Color Photographs Research Articles

GAMMA challenge: Glaucoma grAding from Multi-Modality imAges.

Glaucoma is a chronic neuro-degenerative condition that is one of the world's leading causes of irreversible but preventable blindness. The blindness is generally caused by the lack of timely detection and treatment. Early screening is thus essential for early treatment to preserve vision and maintain life quality. Colour fundus photography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are the two most cost-effective tools for glaucoma screening. Both imaging modalities have prominent biomarkers to indicate glaucoma suspects, such as the vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR) on fundus images and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness on OCT volume. In clinical practice, it is often recommended to take both of the screenings for a more accurate and reliable diagnosis. However, although numerous algorithms are proposed based on fundus images or OCT volumes for the automated glaucoma detection, there are few methods that leverage both of the modalities to achieve the target. To fulfil the research gap, we set up the Glaucoma grAding from Multi-Modality imAges (GAMMA) Challenge to encourage the development of fundus & OCT-based glaucoma grading. The primary task of the challenge is to grade glaucoma from both the 2D fundus images and 3D OCT scanning volumes. As part of GAMMA, we have publicly released a glaucoma annotated dataset with both 2D fundus colour photography and 3D OCT volumes, which is the first multi-modality dataset for machine learning based glaucoma grading. In addition, an evaluation framework is also established to evaluate the performance of the submitted methods. During the challenge, 1272 results were submitted, and finally, ten best performing teams were selected for the final stage. We analyse their results and summarize their methods in the paper. Since all the teams submitted their source code in the challenge, we conducted a detailed ablation study to verify the effectiveness of the particular modules proposed. Finally, we identify the proposed techniques and strategies that could be of practical value for the clinical diagnosis of glaucoma. As the first in-depth study of fundus & OCT multi-modality glaucoma grading, we believe the GAMMA Challenge will serve as an essential guideline and benchmark for future research.

MITOS ILUSTRASI FOTO FERDI SAMBO DALAM PEMBERITAAN MEDIA ONLINE

In today's information technology era, modern society is greatly spoiled by the ease of access to news. One of the information media is online media reporting, which offers news content in written form as well as color photo illustrations, making it easier for readers to understand the content of the news. However, photo illustrations as news content can sometimes be confusing, such as in the reporting of the premeditated murder committed by Ferdi Sambo. Therefore, it is important to deeply understand the meaning of the photo illustrations from the news content about Ferdi Sambo so as not to be trapped in a superficial interpretation of a news story. The interpretation of Ferdi Sambo's photo illustrations in online media uses a qualitative methodology with a semiotic approach by Roland Barthes regarding denotation and connotation meanings. The results of the analysis conducted on the photo illustrations of Ferdi Sambo in online media reporting indicate that some objectives and interests can be concluded as resistance or defense conducted through body gestures and fashion to address the case being faced.

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Neolentinus in northern China.

Neolentinus is a significant genus, belonging to Gloeophyllaceae, with important economic and ecological values, which are parasites on decaying wood of broad-leaf or coniferous trees, and will cause brown rot. However, the taxonomic study is lagging behind to other groups of macrofungi, especially in China. In view of this, we conducted morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies on this genus. We have discovered new types of cheilocystidia and with extremely long lamellae in Neolentinus, and, thus proposed it as a new species-Neolentinus longifolius. At the same time, we clarified the distribution of Neolentinus cyathiformis in China and provided a detailed description. Moreover, we also described two common species, viz. Neolentinus lepideus and Neolentinus adhaerens. All the species are described based on the Chinese collections. The key to the reported species of Neolentinus from China is provided. And the phylogeny of Neolentinus from China is reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef-1α). In addition, full morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs, taxonomic notes, and all the available sequences of Neolentinus species are provided.

