Combat Robots Research Articles

THE EXPERIMENTAL COMBAT UNIT COMBAT DETERMINATION WHEN PERFORMING THE MISSION IN THE WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT TESTING AND CERTIFICATION CONTEXT

The article analyses the fact of the first combat robots’ application in a real battle in Iraq. In addition, it was found that modern combat robotic platforms from Ukrainian manufacturers can carry out reconnaissance, surveillance, and target detection missions already today, as well as providing fire support and security of the military on the front lines. It has been studied that deterring aggression and finding ways to confront the enemy was at the head of all transformations. Obviously, it became clear that the use of robotic complexes and systems is properly reflected in the approach of our victory. The need for high-quality training of an experimental combat unit (combat units, groups of scientific and technical support, representatives of manufacturers of robotic complexes (systems)) was substantiated. Such training is carried out both in peacetime and wartime. This is a planned, systematic training of the formation’s personnel, units, and subunits, carried out by commanders, staffs and units of educational work. It provides activities, the most important of which are: tasks and requirements definition; the educational process development; program development; comprehensive provision planning and control methods organization. The composition and duties of the experimental combat unit have been determined. We emphasize the need to create a modular mobile training and testing complex to unify such training. We conducted an analysis of the combat unit training by the sample’s manufacturer according to its own training programs, that are approved by the head of the enterprise and agreed by the military administration body, in whose interests it is planned to supply armament and military equipment. The stages of preparation and the procedure of combat coordination of an experimental combat unit are proposed. It is proposed to carry out the preparation and the tests themselves in 2 stages. The first stage is carried out at the training ground of a designated military unit. The second stage is carried out in combat conditions (in the areas of hostilities). Also, the main key points of each stage are defined. The usefulness of this article’s material lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of the programs and methods of the manufacturers, we make our proposal regarding the order of organization and the procedure of the preparation itself.

Implementation of a Power Management System on Combat Robots based on a Hybrid Energy Storage System

This paper presents a power management (PMS)-based resource regulation system for combat robots equipped with batteries, supercapacitor banks, and solar cells. Hybrid energy storage source arrangements are needed to increase operational duration and increase the range of combat robots. Integration of multiple devices with different characteristics requires the implementation of a PMS. Distribution of the load of a combat robot by solving a power management problem, formulated as a finite quadratic program (CQP). Optimization of parameters is carried out, such as speed, drag coefficient and operating point of robot components, which are then regulated by the PMS controller. Data information during robot maneuvering by the PMS is measured and takes into account power management issues during the control period. In this research simulation, variations in weight factor parameters are given to determine various difficulties, namely regenerative power management. The simulation results show that the combat robot power management control system is capable of optimally generating electrical power loads for all components. In another study, a comparison of CQP performance in power management is comparable to benchmark performance after being analyzed based on nonlinear model predictive control.

Military Technology and It’s Effectiveness in Future Wars Strategic Vision for Combat Robot Wars

Mankind no longer merely has its advanced muscular or military capabilities, not even nuclear weapons, but has developed an advanced generation of highly destructive electronic machines to replace the human element in the management of bloody wars. But where will destructive technology take humanity's future? Will the fate of the state be controlled by robots after their brains are developed beyond human intelligence? Will humans be able to control the next technological challenge or that robots will control the fate of nations and peoples? According to above questions, the hypothesis of the increased control of military technology of combat robots over the course of future wars has been formulated, resulting in the loss of human decisionmakers control over the course of political life.

Design and Construction of A Remotely Controlled Multy-Tasking Chain-Wheel Combat Robot

Troops in the context of reconnaissance or search tasks to find out the enemy in difficult, protected and disguised terrain is an element of vulnerability that needs to be taken into account. If you insist on finding out the enemy's condition, there is a possibility that contact will occur early and cause casualties which could thwart the main task. Therefore, a tool or robot is needed to help obtain data about protected enemies by diverting the enemy's attention and providing resistance. The aim of this research is to create a prototype chain-wheeled combat robot platform system that is capable of maneuvering, firing SS2 and rockets, detecting mine-prone areas, and detecting body thermals. The robot control system consists of a mobile controller and a base station. The mobile controller functions to control robot movements such as forward, backward, right turn, left turn, weapon azimuth movement, weapon elevation movement and shooting using 2.4 GHz radio control and target monitoring using FPV ((First person view) directly in the field on a frequency of 5.6 GHz, base station functions to control the robot's movement and monitor targets using a laptop via the internet. The robot system is equipped with GPS and a metal detector, so that the robot's position can be monitored and report the presence of mines to the base station. Thus, the robot created is expected to be able to help to combat duty in the context of war military operations.

