Combat Vehicles Research Articles

Development of "Target Detection and Identification System" for Combat Military Vehicles via Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support Matrix

Modern military intelligence systems are improving day by day. In the context of ground forces, combat vehicle-type classification technology serves as a valuable supporting asset. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of different combat vehicle types is crucial for developing effective tactics and strategies. The implementation of artificial intelligence-supported military vehicle type classification technology has raised increasing concerns as image processing, pattern recognition, and deep learning have advanced. You Only Look Once (YOLO) has demonstrated numerous considerable advantages in object detection and image classification. This method accelerates target detection because it can predict objects in real-time. The high accuracy of detection and assessment assists operational personnel in the field. The YOLO prediction method produces accurate results with minimal background errors and facilitates the understanding of generalized object representations. This paper utilizes YOLO to demonstrate combat vehicle type detection, specifically employing the YOLOv8m model, which is well-suited for mobile deployments. This study focuses on a process that begins with detecting targets using images obtained through electro-optical systems, aimed at supporting the activities of identifying and defining targets, which are essential components of target management systems. The process involves developing a Target Detection and Identification (TDI) system based on deep learning, incorporating steps such as pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, additional data extraction, and decision support. This system is designed to interpret the results obtained from these processes and provide actionable recommendations. Furthermore, it assists in addressing the weapon target assignment problem in the land environment.

Tasks for Combat Vehicle Artificial Intelligence in Confrontation with FPV-drone

Authors show – implementation of artificial intelligence in combat vehicle shell reduce the time for detection and recognition of air attack object. As result, combat vehicle winning probability against that object is arising thanks to that implementation. Besides that, artificial intelligence helps to assess a rate of threat, determines the time, which has combat vehicle personnel for execution the actions in case of significant threat from side of air attack object and recommend the most effective weapon against target for combat vehicle personnel. The next step stays for native industry for these tasks implementation into specific samples of the combat vehicles

DETERMINATION OF FORCE FACTORS ACTING ON A SPRING WHEELED MACHINE BODY WITH HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SUSPENSION

A general mathematical model of the movement of a wheeled armored combat vehicle over unevenness is considered, which allows conducting research on improving their tactical and technical characteristics. The calculation scheme of the oscillating system "sprung body - suspension - unsprung masses - profile of road irregularities" was developed. A system of differential equations of vibrations of the sprung body has been compiled, which takes into account the fluctuations of unsprung masses, suspension breakdowns, separation of the wheels from bumps and the possibility of the sprung body hitting the intertrack space. With the use of previously developed methods for calculating the kinematics and dynamic load of the hydropneumatic suspension and its proposed kinematic scheme, dependencies were obtained for calculating the force factors that act on the sprung body from the side of the suspension nodes and when it hits the intertrack space. With the help of experimental dependencies obtained for military tracked vehicles when their front (guiding or leading) wheel hits the ground, a methodology for calculating the impact of a sprung body on the intertrack space has been developed. The obtained results make it possible to carry out research on improving the tactical and technical characteristics of these machines and to evaluate and reduce the loads on the armored hull when moving over bumps, by optimizing the characteristics of the suspension system, which is especially important for lightly armored vehicles.

ENSURING THE WORLD-CLASS TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBAT ARMORED VEHICLES BY SUBSTANTIATING THE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR ELEMENTS OF LOADING MECHANISMS: BASIC APPROACHES AND MODELS