Blackwellomyces kaihuaensis and Metarhizium putuoense (Hypocreales), Two New Entomogenous Fungi from Subtropical Forests in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China

Entomogenous fungi are one of the most diverse fungal groups among ascomycetes. During investigations of macro-fungi biodiversity in Kaihua and Putuo in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2021, several entomopathogenic fungal specimens were collected from subtropical forests. After a careful examination of morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses applying nrSSU, nrLSU, tef1, rpb1 and rpb2, two novel species were discovered, described herein as Blackwellomyces kaihuaensis and Metarhizium putuoense, and further compared with other similar species. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh specimen and figures illustrating microscopic features of the two new species are provided.

Continental fishes of Nicaragua: diversity, distribution and conservation status; with an annotated and illustrated checklist of species and an identification guide to families.

Based on a combination of intensive literature review, electronic database searches, re-identification of museum specimens, and fieldwork, we provide an updated checklist of the continental fishes of Nicaragua. This checklist, systematically arranged at the ordinal and familial level, includes nomenclatural revisions, distributional information, conservation status, and when appropriate, cross-references to previous lists and revisionary works on the fish fauna of the country and region (Central America); illustrations and descriptions to the family level and color photographs of some representative species are also included. According to our results, the native Nicaraguan continental fish fauna is composed of 244 species, divided into 111 genera, 45 families, 24 orders, and two classes; increasing by 60 (i.e., 32.6%) the number of species originally reported by Villa (1982; i.e., the most comprehensive work published to date). The majority of the Nicaraguan native continental fish species, according to their supposed tolerance to salinity, are peripheral (68.9%), followed by secondary freshwater fishes (23.8%), and primary freshwater fishes (only 7.4%). Fish diversity in the 19 major river basins ranged between 21 and 90 species (mean = 58 species, median = 60); the Escondido (Es; 87 species), in the Atlantic, and the Pacfico de Nicaragua (PN; 90), in the Pacific, presented the highest species richness. Most species (188) are restricted to elevations between 0 and 100 meters above sea level (masl); only a few species (18), in contrast, were found at elevations greater than 500 masl (up to 780 masl). Fourteen species in this revision are listed as endemic to Nicaragua. Regarding their conservation status, 22 species (9.0%) are categorized, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as Data Deficient, 186 (76.2%) as Least Concern, and seven (2.9%) as Near Threatened; while 24 species (9.8%) are listed as Threatened, thirteen (5.3%) as Vulnerable, two (0.8%) as Endangered, and nine (3.7%) as Critically Endangered. Five species (2.0%) have not yet been evaluated. Six exotic species are also reported. Our results provide a framework for future taxonomic and biogeographic works on fishes from this country and region (Central America), particularly by providing up-to-date knowledge on nomenclature and distributions. In addition, the data provided in this revision will help to monitor fish distributional changes in the future due to human introductions and global change and will aid in conservation decisions concerning Nicaraguan continental fishes.

A new species of Karschiola Gaede from Mozambique and Zimbabwe (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) with updated information on the distribution of the genus.

The present paper provides the description of a new species of the genus Karschiola Gaede, 1926 from central Mozambique and Zimbabwe: K. ndzou sp. n. The pairwise genetic distance between the two Karschiola species is calculated and a neighbour-joining tree based on DNA barcodes of two K. holoclera and five K. ndzou sp. n. specimens is provided. The paper is illustrated with eight colour photos of adults and 18 genitalia images, a distribution map and two habitat photos.

Four New Species of Strobilomyces (Boletaceae, Boletales) from Hainan Island, Tropical China.

Strobilomyces, one of the most noticeable genera of Boletaceae (Boletales), is both ecologically and economically important. Although many studies have focused on Strobilomyces in China, the diversity still remains incompletely understood. In the present study, several collections of Strobilomyces from Hainan Island, tropical China were studied based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Four species are described as new, viz. S. baozhengii, S. conicus, S. hainanensis, and S. pachycystidiatus. Detailed descriptions, color photos of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microstructures of the four species are presented.