Spatiotemporal Relationship Cognitive Learning for Multirobot Air Combat

Relationship cognition is crucial to learning-based Multi-Robot Systems (MRSs). As an advanced application of MRSs for fierce confrontation, the relationships among autonomous air combat robots inherently present complex time-varying characteristics, which makes relationship cognition even more difficult. However, previous studies have only focused on spatial cooperative relationships, thus ignoring the potential impact of the temporal dynamics of relationships on long-term cooperative behaviors. To tackle this drawback, we propose a novel Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) based autonomous air combat robots collaboration algorithm, called Spatio-Temporal Aerial robots Relationship Co-Optimization (STARCO). STARCO formulates the complex dynamic relationship cognition problem into a spatio-temporal deep Graph Neural Network (GNN) learning problem. On this basis, we overcome the limitations of previous methods, by accurately capturing the key spatio-temporal patterns from aggressive air combat, and enable global collaborative decision-making through joint strategy optimization. An empirical study shows that STARCO outperforms several state-of-the-art MARL baselines by 24.6% in learning performance. We also demonstrate that STARCO is capable of evolving various cooperative strategies comparable to human expert knowledge.

Design of Tactical Multipurpose All–Terrain Mobile Robot

Robotic systems that can assist soldiers in dangerous operations are essential technologies that improve safety and efficiency. This paper presents the development of mobile robots that can assist soldiers with target acquisition and surveillance on the battlefield. We have built a prototype that incorporates a firearm system that can perform shooting tasks. Our aim is to design and develop mobile robots that can cope with challenging scenarios such as terrorist attacks and rescue missions. Our robots can transmit photographic images or live streaming via a spy camera, and based on the visual information, soldiers can fire at their target with a gun mounted on the robot. We discussed the key technologies needed to design and manufacture such combat robots. Existing high-specification combat robots are expensive and inaccessible to students and researchers interested in the field. This paper reveals the technologies to develop a low-cost combat robot. This system can be used for real-time applications at an affordable price by using more advanced technology to improve its accuracy.

A Study of International Human Rights Issues in Unmanned Aircraft Operations

With the development of technology, intelligent devices are being used more and more in every aspect of people's lives, and humans are becoming more dependent on intelligent products. Of course, not only in everyday life but also in the military, where intelligent devices play an increasingly important role. From the early days of cold warfare to the present day, the use of science and technology has greatly impacted how warfare has changed. Drones, combat robots, and cruise missiles are all the fruits of intelligent military warfare. Of these, drones are relatively widely used and play an essential role. As a new form of combat, drones have a great deal of autonomy, making them far more destructive than other forms of combat. The low cost of drones has led to the use of drones by the major powers, and the question of how to restrict the use of unmanned combat devices, especially drones, cannot be ignored. There are currently no international conventions that explicitly regulate drone use; the only ones that have any effect are the international human rights conventions. Drones pose a significant threat to human rights, particularly in terms of their indiscriminate strikes and lack of accuracy, which is one of the issues that should limit their use in warfare. The issues arising from using drones and how they threaten human rights should be the focus of attention.

Research on Body Tube Vibration Response of Small Combat Robots Motion

As a hot topic in military research, small combat robots are always in a dynamic process when traveling, causing the body tube to vibrate which affects its firing accuracy. Different from the traditional two‐degree‐of‐freedom combat robot, this paper establishes a rigid‐flexible coupling dynamics model for the new three‐degree‐of‐freedom combat robot to study the response characteristics of its body tube during travel. To accurately reflect the driving conditions of the mobile robot, a road surface unevenness model was established using the sine wave superposition method. The firing accuracy of a small combat robot can be affected by the speed and road conditions, as shown in numerous studies. The effects of arm structure, arm mounting position, and firing angle on the vibration response of the body tube are analyzed in this paper. The results show that a reference for improving the design of small combat robots can be found in a correlation between the structure, mounting position, and firing angle of the robotic arm, and the body tube’s vibration response.