The work is aimed at ensuring high tactical and technical characteristics of domestic armored combat vehicles by increasing the contact strength of the most critical and loaded elements of the charging mechanisms. This is due to the fact that due to the conditions of combat operations in modern conditions, the load on these elements of armored combat vehicles is sharply increasing. In such conditions, traditional methods for calculating the contact strength of these elements by conditional stresses with correction factors are not applicable. Therefore, in the course of research, we improved the models of contact interaction based on the development of the theory of variational inequalities. This model includes both variable and sought-after modifications of the shape of the working surfaces of the contacting elements of armored combat vehicles and the properties of the materials of the surface layers. A search for progressive design and technological solutions for these elements has been carried out. This makes it possible to develop a new generation of charging mechanisms that allow for an increase in the caliber of weapon projectiles and the rate of fire from advanced standard weapons. Such advanced solutions make it possible to ensure the tactical and technical characteristics of domestic advanced armored combat vehicles at the world level. The regularities of the influence of the varied parameters (geometric shape and properties of surface layers) on the contact strength of the elements of the charging mechanisms of armored combat vehicles are established. In particular, a significant asymmetry of the area of contact interaction between rollers and drive sprockets was found. This effect is caused by the general deformation, first of all, of the rollers. In this case, the contact area is shifted to the periphery of the working surface. Accordingly, the modification of this working surface (the formation of a “barrel”) has a positive effect on the load capacity of the contacting elements. The levels of contact pressure and equivalent Mises stresses decrease.

AN IMPROVED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE METHOD OF FULLY PREPARING THE DETERMINATION OF FIRING UNITS FOR HITTING THE INFORMATION AND CALCULATION COMPONENT OF THE AUTOMATED FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM OF COMBAT VEHICLES OF REACTIVE ARTILLERY

Context. As part of the automation of the fire control system of rocket artillery combat vehicles, in relation to the preparation of data for firing and fire control, the information and computing process of this system has been improved, namely, the mathematical model of the method of fully preparing the determination of installations for firing projectiles used in rocket salvo fire systems has been improved. In the system of differential equations of the mathematical model of the information and computing process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of jet artillery, weighting functions for air temperature, wind influence for the active and passive sections of the projectile flight trajectory and the section of the opening of combat elements have been introduced, which allows determining the weighting coefficients for them for each projectile type. Objective. To improve the information and calculation component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of reactive artillery, by improving the mathematical model of the method of full preparation of the determination of installations for firing on damage. Having proposed a system of differential equations that will take into account the weighting functions of air temperature, wind influence for active and passive sections of the projectile flight path and the section of the opening of combat elements, and will also give the opportunity to determine weighting coefficients for each type of projectile based on them, which in turn will lead to an increase the accuracy of determining firing settings. Method. The proposed analytical method allows: to calculate the weighting coefficients for each type of rocket, characterizing the process of the approach of the rocket flight to the tabular trajectory and to set the initial conditions necessary for solving the differential equations of the mathematical model of the information-computing process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of rocket artillery; to increase the accuracy of determining firing positions when performing firing tasks, which makes it possible to quickly respond to a change in the combat situation by means of changes in the softwaremathematical process of the automated fire control system; effectively and efficiently ensure the development or clarification of textual and graphic administrative and combat documents based on the results obtained using differential equations of the mathematical model of the information-computational process of the component of the automated fire control system. Results. The improved information and calculation component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of jet artillery was tested during the conduct of hostilities. The system of differential equations of the mathematical model of the information-computing process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of reactive artillery ensures a timely response to a change in the situation in the information-computational process of the component of the automated fire control system of combat vehicles of reactive artillery during firing and fire control. Provides an opportunity to efficiently and quickly ensure the development or clarification of textual and graphic administrative and combat documents based on the information received during the execution of fire missions. Conclusions. The calculations based on the proposed system of differential equations confirm the improvement of the information-calculation component of the automated fire control system of jet artillery combat vehicles and allow timely response to changes in tasks in the information-calculation process during firing and fire control, as well as effectively and quickly ensure the formation of formalized messages and documents based on the information received during the execution of a fire mission by units of reactive artillery. Prospects for further research are the creation of agreed mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for the implementation of the goals and tasks of firing and fire control when compiling Firing Tables for prospective or received combat vehicles of reactive artillery from partners.

