of Fe/Al oxides in soils. The fractionation of arsenic in four contaminated soils was investigated using a modified sequential extraction method. Regarding fractionation, we found that most of the soil contained high proportions of arsenic (As) in exchangeable fractions with phosphorus, amorphous oxides, and crystalline iron oxides, while a small amount of the arsenic fraction was organic matter-bound. This study indicated that biodegradable organic acids can be considered as a means for arsenic-contaminated soil remediation.

Citric acid, sucrose and Cu2+ as potential vase treatments for cut Acacia holosericea G. Don foliage stems

ABSTRACTThe short vase life of Acacia holosericea cut stems needs to be improved before they are marketable as cut foliage for floral arrangement. The effects of citric acid, Cu2+ and sucrose were investigated for their efficacy in postharvest treatments to extend vase life of the cut stems. Five experiments were conducted involved combinations of citric acid either with Cu2+ or sucrose. Vase life, relative fresh weight (RFW), and vase solution uptake were measured as indicators of cut stem quality. The effect of Cu2+ alone was shown to be consistently superior in improving vase life by up to 1.9-fold as compared with deionised water control. Citric acid had a smaller effect than Cu2+ and did not act synergistically with Cu2+. Sucrose on its own or in combination with citric acid did not improve vase life significantly; instead sucrose promoted early wilting or desiccation of the cut foliage.

The effect of different cleaning methods on the surface and temperature of failed titanium implants: an in vitro study.

The aims of this in vitro study are to compare the efficacy of different cleaning methods in removing debris of failed implants and to detect thermal changes of the implants treated by various scaling instruments. Twenty-seven failed implants and two unused implants as control were included to this study-group 1: plastic curette (P), group 2: titanium curette (T), group 3: carbon curette (C), group 4: titanium brush (TB), group 5: Er:YAG laser (laser 1 (L1) 100mJ/pulse at 10Hz), group 6: Er:YAG laser (laser 2 (L2) 150mJ/pulse at 10Hz), group 7: Er:YAG laser (laser 3 (L3) 200mJ/pulse at 10Hz), group 8: ultrasonic scaler appropriate for titanium (US), group 9: air abrasive method (AA) + citric acid, and group 10: implantoplasty (I). The changes on the treated/untreated titanium surfaces and remnant debris were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Temperature of the implants before and after treatment was detected using a thermocouple. The use of air abrasive and citric acid combination and Er:YAG laser groups was found as the best methods for the decontamination of titanium surfaces of failed implant. When the hand instruments were compared, titanium curette was found better than both the plastic and the carbon curettes which leave plastics and carbon remnants on the titanium surface. The temperature was higher after hand instrumentation when compared to other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of the present in vitro model, it can be concluded that the best method for decontamination of the implant surface is the use of air abrasives and Er:YAG laser.

Leaching of metals from large pieces of printed circuit boards using citric acid and hydrogen peroxide.

In the present study, the leaching of metals from large pieces of computer printed circuit boards (CPCBs) was studied. A combination of citric acid (0.5M) and 1.76M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to leach the metals from CPCB piece. The influence of system variables such as H2O2 concentration, concentration of citric acid, shaking speed, and temperature on the metal leaching process was investigated. The complete metal leaching was achieved in 4h from a 4×4cm CPCB piece. The presence of citric acid and H2O2 together in the leaching solution is essential for complete metal leaching. The optimum addition amount of H2O2 was 5.83%. The citric acid concentration and shaking speed had an insignificant effect on the leaching of metals. The increase in the temperature above 30°C showed a drastic effect on metal leaching process.

Citric acid- and Tween(®) 80-assisted phytoremediation of a co-contaminated soil: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) performance and remediation potential.