A Novel Approach to Maritime Image Dehazing Based on a Large Kernel Encoder–Decoder Network with Multihead Pyramids

With the continuous increase in human–robot integration, battlefield formation is experiencing a revolutionary change. Unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned surface vessels, combat robots, and other new intelligent weapons and equipment will play an essential role on future battlefields by performing various tasks, including situational reconnaissance, monitoring, attack, and communication relay. Real-time monitoring of maritime scenes is the basis of battle-situation and threat estimation in naval battlegrounds. However, images of maritime scenes are usually accompanied by haze, clouds, and other disturbances, which blur the images and diminish the validity of their contents. This will have a severe adverse impact on many downstream tasks. A novel large kernel encoder–decoder network with multihead pyramids (LKEDN-MHP) is proposed to address some maritime image dehazing-related issues. The LKEDN-MHP adopts a multihead pyramid approach to form a hybrid representation space comprising reflection, shading, and semanteme. Unlike standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the LKEDN-MHP uses many kernels with a 7 × 7 or larger scale to extract features. To reduce the computational burden, depthwise (DW) convolution combined with re-parameterization is adopted to form a hybrid model stacked by a large number of different receptive fields, further enhancing the hybrid receptive fields. To restore the natural hazy maritime scenes as much as possible, we apply digital twin technology to build a simulation system in virtual space. The final experimental results based on the evaluation metrics of the peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index measure, Jaccard index, and Dice coefficient show that our LKEDN-MHP significantly enhances dehazing and real-time performance compared with those of state-of-the-art approaches based on vision transformers (ViTs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs).

Design optimization of a LightWeight category combat robot

Design optimization of a LightWeight category combat robot

Research on the future of combat robotics on the example of Ukraine

The object of research is the architecture of any combat ground robot in the context of its individual systems and subsystems. The conducted research forms a transparent and clear understanding of the main logical links of a combat robot, individual technologies, and components used in the development and serial production. The paper summarizes the global experience and achievements of combat robotics and provides examples of the example of the development of teams from Ukraine. The mentioned are the main system players in this sector of defense technologies, long-term and productive activity of which resulted in the appearance of the first combat robot units in the armies of the leading countries of the world. The author studied and presented the structural structure of any ground combat robot by the method of deduction and reproduction of functional capabilities. In the context of separate systems or subsystems of a ground combat robot recommendations on the equipment of those or other components, sensors, technologies, or their analogs and other equipment are given. The work summarizes the experience of the head of Robotics Design Bureau LLC (Kyiv, Ukraine), associated with the attention of representatives of foreign companies and government agencies to the Ukrainian developments in this area. The leading idea of the research is the priority development of functions and algorithms of combat robots, associated with the development of vision and autonomous movement systems. Realization of these functions sharply increases the advantages of own combat robots, increases their survivability and combat efficiency, reduces dangers for operators of the equipment. Factors related to the package of impact module subsystems directly affecting the combat effectiveness of a ground robot are presented. Compared to similar known studies on this topic, the research conducted immediately immerses the reader into the practical plane of developing a ground combat robot from the perspective of the engineer-creator, which provides quick basic knowledge and insights and inspires further exploration in this direction.

Promising light crack-resistant armor obtained using explosion welding technology

An analysis of the state of the development of modern light metal armored materials for the manufacture of armored vehicles, aviation equipment, combat robots and personal protective equipment was carried out. The perspective of producing multilayer metal armor materials by explosion welding combining high bullet resistance and structural strength along with low specific gravity is shown. A new composite reinforcement scheme has been developed that allows localizing the development of brittle cracks along interlayer boundaries with external ballistic impact on the object.

A study on the improvement of the future branch system

This study aims to suggest an improvement plan for the army branch system considering the development trend of weapon systems through a case analysis of the vision and major weapon systems for each army branch system in R.O.K army. In the future, with the development of science and technology, hyper-connected networks based on artificial satellites would be built, and mosaic warfare, which integrates multiple domains simultaneously, and weapon systems capable of performing all-weather multifunctional battles across land, sea, and air would emerge. As a result, the common areas of the Army, Navy, and Air Force would be expanded, and the division of each army or branch itself would become ambiguous. Hence, it will be inevitable to move away from the branch operation concepts that have been operational until now to seek the concept of jointness or integration. To study this phenomenon, based on the Korean Army Vision 2050 published by the Army, the transition process of the current Army branch system and the cases of vision and major weapon systems for each branch were analyzed. The results of the analysis confirmed that although new advanced complex weapon systems are being developed for each branch, relatively little change has been made to the system. In particular, with the advent of hybrid drones and intelligent autonomous combat robots that can simultaneously perform ‘Surveillance, Reconnaissance - Decision – Strike’, it is expected that the area of expansion and mutual redundancy of combat functions will be further deepened. Therefore, in connection with the development of the weapon system, we will seek a solution to improve the Army branch system in the future and clarify the implications for the Navy and Air Force in the future.