Strategi Transformasi Holding BUMN DEFEND ID dalam Percepatan Kemandirian Alat Peralatan Pertahanan dan Keamanan untuk Mendukung Pertahanan Nasional

Independence of defense and security equipment (Alpalhankam) is a strategic priority for Indonesia to reduce dependence on imports and strengthen national sovereignty. This article examines the transformation carried out by the State-Owned Enterprises Holding Defend ID—consisting of PT Pindad, PT Dirgantara Indonesia, PT PAL, PT LEN, and PT Dahana—in accelerating defense independence through technological integration and innovation. This study uses a comparative method by comparing the DEFEND ID strategy with countries that have achieved defense independence, such as Turkey and South Korea. The results of the study show that DEFEND ID has successfully increased the production capacity of defense equipment, such as the Anoa 6x6 combat vehicle, and increased exports by 15% in 2023. The synergy between SOEs has also contributed to cost efficiency of up to 20% in the last three years. However, there are significant challenges in technology transfer, human resource development (HR), and dependence on the state budget. These challenges include limitations in negotiating offset agreements, a shortage of high-tech experts, and the need for financing diversification. The study recommends accelerating technology transfer through stronger offset policies, developing high-tech-based training centers, and increasing access to international financing for strategic projects. With this strategy, DEFEND ID can strengthen its contribution in supporting national sovereignty and security, while increasing Indonesia's competitiveness at the global level. This article makes an important contribution to discussions related to national defense independence.

METHODOLOGY FOR NUMERICAL MODELING OF DETERMINING THE VALUES OF CONDITIONAL PROBABILITIES OF HITTING AIR TARGETS WHEN FIRING A MISSILE WITH A TELEVISION OPTICAL SIGHT OF A COMBAT VEHICLE

The article presents a methodology for numerical modeling of determining the values of conditional probabilities of hitting air targets when firing a missile with a combat vehicle's television optical sight. The conditional probabilities of hitting air targets are associated with the sloping range to the far limit of the kill zone of an anti-aircraft missile system. The effectiveness of the use of an anti-aircraft missile system with a television optical sight depends on the plane of air targets, the picture plane of firing, and the conditions of missile firing. The following factors were taken into account in the modeling: the color of air targets, the meteorological range of atmospheric visibility, the quality of combat performance of the combat vehicle personnel, and sunlight. The calculations take into account the technical characteristics of the stations and systems of the combat vehicle and missile. The values of the first kind of missile firing errors are presented, namely, the systematic components of the first kind of missile firing errors and their standard deviations of errors depending on the far limit of the kill zone of the anti-aircraft missile system. It is shown that the systematic component of the dynamic first-order missile firing errors increases due to the maneuvering of air targets, provided that the standard deviation of the first-order missile firing errors during the maneuvering of air targets remains unchanged. The values of the standard deviations of the first kind of missile firing errors depending on the far limit of the kill zone of the anti-aircraft missile system are given, taking into account the influence of interference on the combat vehicle's reconnaissance radar station and optical interference on the channel of the combat vehicle's television optical sight. The parameters of the first kind of missile firing errors, i.e., the values of the probabilities of the missile passing through the “tube” of the required radius of operation of the missile's radio fuse, were found. The values of the second kind of missile firing errors, namely the conditional probabilities of the missile's radio fuse, are considered. The mathematical expectation of the random value of the radius of the missile's radio fuse, which corresponds to air targets under the specified conditions, is established. The values of conditional probabilities of hitting various air targets under various conditions of firing at the far edge of the kill zone of the anti- aircraft missile system are analyzed and calculated. The obtained analytical expressions for the numerical modeling technique and the corresponding graphical material are presented.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF DANGER OF AN AIR TARGET BY CREW OF A COMBAT VEHICLE WITH A TURRETED MACHINE GUN

In the course of hostilities in eastern Ukraine, the main threat to critical infrastructure is posed by airborne attack weapons, in particular, the “Shahed-136” kamikaze drone and its russian counterpart, the “Geranium-2”. A combat vehicle with a turreted machine gun mount, which is part of mobile fire groups, has a limited number of means that provide high-quality visual observation, detection and recognition of air targets. Therefore, the task of determining the degree of danger of a detected and recognized drone is relevant in order to make an adequate decision on its destruction. The paper considers methods for detecting and recognizing an aerial target, determining its angle and direction of movement by the human visual system using optical and electronic devices and optical means of visual observation. The article proposes a scientific and methodological approach that allows detecting and recognizing an aerial target such as a kamikaze drone and determining the degree of its danger, which minimizes the time for the commander of a combat vehicle equipped with turreted machine guns to make a quick and adequate decision on destruction.

