Combat Robots Research Articles

IMPLEMENTASI IDENTIFIKASI DAN TRACKING SASARAN SECARA OTOMATIS PADA ROBOT TEMPUR CIA VERSI N2MR3 DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE PATTERN RECOGNITION

The ability of weaponry and technology in the world today has increased drastically where it is used to combat and defense, to improve the staff and material capabilities of Indonesia Military ranks, in general, the Army, which serves as state defense in protecting the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia Army troops as the vanguard are always required to be professional in always carrying out high-risk tasks after the command over with high responsibility successfully. War (OMP) is an area that will be attacked or occupied by troops as a base and defended if the task still requires it. Activities carried out in operations such as issuing combat robots to find and track targets both during the day and at night automatically from threatening enemies. Therefore we need a tool that can help in carrying out tasks during the day and night. Tracking is the process of tracking and locking the target, which can be used to track and lock an object. One example of tracking is object tracking, security at night has both advantages and disadvantages, especially in conditions with very low light intensity. So night vision is needed to become a more effective security camera. Based on these problems, a study was made on bringing about automatic target identification and tracking on the N2MR3 a version of the CIA combat robot using the pattern recognition method to maximize security in conditions with very low intensity. The results of the study indicate that this study provides results in reading objects in light and dark conditions.

Design control system using gesture control on the Arduino-based robot warfare

The development of increasingly advanced technology provides a positive side in various fields, especially the military. This research introduces a different control system in the navigation of robots, especially in the military field. Navigation system used are varied, ranging from robots that are driven using cables to wireless communications that are used to move robots. Various control systems on robots using RC (Remote Control), android, and several electronic devices designed for navigation systems such as joysticks and other control system devices. Researchers designed gesture control on the Arduino nano v3 based and Arduino ATMEGA based combat robots on military equipment, because there is no military equipment that uses a gesture control navigation system. Researchers used an experiment method with an Arduino electronic device as a microcontroller, accelerometer module and MPU6050 gyroscope as a sensor that serves to determine the orientation of motion, NRF24L01 module as telemetry, and engine as drive. The results obtained after designing a gesture control navigation system on a combat robot are very good because it is very easy to operate the robot, and a long duration because using the engine. It was concluded that gesture control was appropriate and safe for use in the military.

СТРУКТУРНО-МОДУЛЬНЕ КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ ОПОРНИХ КАРКАСІВ АВТОНОМНИХ БАГАТОФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ РОБОТИЗОВАНИХ ПЛАТФОРМ ДЛЯ СКРИТНОГО ВЕДЕННЯ БОЙОВИХ І СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ

Analysis of world development and use of innovative technologies in the process of creation of perspective high-technology of military ground robotic complexes demonstrates that one of the most adapted purpose of constructive and technological innovation is the implementation of modular and framework methods of autonomous multifunctional platforms construction. For the first time, Howe & Howe Company (USA) created the set of Ripsaw tracked multifunctional platforms on the basis of tubular frameworks, which was tested in situ. Besides, these constructions were equipped with optional functional blocks-modules of working places to place outside operator according to military requirements. The principal basis for all above mentioned remote controlled combat robotic tracked vehicles by Howe & Howe Company is the use of rigid tubular frameworks as the main constructive element. It should be mentioned that the frameworks of all Ripsaw tracked ground robotic complexes are not the modular constructions, but they are the rigid non-fragmenting aggregates, made from the segments of steel pipes of a round profile using welding technology. However, new Ripsaw combat robots adapted to use in new generation wars (according to the potential consumers) were created in the USA on the basis of such rigid welded frames. This article proposes the structural and modular principles of design features of supporting frameworks of autonomous multifunctional robotic platforms for cover combat and special operations. It is showed that the tubular frameworks of such platforms should be designed on the basis of modular principles of not only initial technical aggregates for modular objects, and the very objects as a whole. The use of methods of mathematical theory of symmetry, principles of golden ratio proportion and preferable numbers give the opportunity to conduct a calculated unification for decreasing the numbers of output functional blocks-modules in order to reduce as the objects’ cost and the operational costs. Keywords: modular multifunctional transport platforms, structural and modular designing, zero modules, framework cells, framework locks, proportion, golden ratio, preferable numbers, round and rectangular tubes.