A pot experiment was designed to assess the phytoremediation potential of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in a co-contaminated (i.e., heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons) soil and the influence of citric acid and Tween(®) 80 (polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate), applied individually and combined together, for their possible use in chemically assisted phytoremediation. The results showed that alfalfa plants could tolerate and grow in a co-contaminated soil. Over a 90-day experimental time, shoot and root biomass increased and negligible plant mortality occurred. Heavy metals were uptaken by alfalfa to a limited extent, mostly by plant roots, and their concentration in plant tissues were in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb. Microbial population (alkane-degrading microorganisms) and activity (lipase enzyme) were enhanced in the presence of alfalfa with rhizosphere effects of 9.1 and 1.5, respectively, after 90days. Soil amendments did not significantly enhance plant metal concentration or total uptake. In contrast, the combination of citric acid and Tween(®) 80 significantly improved alkane-degrading microorganisms (2.4-fold increase) and lipase activity (5.3-fold increase) in the rhizosphere of amended plants, after 30days of experiment. This evidence supports a favorable response of alfalfa in terms of tolerance to a co-contaminated soil and improvement of rhizosphere microbial number and activity, additionally enhanced by the joint application of citric acid and Tween(®) 80, which could be promising for future phytoremediation applications.

Green Finishing of Cotton Fabrics Using a Xylitol-Extended Citric Acid Cross-linking System on a Pilot Scale

Cross-linking is frequently applied to cotton fabrics for enhanced wrinkle recovery and dimensional stability. The combination of citric acid (CA) and xylitol shows great potential as a sustainable alternative to the market-dominating N-methylol resins, which are inherently formaldehyde-releasing. This paper reports a successful pilot-scale application of this green cross-linking system preceded by systematic investigation using response surface methodology (RSM). Responses of fabric properties to five foremost variables were investigated to gain insight of the cross-linking system and facilitate its industrialization. The model obtained by RSM suggests that curing temperature is the most prominent variable and the responses to CA and xylitol concentrations are closely coupled. The optimum conditions used for the pilot-scale experiments were 3 min, 175 °C, 130 g/L, 15 g/L, and 3 kg/cm2 for curing time, curing temperature, CA concentration, xylitol concentration, and padder-roll pressure, respectively. The...

Effect of Ginger Extract and Citric Acid on the Tenderness of Duck Breast Muscles.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ginger extract (GE) combined with citric acid on the tenderness of duck breast muscles. Total six marinades were prepared with the combination of citric acid (0 and 0.3 M citric acid) and GE (0, 15, and 30%). Each marinade was sprayed on the surface of duck breasts (15 mL/100 g), and the samples were marinated for 72 h at 4℃. The pH and proteolytic activity of marinades were determined. After 72 h of marination, Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF), myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), pH, cooking loss, moisture content, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and protein solubility were evaluated. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in moisture content or cooking loss among all samples. However, GE marination resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in WBSF but a significant (p<0.05) increase in pH and MFI. In addition, total protein and myofibrillar protein solubility of GE-marinated duck breast muscles in both WOC (without citric acid) and WC (with citric acid) conditions were significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to non-GE-marinated duck breast muscles. SDS-PAGE showed an increase of protein degradation (MHC and actin) in WC condition compared to WOC condition. There was a marked actin reduction in GE-treated samples in WC. The tenderization effect of GE combined with citric acid may be attributed to various mechanisms such as increased MFI and myofibrillar protein solubility.

Structural and magnetic characterization of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles obtained by the citrate-gel combustion method: Effect of fuel to oxidizer ratio

The effect of fuel to oxidizer ratio on the processing of nano-crystalline La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 by the solution combustion technique is reported. The results show that the structural, morphological and magnetic properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles could be controlled by using different combinations of citric acid fuel and metal nitrates ratio (C/N). Thermodynamic considerations of the combustion processes show that the exothermicity and the amount of gases released increase with increase in C/N. The post-annealed powders were characterized by Thermo Gravimetric–Differential Thermal analysis (TG–DTA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis and Vibrating Scanning Magnetometer (VSM) measurements. Only the fuel rich composition produced pure perovskite phase without any secondary phase. All samples had comparable crystallite sizes (≤37nm). FESEM images of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 showed that the C/N ratio had a pronounced effect on the microstructure regarding shape and porosity. Room temperature magnetization measurements revealed unusually low saturation magnetization but near super-paramagnetic behavior in all the samples.