Multi-Level Control System for an Intelligent Robot that is Part of a Group

The article is devoted to the application of a group of robotic complexes for military purposes. The current state of control systems of single robotic complexes does not allow solving all the tasks assigned to the robot. The analysis of methods of controlling a group of robots in combat conditions is carried out. The necessity of using a multi-level control system for an intelligent combat robot is justified. A multi-level control system for an intelligent robot is proposed. Such a system assumes the possibility of controlling the robot in one of four modes: remote, supervisory, autonomous and group. Moreover, each robot, depending on the external conditions and its condition, can be in any control mode. The application of the technique is shown by the example of the movement of a group of robots with an interval along the front. The problem of the movement of slave robots behind the leader is considered. When forming the robot control algorithm, the method of finite automata was used. The algorithm controls the movement of the RTK in various operating modes: group control mode and autonomous movement mode. In the group control mode, the task is implemented: movement for the leader. For the state of "Movement in formation", an algorithm for forming the trajectory of the movement of guided robots was implemented. An algorithm for approximating the Bezier curve was used. It allows you to build a trajectory for the slave robot. On the basis of the obtained trajectory, the angular and linear velocity were calculated. In the autonomous control mode, two tasks are solved: moving to a given point and avoiding obstacles. Vector Field Histogram was used as an algorithm for detouring an obstacle, which determines the direction of movement without obstacles. The state of "Movement to a given point" is based on Pure Pursuit as a simple and reliable algorithm for solving such problems. A computer model of the movement of a group of robots was developed. The model is implemented in the MATLAB program using the Simulink and Mobile Robotics Simulation Toolbox libraries. Several different variants of the movement of the RTK group are modeled, which differ from each other in the initial location of the robots and the position of obstacles. The conducted computer simulation showed the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method of RTC control.

The IMPLEMENTATION WAYPOINT SISTEM OF CIA COMBAT ROBOT VERSION N2MR3 USING THE INTERNET OF THING (IoT) BASED ON RASPBERRY PI 4.0

Abstract - In the current era, technological progress is very influential for the defense system and the progress of a country to maintain the peace of the country, including Indonesia. In maintaining the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, a technological design is needed to maintain state sovereignty. To achieve success, the CIA's N2MR3 version of the robot design has a waypoint system that can be moved semi-autonomous to reduce personnel and material losses that have been experienced so far. The design of this combat robot uses an internet of thing (IOT) system that can be moved through a web server and controlled by an operator. This combat robot can also assist in reconnaissance, not also maintain the security and integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, but can also carry out attacks by preventing personnel losses. The CIA version of the N2MR3 robot is an advanced tool made to have more helpful functions in terms of the military. In order to help maintain the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, this robot can be used to maintain the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in Indonesia.

The DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMBAT ROBOT SYSTEM ON THE CIA VERSION N2MR3 USING THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) BASED RASPBERRY PI 4.0

Abstract - Along with the rapid development of science and technology, including robot technology. It can lighten and help the work done by humans. In the military world, the role of robots is indispensable both in peace and in war. This research was carried out using a pure experimental method on the Design of a Propulsion System for Combat Robots using the Internet of Things (IoT) Based on Raspberry 4.0. The working principle of this combat robot is based on data sent using MiFi (Tx) which will then be processed using Raspberry 4.0 and transmitted to MiFi (Rx) via the Internet of Things (IoT). Furthermore, the data received will be processed so that the driving system will produce driving force using a differential drive system, the difference in rotation of the driving motor is regulated by the microprocessor to the MY 1061 speed control, the pulse signal sent by the Raspberry Pi will regulate the amount of current sent to the DC motor so that the motor can turn left and right.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ВІДДІЛЕННЯ МОБІЛЬНИХ РОБОТІВ В БОЮ