Ethical Issues on AI Equipped Combat ROBOTS

Purpose: The Purpose of this research is to propose the ethical issues on AI equipped combat robot. AI equipped combat robot is called as Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, which means guard and attack enemies in autonomic way. Via this mission, human soldiers of both friendly and enemy armies could be harmed by AI combat robots. The most fundamental principles of common sense is that the robots should not hostile to human being, and this research tried to show some examples of ethical issues connected with the use of combat robots. Method: This research tries to find the way of regarding combat robot as a moral agent, which means combat robot does not only acts like a killing machine, but also holds moral responsibility. This code of action could also guide the human designer of AI structure of combat robot. This research extracted the core theme of debates on AI combat robot with analyzing current issues on AI and military technology reported on the media and internet. This research also used some materials published by institute under the Government depart of defense. Results: Combat robots has been evolved toward minimizing the intervention of human soldiers in recognize and evaluation of the battle situation. The introduction of such combat robots leads to changes in the aspect of war due to the introduction of autonomous weapons of destruction. The introduction of combat robots raises the issue of the formation of the judgment mechanism of the combat robot and the issue of responsibility as a subject of action execution in terms of individual judgment subjects. Conclusion: In terms of international relations, there could be problems related to the principle of proportionality, the problem of distinguishing between combatants and noncombatants, and problems of arms control. These problems brings up the request for an ethical approach aimed at expanding the reasoning intelligence beyond just the cognitive judgment function of combat robots and reinforcing metacognition.

Implementation of Autonomous Control System of The Chain Wheel Robot Using the Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Methods

The purpose of this research is to implement the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method in combat robots so it can be directed to shoot targets well. The robot control system uses remote control and autonomous. In the autonomous robot system, ANN back propagation method is applied, where the weight value variable depends on ultrasonic sensor, GPS and camera. The microcontroller system will process automatically depending on the sensor input. Output data is used to direct the robot to the target, tracking and shooting. Robot is used chain wheel systems and weapons that used pistol types. The riffle is mounted on the robot can be moved mechanically azimuth and the elevation towards the target then triggered mechanically by the riffle through the activation of data relays from the microcontroller. Thus, the backpropagation method can be applied to robots so it can be functioned autonomously.

Design and development of combat robot for military applications

<p class="Text"><span>In this paper we have developed a combat robot which will assist our commandos to fight against terrorism. With additional weaponry system it can perform other tasks also. Our preliminary aim in this project is to design a combat robot which can be used to handle the unmanned situations like terror attack inside the building where the firing is heavy and the entry of commandos may be difficult. In such situations the combat robot with spy camera, which is controlled through the control room can be sent into the terrorist occupied area. The robot constantly sends the visuals captured through spy camera to the control room. Based on the visuals received from the robot the control room operator can give directions to the robot. This kind of spy robot can also be used in star hotels, shopping malls, jewelry show rooms.</span></p>

Legal Aspects of Production and Operation of Autonomous Combat Robots

Mobile robots are increasingly replacing people in particularly dangerous situations and those at risk of losing their lives or health. One of such applications are military and preventive activities, where mobile robots are not only used for reconnaissance and patrol operations and the development trend is focused on the increasing use of mobile robots on the battlefield. Therefore, this type of equipment must meet the requirements and standards guaranteeing safety for the user and the environment. The paper presents a set of requirements for the production and use of autonomous combat vehicles put up by organizations such as the Defence Department, the European Union and NATO.

Evaluation of actions efficiency of mobile combat robots by methods of mass-service theory

The article confirms that at the present stage of the development of domestic military science, the simulation of military operations is an important tool for predicting the possible results of a military conflict with the subsequent development of recommendations for its planning and management. It is determined that other mathematical methods provide ample opportunity to solve particular problems in the implementation of the principles of military art. Using various mathematical methods and electronic computer technology, it is possible to develop quantitative recommendations for making decisions in various combat situations.The possibility of using queuing systems techniques for modeling the combat operations of mobile combat robots is shown. The use of such techniques made it possible to obtain an analytical description of the final probabilities for an incompletely accessible queuing system and to expand the possibilities of taking into account the conditions for fulfilling the combat tasks of military units equipped with mobile combat robots. For this purpose, a model is described and considered that describes the battle when the firing is conducted on the observed targets and, in the event of a target hit, the fire is instantly transferred to the unaffected one. This model is illustrated by a functional diagram that clearly shows the work on the targets of five of the same type of mobile combat robots. In this case, the identification of targets is carried out by an exponential law with a function of distributing the service time of the target and the average intensity of their detection and destruction.The characteristics of the efficiency of the queuing system in a stationary (steady state) mode, that is, with an unlimitedly growing time of its operation, are determined. Two coefficients have also been introduced that will characterize the relationship between the duration of the strike phase and the time of the entire process of serving the target. Based on the research, for example, the corresponding calculations were carried out and the boundaries of the possible use of a group of mobile combat robots, consisting of five units, for the military unit were outlined. The workload of each machine and, accordingly, the efficiency of the unit as a whole are determined, recommendations are given on their quantitative composition.