The Effect of Quenching Process on The Microstructure and Hardness of AISI 4140 Steel

Abstract Steel is a metal that has good strength widely used in industry, both in the construction and automotive fields as a protective material applied to the body of combat vehicles. Combat vehicle body materials must have high strength and hardness to withstand bullet penetration. Meanwhile, some types of steel do not have such strong point to endure impact and bullet penetration, so their strength and hardness need to be increased. One method that can be used to increase the qualities of steel is heat treatment, such as quenching process. In this research, the quenching process was carried out on commercial AISI 4140 steel to increase its hardness. The heat treatment process for AISI 4140 steel begins with an austenization process at a temperature of 850 °C with varying holding times, followed by a quenching stage using SAE 40 oil media. Afterward, the microstructure observation and hardness testing of the test material were carried out using the Optical microscope and Vickers method. The raw material has a hardness value of 215.58 VHN. After the heat treatment process in 30, 60, and 90 minutes was carried out, the hardness value of AISI 4140 steel reached 371.24, 474.48, and 545.5 VHN, respectively. The research results show that the longer the holding time in the quenching process lasts, the more increases the hardness value of the steel will be, which result in microstructure as a dominant martensite phase.

Selected issues of hydropneumatic suspension design for a high-speed tracked vehicle.

The effective operation of high-speed tracked vehicles in a combat vehicle configuration depends primarily on the correct identification of the expected operating conditions, already in the design or modernisation phase. This applies to both terrain, meteorological and climatic conditions. This approach considers the most unfavourable driving conditions and the level of dynamic loads acting on the vehicle hull, crew and equipment when making calculations. The dominant source of dynamic loads is movement at high speed on unpaved roads, off-road and when overcoming natural and artificial terrain obstacles of a predetermined or random nature. An important system responsible for the safety and reliability of this type of vehicle is the suspension. An appropriate design of the suspension parameters allows to reduce the negative dynamic loads (research hypothesis). The aim of the research was to develop a preliminary project of an initial suspension element – a hydropneumatic spring for a high-speed tracked vehicle - that allows minimising dynamic loads. The study used both theoretical and empirical research methods, including analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparison and inference. The paper presents selected issues from the suspension design process for a high-speed tracked vehicle equipped with a hydropneumatic suspension. The problem was solved in three stages. In the first stage, the design of the hydropneumatic suspension unit, placed in the control arm, was made and the basic parameters were selected. In the second, the spring characteristic of the hydropneumatic unit was determined on the example of a hypothetical vehicle with assumed tactical and technical parameters. In the third stage, the strength of the control arm structure, under the heaviest load conditions, was checked using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The results obtained showed that the advantages of the hydropneumatic suspension, such as: progressive spring characteristics, improved vibration damping, possibility of introducing a semi-active or active suspension system, modularity of the structure and ease of maintenance and repair, make it more and more widely used in modern high-speed tracked vehicles.

Multiexperience-Assisted Efficient Multiagent Reinforcement Learning.

Recently, multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown great potential for learning cooperative policies in multiagent systems (MASs). However, a noticeable drawback of current MARL is the low sample efficiency, which causes a huge amount of interactions with environment. Such amount of interactions greatly hinders the real-world application of MARL. Fortunately, effectively incorporating experience knowledge can assist MARL to quickly find effective solutions, which can significantly alleviate the drawback. In this article, a novel multiexperience-assisted reinforcement learning (MEARL) method is proposed to improve the learning efficiency of MASs. Specifically, monotonicity-constrained reward shaping is innovatively designed using expert experience to provide additional individual rewards to guide multiagent learning efficiently, with the invariance guarantee of the team optimization objective. Furthermore, a reward distribution estimator is specially developed to model an implicated reward distribution of environment by using transition experience from environment, containing collected samples (state-action pair, reward, and next state). This estimator can predict the expectation reward of each agent for the taken action to accurately estimate the state value function and accelerate its convergence. Besides, the performance of MEARL is evaluated on two multiagent environment platforms: our designed unmanned aerial vehicle combat (UAV-C) and StarCraft II Micromanagement (SCII-M). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MEARL can greatly improve the learning efficiency and performance of MASs and is superior to the state-of-the-art methods in multiagent tasks.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ПОКАЗНИКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ФОРСУВАННЯ ВОДНОЇ ПЕРЕШКОДИ БРОНЕТРАНСПОРТЕРАМИ ПІД ЧАС ВЕДЕННЯ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ

The work substantiates the relevance of solving the problem of determining the efficiency indicator of the use of armored wheeled vehicles when carrying out measures to overcome water obstacles during hostilities, taking into account the fact that combat vehicles may receive various types of damage from the enemy's weapons when performing their assigned tasks. To determine the effectiveness of the forcing task of water obstacles by armored personnel carriers during the conduct of hostilities, it is proposed to use a new coefficient of effectiveness of the execution of the combat task, which consists of the coefficients of effectiveness, efficiency and resource provision of the execution of the task. The paper proposes a mathematical model for determining the efficiency indicator of forcing through a water obstacle by armored personnel carriers during combat operations actions if they have combat damage. An armored personnel carrier has stability on water if the metacenter lies above its center of mass. If the total flow of water entering due to damage to the body of the armored personnel carrier is less than or equal to the total productivity of the means of water pumping, then the time of movement of the armored personnel carrier and the distance that it passes in a damaged state, not limited, and the car will reach the shore. If the total flow of water is greater than the productivity of the means of water pumping, then there will be a gradual accumulation of water in the body of the armored personnel carrier. As the water accumulates, the static pressure and the total flow of water due to damage will increase, and the speed of the armored personnel carrier will decrease, the time for forcing the water obstacle will increase. The given dependencies for evaluating the effectiveness of the tasks of forcing the water obstacle by armored personnel carriers during hostilities in the presence of combat damage, allow to determine the influence on the efficiency index of various components and outline the ways to meet the specified requirements for modern models of floating vehicles. The work gives examples of calculations using a mathematical model for determining the efficiency indicator of forcing through a water obstacle by armored personnel carriers during combat operations in the presence of combat damage.

KAJI NUMERIK GROUND PAD SHOE KENDARAAN TEMPUR DENGAN MODEL MATERIAL HYPERELASTIC

One of the important components on a combat vehicle is the ground pad shoe (GPS) or track pad. GPS that has been developed at this time mostly uses rubber material. Rubber raw materials themselves are found in Indonesia in large amount. Indonesia left 3 million tonnes of natural rubber unprocessed in 2018. On the other hand, natural rubber research is quite expensive and takes a long time to become a product. To make rubber products is needed special molds and tests. To solve the high costs and long time involved in rubber research, it is necessary to carry out numerical research. In this study, a numerical study of GPS rubber for combat vehicles was carried out with a hyperelastic material model. The research was conducted experimentally and numerically. Tensile testing is carried out on imported GPS samples which are then used as comparison data for numerical studies. The Mooney-Rivlin, Neo-Hookean, Yeoh, and Ogden hyperelastic models were varied to get the stress and strain values ​​closest to the experimental test. The results of the numerical study show that the best hyperelastic model for the imported GPS rubber model is the Neo-Hookean model. The tensile strength of GPS according to the experimental tensile test results is 16.93 MPa, while the result of the finite element method (FEM) is 16.75 MPa. The GPS modulus 200% according to the experimental tensile test results is 14.7 mm/mm, while the FEM result is 15.3 mm/mm. The difference between the FEM and experimental test values ​​for tensile strength and modulus 200% are below 5%. Maximum stress on GPS is 4,4 MPa and safety factor 3,8.