PENGARUH PENCELUPAN KARKAS AYAM PEDAGING DALAM LARUTAN ASAM SITRAT DAN ASAM ASETAT TERHADAP ANGKA LEMPENG TOTAL Escherichia coli (The Immersion Effect of Broiler Carcass in Citric Acid and Acetic Acid on the Total Plates Count of Escherichia Coli)

This study aimed to determine the immersion effect of broiler carcasses in 3% citric acid, 3% acetic acid, and combination of citric acid and acetic acid with concentration of 1.5% each on the total plate count of bacteria E. coli. Eight broilers carcasses (dissected into 2 parts) were divided into 4 treatment groups with 2 times repetition and 3 times observation at 0, 4, and 8 hours after dipped. The control treatment (K0) without dipped into acid solution. Broiler carcasses in the first (K1), second (K2), and the third (K3) treatments were dipped into 3% acetic acid, 3% citric acid, and combination of 1.5% acetic acid and 1.5% citric acid respectively. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The average of E. coli count in K0 at 0, 4, and 8 hours post dipping were 5.2±0.061, 6.8±0.99, and 7.0±0.107 log 10 cfu/g of chicken meat respectively. In similar observation time with K0, the average of total E. coli count were 5.5±0.373, 6.0±0.023, and 6.0±0.242 log 10 cfu/g of chicken meat in K1, 5.3±0.166, 6.0±0.143, and 6.0±0.084 log 10 cfu/g of chicken meat in K2, 5.7±0.041, 5.9±0.92, and 5.8±0.058 log 10 cfu/g of chicken meat in K3 at 0,4, and 8 hours post dipping respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the immersion of broiler carcass in acetic acid and citric acid solution were significantly (P &lt;0.05) decrease the number of E. coli. There were interaction between immersion of broiler carcass in organic acids and observation time which significantly decrease the number of E. coli (p &lt;0.05). In conclusion, the immersion of carcass chicken in 3 % acetic acid, 3% citric acid, and their combination reduce the amount of E. coli. Key words: chicken carcass , citric acid 3%, acetic acid 3% , Escherichia coli

Enhancement of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) production by a novel producer Bacillus cereus using metabolic precursors and glucose feeding.

Epsilon poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a homo-biopolymer with approximately 25–30 l-lysine residues. It is a promising natural biopolymer widely used in food and pharmaceutical industry. The present work reports enhanced production of ε-PL with a novel producer Bacillus cereus using amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates in the fermentation medium. Among the various amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates tested 2 mM l-aspartic acid and 5 mM citric acid gave ε-PL yield of 145.5 and 230 mg/L, respectively. A combination of citric acid after 24 h and l-aspartic acid after 36 h improved ε-PL yield from 85 mg/L (control) to 335 mg/L. Glucose feeding strategy along with metabolic precursors was employed which further enhanced ε-PL yield to 565 mg/L. Thus, more than sixfold increase in ε-PL yield was achieved suggesting the potential of Bacillus cereus as a novel ε-PL producer.

Utility of Mannitol and Citric Acid for Enhancing the Solubilizing and Taste Masking Properties of β-Cyclodextrin: Development of Fast-Dissolving Tablets Containing Extremely Bitter Drug

Development of Fast dissolved tablets (FDTs) in which taste is masked, and drug dissolution is improved, is a major challenge especially in case of extremely bitter drug with poor water solubility such as aceclofenac. The purpose of this study was to enhance the taste masking and solubilizing properties of β-cyclodextrin using citric acid and mannitol through preparation of acid soluble taste masked granules of aceclofenac (ASTMGA). General factorial design was applied to optimize FDTs containing ASTMGA so to have short disintegration time (<30 sec.), acceptable taste and enhanced drug dissolution in gastric fluid. Three formulation variables; the type of sugar / cellulose based diluents, X1 (Galen IQ® and Prosolv®), superdisintegrant type, X2 (Crospovidone®, Glycolys® and Ac-Di-Sol®) and superdisintegrant concentration, X3 (10 % and 20 %) were included in the design. The systems were assessed for hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration, wetting time, in vitro dissolution and in vivo oral study. The combination of Prosolv® and Crospovidone® in the formulation of FDT gave optimum disintegration time. The stability of the optimized FDT in different package materials was retained after storage at 40 ◦C/75 % RH for six months. Contrary to FDT containing conventional aceclofenac β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex, FDT containing ASTMGA showed highest dissolution rate in both simulated salivary and gastric fluids and excellent ability to mask the bitterness of drug. Our results propose that the combination of citric acid, mannitol and β-cyclodextrin could be promising to improve taste masking and solubilizing properties of β-cyclodextrin.