Nowadays mobile robots are becoming one of the most important areas of military robotics. Their effective use is an urgent problem that should take into account the features of robots design, the tactics of their use and assessment of the effectiveness of their application. In military affairs, two goals can be distinguished when using military robots: increasing the efficiency of performing combat missions and reducing losses of military personnel; providing the main forces that carry out combat missions with the necessary material and information resources. In case of replacement of servicemen in combat actions with mobile combat robots (MCR), it becomes necessary to use them effectively. The purpose of the article is to develop tactics for the use of mobile robots in the military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The following tasks were solved for this purpose: a definition of the squad of mobile strike robots was given, its armament, the distribution of duties of military personnel who ensure the operation of mobile combat robots, the actions of squad in the main types of combined arms combat: defense and offensive, an assessment of the effectiveness of using combat robots. The article gives the definition of the squad of combat (strike) robots, defines its composition and weapons. The squad includes mobile combat robots: a support robot, two strike robots, observer-robot, router-robot, Kesentai mines robots. The availability of delivery (transportation) vehicles with a control center is important for the squad of strike robots. The squad includes military personnel: squad leader, operators of MCR 1 and MCR 3, (weapons control), operators of MCR 2, MCR 4 (traffic control), driver of delivery vehicles, observer, guard. Each of them has its own responsibilities, designed to comprehensively solve the task assigned to the squad. Keywords: combat (strike) robot, defense, offensive, the effectiveness of the use of a squad of combat (strike) robots.

RESEARCH ON TARGET RECOGNITION OF COMBAT ROBOT BASED ON OPENCV

With the wide application of robots in various fields of human life, the research on improving the level of intelligent robot is highly concerned by domestic and foreign scholars. As an important part of intelligent robot, robot vision has been paid more and more attention in recent years. Computer vision technology is the use of image processing technology to make the camera and the human eye to identify, judge, feature detection, tracking and other visual functions. The computer vision system is to create a complete artificial intelligence system which can get the needed information in the plane image or the three-dimensional image data. Opencv plays an important role in the field of computer vision which is a cross platform computer vision library based on open source. The main purpose of this study is: According to the feature recognition and matching of the object, make the camera of the combat robot has the vision through a detection system based on OpenCV visual library to detect and track the moving objects in the line of sight

Robotic systems implementation into law enforcement practice and peculiarities of decision-making models in such systems

The proposed directions of artificial intelligence technologies use in maintenance of order and public safety are presented. One of the major directions is the introduction of robotic systems into law enforcement practice, with the respect to certain problems related to the development of models and algorithms for the operation of automatic and semi-automatic robotic means are considered. Possible directions to create models and decision-making methods in control systems of security robots are proposed. As a basis for model development, the experience of creating and operating combat robots, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is proposed. In the proposed models and methods, the emphasis on ensuring the safety, reliability and lawful (legal) operation of the created robotic means is emphasized. to ensure safety and reliability, manufacturers and developers of security robotic equipment are to create a unified knowledge base, including rules, prohibitions, and restrictions, with the help of which it is supposed to combine the experience of using security robots and unify approaches to their development and creation.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE STEREO VISION PADA ROBOT TEMPUR CIA VERSI N2MR3 DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN DUA KAMERA

In the 4.0 era, which is progressing towards the 5.0 era, many studies have been carried out on visual sensing in robots. Which has a function as monitoring the movement of robots, especially in the scope of defense in the military. Technological developments in military defense equipment play an important role in supporting the defense of the country's territory. One of them is the development of sensing systems on robots, there are many methods to decide the view of enemy targets against weapons. One of them using the triangulation distance measurement method with the help of a stereo vision camera. This method has advantages in the combat robot system, which is that it can reduce people casualties caused by direct weapon contact with the enemy on the battlefield, especially in urban areas, while the principle of this study is to adopt the similarity of the human eye work system, this method requires a least of two images to get information coordinates the target distance to the camera. Then, we can process the distance information to decide the position of the target against the weapon, while the distance function is carried out to place the robot to take measures. From this background, the author wants to build a visual sensing system using stereo vision. Two webcams with 1080HD resolution each are placed parallel to the combat robot. From the images captured by the two cameras, it can observe the comparison gap between the position of the object with the term disparity, while the results of the disparity are usually used to calculate the distance of the real object and each camera has a viewpoint that can be known, so the distance of the object can be calculated by the more method of triangulation. The results show that the error between the real and the detected distance is 5% and that the camera resolution influences reducing the error.