A New “Cult of the Offensive?” Elite Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Military Affairs in the United States and the People’s Republic of China

Abstract The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in military affairs is largely limited to logistics, transport, reconnaissance, and other support functions at present. Yet, the United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are also making significant progress in developing autonomous combat vehicles and other offensive applications of AI. The ambiguous nature and multifaceted applications of AI in military affairs could be seen as either increasing or decreasing the relative cost of offensive military action. The critical question, therefore, is not a technical determination of whether the emerging uses of AI favor the offensive or defensive force, but rather an assessment of how AI is perceived by policymakers. Similar to the World War I era cult of the offensive, ambiguous emerging technology may drive leaders to focus on the offensive advantages of that technology when expectations of conflict are rising. This paper examines the policy elite discourse surrounding the military applications of AI in both the United States and the PRC between 2014 and 2022. It finds that over this period, elite discussion of the use of AI in military affairs has shifted in both states in ways that indicate more focus on the offensive rather than defensive applications of this emerging technology. While by no means determinative, it is an indicator that perceptions of the offense–defense balance may be moving in a destabilizing direction.

Method of Identification of Combat Vehicles Based on Yolo

A method for recognizing contours of objects in a video data stream is proposed. Data will be uploaded using a video camera in real time and object recognition will be performed. We will use the YOLO network – a method of identifying and recognizing objects in real time. Recognized objects will be recorded in a video sequence showing the contours of the objects. The approach proposed in the project reasonably synthesizes methods of artificial intelligence, theories of computer vision on the one hand, and pattern recognition on the other; it makes it possible to obtain control influences and mathematical functions for decision-making at every moment of time with the possibility of analyzing the influence of external factors and forecasting the flow of processes, and refers to the fundamental problems of mathematical modeling of real processes. The installation of the neural network is shown in detail. The characteristics of the neural network are shown and its capabilities are substantiated. Approaches to computer vision for object extraction are shown. Well-known methods are methods of expanding areas, methods based on clustering, contour selection, and methods using a histogram. The work envisages building a system for rapid identification of combat vehicles based on the latest image filtering methods developed using deep learning methods. The time spent on identifying the machine will be 10 –20 % shorter, thanks to the developed new information technology for detecting objects in conditions of rapidly changing information.

THE ECHELONED MINE BARRIERS BREACHING PROPOSALS BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The echeloned mine barriers system of the russian occupying forces became a real challenge for the Ukrainian military. The first days of the Ukrainian offensive in the Zaporozhye direction revealed that the russians had created very dense minefields on their defense lines. The occupiers used continuous mining of the area, that is several times higher than the normative values for laying mines. The solution to this problem can be found in the application of non-standard technical solutions and tactical techniques that will allow to break through the echeloned mine barriers system of the russian occupying forces. Regarding the technical aspect of this issue solving, there was an interesting technical solution in the history of weapons and military equipment. We are talking about a hovercraft, that is supported above a supporting surface (land or water) on a compressed air layer (cushion) created by ship fans (superchargers). This principle of movement allows them to overcome underwater engineering structures and to break through mine barriers, to move on ice and swampy terrain, to go to the shore equipped in the anti-landing position, to overcome ditches and trenches. These tactical properties of hovercraft can be taken as a basis for the creation of a new generation of armored vehicles based on new principles of movement. In theory, the combat use of a whole series of armored vehicles on an air cushion (tanks, combat vehicles, armored personnel carriers, mortars, demining machines, evacuation vehicles, etc.) will expand the capabilities of mechanized units, will allow to improve existing methods and techniques for breaking through the echeloned mine barriers, forcing water obstacles, swampy and desert terrain. The issue of creating armored vehicles on an air cushion to break the mine barrier requires further research.

Design and modeling of the case of unmanned aerial vehicle, in the technical facility control system

This article presents the design and modeling of a case with a combat kit for an army unmanned aerial vehicle with an autonomous launch system. The scientific problem solved by the authors in this article is the design and modeling of a new medium-class combat vehicle, according to the current concept of modern design and produc-tion «Industry 4.0», which implies the creation of new dual-use equipment and technologies. The purpose of scien-tific research is the design and modeling of a case with a combat kit for an army unmanned aerial vehicle. The following methods of scientific research were used in the scientific article: theoretical and empirical. The authors associate the prospects of their research with the design and modeling of an innovative control system for a two-case army unmanned aerial vehicle with an autonomous launch system, which has mounts for installation on the chassis of a combat vehicle.