Development of wireless vertical bar spinner combat robot

Recently, combat robot competition has become one of the most famous engineering competitions among schools and universities. The robots are usually built with a destructive weapon, which can immobilize or disable opponent’s robot and win the match. Despite the variety of robot design and concept, the trend has shown that most of the local contestant tend to design a horizontal axis weapon type. In this project, a wireless vertical axis bar spinner combat robot is designed and developed for the 3rd Malaysia Combat Robot Competition which was held at National Science Centre (PSN) in 2017. The robot is controlled using radio control (RC) and powered by a highly discharge 22.2V Lithium Polymer (LiPo) chemical battery. Furthermore, related analysis has been conducted to meet the design and performance requirement of the competition. With the DC brush motor and thick metal bar rotating in vertical axis, the robot has proven to produce high power, torque and speed during the competition.

MODERN SYSTEM OF THE POWER SUPPLY OF THE MODULE TRANSPORT PLATFORMS OF GROUND ROBOTIC COMPLEXES FOR COVERT COMBAT ACTIONS

The choice of energy sources to ensure the smooth functioning of the entire set of actuators of an autonomous transport platform of ground military robot, including traction propulsion, has a decisive impact on the overall performance and viability of the entire GRC (ground robotic complex) and determines, ultimately, its quality and reliability in the process. For covert warfare, recommending the use of energy sources such as internal combustion engines is impractical because of the high levels of inherent acoustic noise. With the advent of electrochemical energy sources, significant progress has been made in the development of a number of high technologies, namely, in the newest fields of technology - portable electronics and power electromechanics. Power sources such as lithium-ion batteries have proven to be much lighter and more compact than other types of batteries. Therefore, electrochemical lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in military robotics, ranging from small UAVs and multicopters to portable ground combat robots and marine robotic vehicles. Recent achievements in enhancing the specific performance of batteries of this type make it possible to use them in the electromechanical motors of modular transport platforms of modern ground robots for covert combat operations with a carrying capacity of up to 500 kg and above. The analytical purpose of the materials in this article is to compare the potential sources of electricity in terms of their practical use in military robotics, namely, in the transport platforms of modern GRC for covert warfare. Frame-modular platforms with a capacity of 50, 150 and 500 kg were adopted for the real objects with installed sources of electricity. The principal feature of these platforms is the presence of rigid tubular modular horizontal frame made of precision steel or composite tubes. In the internal cavities of these pipes it is proposed to install power sources made in the form of cylindrical functional blocks-modules.

Response Complexity Reduces Errors on a Response Inhibition Task.

The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the role of button-response complexity to targets in a response inhibition task. Response inhibition is the ability to correctly inhibit an overt response to a target. The U.S. military is actively pursuing development of armed, combat robots as a force multiplier, which may present challenges to operators of combat robots in the form of response inhibition errors. A total of 15 participants completed two 51-min versions of a modified sustained attention to response task (SART). Participants were outfitted with an electrocardiogram to index heart-rate variability and completed the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to index workload. The results demonstrated that the complex SART reduced errors of commission (4%) and slowed response times (874 ms) to correct Go targets relative to the simple SART (14%, 739 ms). The NASA-TLX did not show differences between the modified SARTs; however, heart-rate variability did demonstrate that Soldiers had an increased autonomic stress response to the complex SART. Increasing the behavioral response requirement during a response inhibition task can decrease errors of commission; however, it comes at the cost of slower response times to target stimuli. Heart-rate variability may provide better insight into objective workload relative to subjective measures. The use of complex behavioral responses may provide a viable option to reduce potential "friendly fire" or collateral damage by Soldiers remotely engaging a target-rich environment.

Сучасні технології та релігійна культура: деякі методологічні аспекти

The aim of the article is to identify the methodological aspects of modern technologyand religious culture correlation. The methodological basis of the article is grounded onthe following methods: critical analysis of culturological and religious sources, concretehistorical analysis and interdisciplinary synthesis, induction and deduction, sociologicalmethods for empirical data analyzing, in particular, content analysis and the method ofparticipant observation and theoretical journalistic methodology. From the concretescientific methods, problem-chronological and system-structural, social-phenomenologicalanalysis and visual anthropology methods were used. Scientific novelty of the articleconsists in the study of methodological aspects of modern technologies and religiousculture comparison. Conclusions. Religion contributes to the development of knowledgeand technology: given the fact that at the present stage of religious development sciencehas become a reference characteristic for major religions and religious denominations,many of them strive to prove their own unique role in the development of high-tech, IT andAI. Religion is one of the most important factors in the modern technological politics, andone of the aspects of this impact is the ethical issues of combat robots construction.