Increasing linguistic and prelinguistic communication for social closeness during naturalistic AAC instruction with young children on the autism spectrum

This study examined the effects of an intervention package using high-tech augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with Naturalistic Instruction (NI), time delay, and prompting during social routines for preschoolers on the autism spectrum. The AAC was a communication application on a tablet programmed with color photo representations of participants and communication partners engaged in social routines. The primary dependent measure was a linguistic communication turn on the AAC device completing the instructor’s cloze phrase related to the routine. A secondary dependent measure was prelinguistic communication –nonspecific vocalizations and smiling – within each turn of the routine. Results indicated that all communication types increased and maintained for all three participants with two participants meeting mastery criteria within the minimal number of sessions. These results are significant in providing additional evidence for the effectiveness of AAC intervention beyond teaching simple object requests and in teaching more socially meaningful communication to children on the autism spectrum. Additionally, this study supports the use of color photo representations to promote social interaction. Future research should continue to evaluate such interventions on a larger scale and include naturally occurring communication partners, such as siblings and peers.

Synotisjinpingensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species with white ray florets from southeastern Yunnan, China.

Synotisjinpingensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from Jinping county in southeastern Yunnan province, China, is described and illustrated. This species is distinguished by having white ray florets in the genus Synotis, in which only species with yellow ray florets have been hitherto known. In habit and leaf shape S.jinpingensis is most closely similar to S.duclouxii, a species occurring in southwestern Guizhou, southern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan, China, but differs, in addition to the color of ray florets, by having fewer lateral veins of leaves, obviously longer bracts of calyculus, and larger phyllaries. The membership of the new species within Synotis is strongly corroborated by evidence from floral micromorphology and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequence data. Color photographs of living plants, a distribution map, and provisional IUCN status of S.jinpingensis are provided.

Four New Endophytic Apiospora Species Isolated from Three Dicranopteris Species in Guizhou, China.

Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal ferns serve as significant natural resources for drug precursors or bioactive metabolites. During our survey on the diversity of endophytic fungi from Dicranopteris species (a genus of medicinal ferns) in Guizhou, Apoiospora was observed as a dominant fungal group. In this study, seven Apiospora strains, representing four new species, were obtained from the healthy plant tissues of three Dicranopteris species-D. ampla, D. linearis, and D. pedata. The four new species, namely Apiospora aseptata, A. dematiacea, A. dicranopteridis, and A. globosa, were described in detail with color photographs and subjected to phylogenetic analyses using combined LSU, ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB2 sequence data. This study also documented three new hosts for Apiospora species.

Bulbophylum sect. Cirhopetallum s. str. (Orchidaceae) in Vietnam with the description of a new species, B. thangii, and a new national record, B. fenestratum

The taxonomical survey of Bulbophyllum sect. Cirhopetallum s. str. with the key for identification of all four species occurring in Vietnam is presented. Bulbophylum thangii, belonging to this section and discovered in Khanh Hoa Province, southern Vietnam, is described as a new species for science. The new species shares prominent tooth on the inner side of stelidia with all species in its section but differs from them in warty or colliculate sepals and lip. Bulophyllum fenestratum from the same section is reported from Dong Nai Province as a new national record for the orchid flora of Vietnam. All species in the section are illustrated by plates with analytical color photos. Data on types, habitat, phenology, distribution, taxonomic remarks, and lists of studied specimens are reported for all species as well.

A new Leccinum species from the Altai Mountains

A new Leccinum species has been described based on morphological and molecular data. Its characteristic features are medium-sized basidiomata, pores cream to cinnamon-brown, and a dark cream pileus with a light marble pattern. It grows under Salix bebbiana and occurs in southeast Altay Mts. We present detailed descriptions with color photos of fresh fruiting bodies, SEM photos of spores, molecular phylogeny, and an analysis of the characteristic nucleotide sequences compared to the related species.