IMPROVEMENT OF DISSOLUTION RATE OF INDOMETHACIN FROM FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS

In the current study Indomethacin (IM) fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) were prepared by direct compression technique in order to enhance its dissolution rate. The tablets were formulated using two different approaches; super-disintegration and efferves-cence. A combination formulation of above approaches was also developed to further improve its properties. The super-disintegrants used in the formulae were sodium starch glycolate (Primogel), cross-povidone (Kollidon) and cross-carmellose (Ac-di-sol). Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid combination was employed as effervescent ingredients. The prepared powder mixtures of IM were subjected to evaluation of various pre-compression parameters and tablets were evaluated for weight variation, dimension, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration, wetting time, uniformity of dispersion, in vitro drug release and stability studies. The FT-IR spectra shown there are no interaction between of IM with excipient. The results of pre-compression studies indicate acceptable flow property for all the powder mixtures. The data of weight variation, dimension, hardness, friability, uniformity of dispersion and drug content studies were within the official limits. The wetting time and disintegration time decreases considerably with the increase in super-disintegrants amount. By using the combination approach, the disintegration and wetting time further decreased. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out using phosphate buffer pH 6.8 as dissolution medium for 60min and observed that formulation IF9, among super-disintegration approach, released highest percentage (97.13±2.09) of IM. In vitro drug release was highest (98.54±2.89) at 60 min for formulation IF11, when all the formulations were taken into consideration. The stability study was performed on the promised formulation IF11 at 40±2 o C/ 75±5% RH for 3 months and the results indicated that there were no significant changes in aforesaid tablet properties.

MAE of phenolic compounds from blueberry leaves and comparison with other extraction methods

Blueberry leaves are a prospective source of phenolic compounds which can be obtained by microwave assisted extraction leading to higher yield in shorter period of time and with lower solvent consumption when compared to solvent extraction. During this study, three experiments with microwave assisted extraction, were separately designed and conducted using highbush blueberry (variety Bluetta) leaves collected during the late fall season. The yields of different compounds obtained during these experiments with microwave extraction were compared with ultrasonic extraction for one hour and 24-h room temperature extraction. The first microwave assisted extraction experiment was conducted to streamline the combination of ethanol and citric acid concentration for further analysis of microwave as a potential extraction method for phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from blueberry leaves. During the second experiment the effect of microwave power level (10–20% absolute power level) and time of extraction (4–16min) on total phenolics, total anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid was studied which was further used to design the third experiment consisting of a face-centred central composite design with varying factors namely power level and time, each at 3 levels. All the experimental combinations for the 2nd and 3rd experiments were conducted with 80ml of solvent consisting of 30% ethanol and 1.5M citric acid combination in ratio of 97:3 (v/v). The total anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid extracted during the study were between 2.321–2.636mg malvidin 3-glucoside/g dry matter and 49.34–52.66mg chlorogenic acid/g dry matter respectively, not showing a huge variation between highest and lowest yields, however both compounds with a noteworthy yield. For total phenolics extraction, both microwave power and time of microwave application were observed to be statistically significant factors and the yield of total phenolics was found to be much higher (in the range of 92.719–128.76mg GAE/g dry weight) than for 24-h extraction at room temperature (average 89.164mg GAE/g dry weight) and 1h extraction by sonication (average 97.77mg GAE/g dry weight) with the same solvent combination.