Intelligent Systems of Prospective Autonomous Military RTCs in the Course of Pilot Operation of Remote-Controlled Complexes

In the article, based on the analysis of the world experience in the application of remotely-controlled robotic systems, it is concluded that the mass application of irrationality in the course of a prospective combined arms battle is irrational. The main disadvantages of classical remote control in combat conditions are increased requirements for the communication channel, limited range, unmasking of the object and control point, as well as the possibility of using radio electronic and fire countermeasures due to intensive radio exchange. It is shown that the real increase in the efficiency of the use of robotic complexes for military purposes is possible when they are used as part of groups, but they must have elements of autonomy and the ability to solve intellectual problems. Ensuring the autonomy of the functioning of robots and their groups located at a considerable distance from the control center, when performing tasks for their intended purpose, is primarily related to the development of intelligent combat weapon control systems for combat robots, including all the main phases of combat operations. The issues of acquiring knowledge for the construction of intelligent weapon control systems for autonomous terrestrial robots are considered. This phase of the life cycle is proposed, such as the pilot operation of robotic complexes for military purposes, used to determine the appearance and formation of intellectual decision-making systems, the acquisition in the course of it of formalization of knowledge about typical tasks of operation, a list, characteristics and attributes of typical goals, sequence of actions, list emerging alternatives in making decisions in the course of combat operations and the rules for their selection. It is proposed to involve engineers in knowledge during the whole cycle of pilot operation to form the rules of combat use of robotic complexes by experience, to formalize the knowledge gained for subsequent automation of decision-making processes and the formation of intellectual systems for military-type military hardware.

VECTOR: An IP-based Remote Combat Robot

In this paper, an IP (Internet Protocol) -based Remote Combat Robot is conversed, namely VECTOR (Vigorous Efficient Combatant Tactical Operative Robot). The name VECTOR is chosen to depict the concrete physiognomies of the Robot which is assembled. This project is designed and developed to operate remote combat. IP communication is enforced to control every single state of VECTOR. Advantage over other system is that VECTOR can rotate up to 180 angle with respect to the 2-D axes both in clockwise and counter clockwise direction as per need. Moreover, the other prospects of this project are that VECTOR can be deployed to carry out Armored Hefty Freight, Rescue Mission during Natural Calamities, Safekeeping Tasks, Social Services and many more to name.

A brief thought on the future of global ethics: military robots and new food technologies

To deal with an uncertain future, global ethics as an academic endeavour might consider a common value we all share, such as sustainability, which acts as an all-encompassing term to indicate our future direction. Technologies of the near future that are currently in development hold problems and promise, and are clear subjects for the ethics of sustainability at a global level. Autonomous military combat robots, insects as food (entomophagy) and in vitro synthetically grown meat are significant cases. Such robots might in fact serve injustice and work against sustainability, and such novel food technologies may hold hope for promoting sustainability and global justice.

Обоснование облика боевых и обеспечивающих робототехнических комплексов сухопутных войск

Обоснование облика боевых и обеспечивающих робототехнических комплексов сухопутных войск

Design of an Intelligent Combat Robot for war fields

The objective of this paper is to minimize human casualties in terrorist attack such as 26/11. The combat robot [1] has been designed to tackle such a cruel terror attacks. This robot is radio operated, self- powered, and has all the controls like a normal car. A wireless camera has been installed on it, so that it can monitor enemy remotely when required. It can silently enter into enemy area and send us all the information through its’ tiny Camera eyes. This spy robot can be used in star hotels, shopping malls, jewellary show rooms, etc where there can be threat from intruders or terrorists. Since human life is always precious, these robots are the replacement of fighters against terrorist in war areas.

It's war - but not as we know it [autonomous military robotics

Intelligent machines deployed on battlefields around the world-from mobile grenade launchers to rocket-firing drones-can already identify and lock onto targets without human help. The first three armed combat robots fitted with large-calibre machine guns deployed to Iraq last summer, manufactured by US arms maker Foster-Miller, proved so successful that 80 more are on order, says Sharkey. But, up to now, a human hand has been required to push the button or pull the trigger. Military leaders are quite clear that they want autonomous robots as soon as possible, because they are more cost- effective and give a risk-free war. To the extent that military robots can considerably reduce unethical conduct on the battlefield- greatly reducing human and political costs - there is a compelling reason to pursue their development as well as to study their capacity to act ethically, it reads.