Mending Memory by Hand and Brush: Socialist China's Colored Photographs

A remarkable quality of Chinese vernacular photographs during the socialist period is their efflorescence of color. From studio colorists well-versed in the art of potassium cyanide to private brushstrokes in thick marker, the prevalence of photo-coloring (zhuose) evidenced a marked degree of dissatisfaction with an unmanipulated print. Bracketed by Chinese photo studios’ national institutionalization in 1956 and the promulgation of commercial color rolls in the 1980s, this discussion builds from extant scholarship on Chinese vernacular photographs of the 1960s and 1970s. By analyzing colored Tiananmen photographs of the Cultural Revolution, a posthumous biography of photo-colorist Zhou Qi, and various examples from the volume Anonymous Photos (Yiming zhao), this article demonstrates that photo-coloring was a crucial aesthetic agent in negotiations between officially mandated postures and bold ways of inscribing individual experiences as chromatic repositories of memory and meaning, marking a site where mass visuality and more specific imaginations of the self collided into color.

The roles of edge-based and surface-based information in the dynamic neural representation of objects

We combined multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and electroencephalogram (EEG) to investigate the role of edge, color, and other surface information in the neural representation of visual objects. Participants completed a one-back task in which they were presented with color photographs, grayscale images, and line drawings of animals, tools, and fruits. Our results provide the first neural evidence that line drawings elicit similar neural activities as color photographs and grayscale images during the 175–305 ms window after the stimulus onset. Furthermore, we found that other surface information, rather than color information, facilitates decoding accuracy in the early stages of object representations and affects the speed of this. These results provide new insights into the role of edge-based and surface-based information in the dynamic process of neural representations of visual objects.

Lithocarpustapanuliensis (Fagaceae), a new stone oak from northern Sumatra and its role as an important resource for critically endangered orangutans.

A new species of stone oak, Lithocarpustapanuliensis Harapan, W.H.Tan, Nurainas & Strijk from South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia is described. We provide colour photographs, a distribution map and a new IUCN conservation status assessment for inclusion on the global Red List. The unique cupule morphology, particularly the shape, placement and distinctness of the cupule protuberances, are distinctive from other Lithocarpus species in the region. Ecological interactions (e.g. consumption and nesting) with Tapanuli orangutans were recorded in the field.

The Influence of Scar Patterns After Reduction Mammoplasty on Eye Movement and Gaze Pattern: An Eye-Tracking Investigation

BackgroundGiven that scars are acknowledged as the primary cause of postoperative dissatisfaction following reduction mammoplasty, it is imperative to comprehend the patient’s visual perception of different scar patterns in order to enhance patient satisfaction. To achieve this, eye-tracking technology provides an unbiased method of evaluating how observers assess breast scars.Methods58 participants (32 females and 26 males) between the ages of 19 and 82 years (mean age of 29.47 ± 10.98 years) were shown 18 color photographs, taken at 3 viewing angles (right 45° oblique, frontal and frontal view with arms raised), from 6 patients undergone reduction mammoplasty with the inverted T-scar technique (3 patients) or no-vertical-scar technique (3 patients). The images were presented to every participant for a fixed duration of 5 s each. Eye-tracking device was used to collect and analyze the gaze data of viewers.ResultsThe nipple-areola complex (NAC) and the periareolar scar captured observers’ gaze faster, had longer duration and more count of eye fixation than all other parts of breast scars, regardless of the viewing angle and scar pattern. Moreover, the scar region in the inverted T-scar pattern received greater and faster visual attraction of observer’s gaze than the no-vertical-scar pattern.ConclusionThe NAC and the periareolar scar seem to be perceived as the most important regions for breast aesthetics. The findings can be helpful to assist plastic surgeons in determining the most appropriate technique for reduction mammoplasty, meanwhile underlining the importance of a fine periareolar scar and symmetric NAC for excellent aesthetic outcomes.This is to our best knowledge the first study using eye-tracking technology in evaluating reduction mammoplasty outcomes.This study explored the influence of different scar patterns after reduction mammoplasty on eye movements and gaze patterns among observers.The study have validated the significance of the NAC and the periareolar scar for breast aesthetics and revealed that the scar region in the inverted T-scar pattern may be judged less visually attractive than the no-vertical-scar pattern.Level of Evidence VThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Awareness for glaucoma in the general population