IMPROVE THE SAFETY OF AIR TRANSPORT, ESPECIALLY IN MILITARIZED TERRAIN, BY USE OF SIDE LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR AND SPACE TIME ADAPTIVE PROCESSING

The paper explores the potential to enhance aviation safety, particularly in militarized regions, by outfitting aircraft with Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) and employing space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithms. The research objective revolves around implementing a model of side-looking airborne radar and the corresponding STAP algorithms. This technology enables the detection of slow-moving targets amidst strong interference, encompassing both passive (clutter) and active (jammer) elements. Slow-moving targets relative to the aircraft's speed include tanks, combat vehicles, command vehicles, artillery, and logistical assets of enemy forces. The theoretical framework of space-time adaptive processing is presented, elucidating the sequential steps of the classical Sample Matrix Inversion Space-Time Adaptive Processing (SMI STAP) algorithm. The paper underscores the significance of characteristic parameters delineating a linear STAP processor. The proposed solution facilitates the detection of enemy combat measures and enhances aviation safety. It outlines a radar model installed beneath the aircraft's fuselage and elucidates algorithms for space-time adaptive processing of radar signals. The simulations conducted within the article were executed using the MATLAB environment. The simulation results indeed suggest that the proposed solution holds promise for deployment in equipping aircraft of one's own military and those engaged in operations within conflict zones. This paper stands as one of the few contributions in the literature addressing the augmentation of aircraft safety through radar and space-time adaptive processing.

Multi UAV Cooperative Reconnaissance based on Dynamic Programming VDN Algorithm

This paper proposes a multi agent value decomposition network (VDN) based multi UAV collaborative reconnaissance and control method to address the issue of insufficient strategies for multi UAV collaborative reconnaissance and control. By designing corresponding algorithm networks and training processes, the goal of autonomy, collaboration, and intelligence among multiple unmanned aerial vehicle systems has been achieved, assisting unmanned aerial vehicle combat forces in achieving collaborative operations and decision-making. This article uses AirSim as the simulation verification environment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve multi UAV collaborative reconnaissance tasks in complex environments, providing an intelligent solution for UAV collaborative control.

Terramechanics Models for Tracked Vehicle Terrain Interaction Analysis A Review

Efficient manoeuvrability of off-road tracked vehicles such as military tanks and rovers is essential in ensuring the success of military/extra-terrestrial operations. To achieve this, in-depth research on vehicle-terrain interaction is crucial. This manuscript deals with reviewing the ways to study terramechanics viz. theoretical, empirical, and field tests, and proposing the merits and demerits of each method. Under the theoretical approach, empirical, numerical, and semi-empirical methods are discussed. Under the empirical approach, the method based onthe vehicle cone index for tracked and wheeled vehicles is discussed. Under the numerical approach, advantages and disadvantages of Finite Element Method (FEM) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) are discussed. Semi-empirical method, based upon a combination of the best features of numerical and empirical approaches discusses terrain response to normal repetitive loads and shear repetitive loads for tracked as well as wheeled vehicles. Pressure sinkage relationship for terrains at various loading conditions and shear stress displacement relationship for different terrains obtained through penetration and shear tests are discussed to determine the vehicle’s mobility parameters under a semi-empirical approach. Further, the Super element model, multi-body simulation model, and ride and cornering vibration model are discussed under computer simulation models. A detailed review of various models customized towards tracked vehicle-terrain interaction discussed in this manuscript helps the authors set up a laboratory for terramechanics at DIAT. Preliminary analysis along with conceptual design of the experimental setup is also discussed. In a nutshell, this paper attempts to summarize the research that has been carried out in the field of tracked vehicle-terrain inter action comprising of VCI, MMP, FEM, DEM, Super element model, Multibody technique, and Semi-empirical methods helping the authors to establish a laboratory of terramechanics for their M. Tech. program on Armament and Combat Vehicles at DIAT Pune.