Glaucoma is not arare entity but because very few symptoms occur and visual field defects are frequently first recognized at a late stage, alarge proportion of glaucoma diseases remain undetected. The aim of this study was to identify the proportion of undiagnosed glaucoma in German population-based cohort studies and to contextualize them in the context of the literature. The prevalence of glaucoma in the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) and the age-related investigations on health of the University of Regensburg (AugUR) was evaluated based on visual field examinations and optic disc color photography according to the ISGEO criteria. Furthermore, the self-reported glaucoma diagnoses were collected and the proportion of undiagnosed glaucoma was determined. The proportion of undiagnosed glaucoma was 55% in the GHS, and 53% in the AugUR study. The results correlate with results from previous studies from other countries in which the proportion of unrecognized glaucoma ranged from 33% to 78%. In the GHS and the AugUR study the proportion of undiagnosed glaucoma was higher in younger age groups and in women. Roughly every second case of glaucoma is undetected. As the symptoms are often nonspecific or take a long time to appear, there is arisk of advanced glaucomatous visual field defects or blindness due to a lack of glaucoma awareness. Studies have shown that asystematic screening can halve this risk.

Philippine species of the genus Prothyma Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Part 2. Subgenus Symplecthyma Rivalier, 1964.

The Philippine species of the subgenus Symplecthyma Rivalier, 1964 within the genus Prothyma Hope, 1838 are revised to include eight species. Prothyma (Symplecthyma) bella Dheurle & Colas, 2018 syn. nov. is synonymized with Prothyma (Symplecthyma) coerulea opacosericea Horn, 1929 comb. nov.; Prothyma (Symplecthyma) boholensis Dheurle, 2012 syn. nov. and P. (Symplecthyma) nitida Rivalier, 1964 syn. nov. are synonymized with Prothyma (Symplecthyma) aeneoparva Horn, 1934. Four new species from Mindanao are described: Prothyma (Symplecthyma) inopinata sp. nov., Prothyma (Symplecthyma) eureka sp. nov., Prothyma (Symplecthyma) sciakyi sp. nov. and Prothyma (Symplecthyma) kapuka sp. nov. Taxonomic problems in the subgenus Symplecthyma are discussed. Keys to species are provided. Color photographs of the habitus and diagnostic characters, including their variability among all species, are presented.

A picture is worth a thousand dollars: a photographic approach to studying colour in anoles

Abstract Colours relay information to conspecifics and predators unique to an environment and are shaped by natural selection favouring colours that enable higher fitness. For decades, ecologists have grappled with various methods of quantifying colour. Spectrophotometers offer precise and accurate data, but their high price limits accessibility. Here we test the validity of an accessible method of quantifying colour. We analysed photographs from four species of Anolis lizards from urban and forest habitats. We compared dewlap colour in order to determine if photographic analysis can detect inter- and intraspecific differences with the same power as a spectrophotometer. We hypothesized that photographs would capture colour data comparable to a spectrophotometer within the visible light range, and that habitat divergence would be associated with intraspecific differences in dewlap. We demonstrate, as hypothesized, that photographic colour data are consistent with spectrophotometer data and capable of differentiating dewlap variation within the visible light spectrum. Differences in colour between urban and forest populations were significant for some but not all species, and the part of the colour spectrum that shifted was not consistent across species. Our results support photographic analysis as an alternative for quantifying colour to study both inter- and intraspecific variation in visible colour.

Twelve new species of Sonerila (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) from Thailand

Twelve new species of Sonerila from Thailand are described here: S. anisophylla, S. banthatensis, S. betongensis, S. epiphytica, S. montana, S. peninsularis, S. phuhinrongklaensis, P. phuphanensis, S. reptans, S. subumbellata, S. tenasserimensis and S. tenue. Detailed descriptions, line drawings, color photos, distribution map, ecological data, phenology, DNA barcode sequences, vernacular names and conservation assessment are also provided. Although most of them are narrowly distributed and known only from Thailand, some species might be also found in neighboring countries. Conservation assessments are suggested for all new species, from which seven are assessed as Endangered (EN), two Vulnerable (VU) and three Data Deficient (DD). With the addition of the new taxa, there are now a total of 29 species of Sonerila known from Thailand.