Typical Color Research Articles

Dampak Suhu Pengeringan terhadap Karakteristik Tepung Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata Durch) yang dihasilkan

Yellow pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata D) is a type of fruit with a huge volume and high water content, its shelf life is short. therefore it needs to be processed into a product that is more durable and practical, for example into flour. Pumpkin flour is processed by drying it and then grinding it so that flour can be produced with a typical yellow pumpkin color, through pre-treatment by blanching. The goal of this study is to determine the ideal drying temperature for producing pumpkin flour with the finest qualities. The research method used was an experimental method with a Randomized Group Design (RAK). The drying temperature treatment consisted of 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, each repeated 5 times. Analysis of the characteristics of flour in this study included water content, beta-carotene content, yield and organoleptic tests on color, taste, aroma and texture. The research results showed that a drying temperature of 70°C produced the best characteristics of pumpkin flour. This determination was based on a water content of 14.20%, yield of 21.8%, and beta-carotene of 221.00 ppm. Meanwhile, a drying temperature of 50°C produces the preferred color, taste and aroma of pumpkin flour.

Immature stages of the Zebra Hairstreak butterfly, Arawacus separata (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): a model organism for studies on mimicry and mutualism

Hairstreak butterflies are model organisms in evolutionary biology due to the variety of predator-avoidance strategies they possess, including false head mimicry and symbiosis with ants, both of which Zebra Hairstreaks employ. Natural history information is basic for the generation of hypothesis-driven research in ecology and evolution, especially for holometabolous organisms. Here, the complete life cycle of the Zebra Hairstreak Arawacus separata is described for the first time. The natural history records, including citizen science, for other Zebra Hairstreaks species in Eumaeini were also reviewed. Host plant records for A. separata indicate that its caterpillars are oligophagous on Solanaceae, being locally specialized on the shrub Cestrum strigilatum (Solanaceae). Development from egg to adult was found to last ~30 days. Caterpillars underwent four instars with cryptic coloration and texture. The larval tegument is covered by short dendritic setae and pore cupola organs (PCOs), and, from the second instar on, shows a dorsal nectary organ (DNO). Caterpillars live on plants surrounded by ants throughout their entire ontogeny. Facultative symbiosis was observed in all instars with seven ant species in four genera. Myrmecophily is potentiated by honeydew-producing hemipterans and attractive sap of leaf lesions. Territory occupancy of males and non-aerial contests suggest a neglected role of sexual selection in the evolution of the false-head traits. Due to the typical false-head wing coloration pattern and myrmecophily, A. separata is proposed as a model organism to study mimicry and mutualism.

Evaluating the Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) powder in the preparation of ice cream: Improving the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content

This study evaluated the content of total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and functional properties of an ice cream formulated from Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) powder. The antioxidant capacity of pulp and powder from Andean blueberry was performed by using ABTS*+ and DPPH methods. The blueberry powder was obtained by convection drying, and the rheological and thermal properties of the ice cream were determined by rotational rheology and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The stability of ice cream was evaluated at -15 °C during storage for 30 days, measuring color, texture, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds. The results showed a moisture content of 77.64% (w.b), 13.59 °Brix, pH of 3.0, and titratable acidity of 1.35% for the Andean blueberry pulp. The color parameters L*(10.2), a*(3.5), and b* (7.4) indicated the typical dark purple color of this fruit. Andean blueberry powder shows a moisture content of 5.20% (w.b), solubility of 58.24% in water, and color parameters’ values of L*(16.0), a*(16.9) and b*(8.1), with 1.43 mg GAE g-1 of total phenol, while, for the pulp, it was 4.31 GAE g-1. The antioxidant capacity ranged between 200 and 161 μmol TEs g-1 dry mass for pulp and from 56 to 49 μmol TEs g-1 dry mass for powder. Adding powder from Andean blueberry in the ice cream decreases overrun and delays the melting time. Finally, the ice cream showed good stability during storage time, keeping the color, and texture properties such as hardness, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity.

Quantifying Emotional Responses to Immutable Data Characteristics and Designer Choices in Data Visualizations.

Emotion is an important factor to consider when designing visualizations as it can impact the amount of trust viewers place in a visualization, how well they can retrieve information and understand the underlying data, and how much they engage with or connect to a visualization. We conducted five crowdsourced experiments to quantify the effects of color, chart type, data trend, data variability and data density on emotion (measured through self-reported arousal and valence). Results from our experiments show that there are multiple design elements which influence the emotion induced by a visualization and, more surprisingly, that certain data characteristics influence the emotion of viewers even when the data has no meaning. In light of these findings, we offer guidelines on how to use color, scale, and chart type to counterbalance and emphasize the emotional impact of immutable data characteristics.

Phenotypic characterization and principal component analyses of Bangkok chicken in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Bangkok chicken is a significant genetic resource in Indonesia, valued culturally and economically. However, limited reports on its phenotypic diversity risks genetic loss. This study aimed to assess phenotypic characterization of Bangkok chicken through qualitative and quantitative traits. Methods included qualitative classification, morphometric measurements, correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). A T-test analyzed sex differences in body weight and morphometric traits. The research findings revealed that the male Bangkok chickens had 44.16% black-red (black dominant) feather colour and 73.20% yellow shank. Meanwhile, the females had 78% black feather colour and 34% black shank. The pea comb type was dominant in both sexes. The results indicated that the body weight and morphometric traits of male Bangkok were higher than those of females. In the total population, the PC1 accounted for 56.92% of the total variance. Morphometric features, such as breast girth and shank length were strongly correlated with body weight, highlighting their potential as reliable traits for selection and breeding Bangkok chickens. In conclusion, the study identified key phenotypic characteristics, which were body weight, breast girth, and shank length. These traits are strongly correlated and can serve as reliable criteria for selecting and improving Bangkok chicken breeds. Highlight The variation of qualitative traits of Bangkok chickens, consisting of feather colour, shank colour, and comb type, were widely varied across the population. Sexual dimorphism (male and female) affected all the parameters in quantitative traits, and the PCA identified breast girth and shank length as the key potential criteria for selecting Bangkok chicken.

Hipomelanismo en la tortuga jicotea de agua Trachemys venusta

The Mesoamerican Slider Trachemys venusta ocurr from several Central American countries to Mexico. The first case of hypomelanism in a captive-born specimen is formally reported. In this chromatic aberration or pigmentary anomaly resulting from genetic factors, the dark tones of specimen’s body with carapace length 77 mm and undetermined sex, were observed pale (discolored), except for the eyes which retained normal coloration, were the patterns of lines and ocelli in yellow and green tones also persisted. Additionally, the plastron exhibited a lighter yellow hue compared to the typical coloration. In the wild, such color abnormalities can be considered a disadvantage as they contrast with the specimen in aqueous murky environments, making it more susceptible to detection and predation compared to specimens with normal coloration.

Embracing diversity and inclusivity in nursing: challenges and opportunities for transgender and intersex individuals in Pakistan

Variety is an integral aspect of our world, adding beauty and enabling us to appreciate the diverse qualities present in different aspects of life. Imagine a world without diversity, where we are left with only one type of fruit, flower, or colour. Such uniformity would render life bland and monotonous. Hence, the importance of diversity cannot be overstated, as it brings vibrancy and richness to our existence, making it essential for our well-being. God created diverse sexes, including female, male, intersex, and transgender individuals, each with roles to fulfil. However, intersex and transgender people often face barriers to healthcare access, professionals' unfamiliarity with relevant terminology, failure to respect patients' preferred pronouns, and treatment in non-inclusive environments [1]. Similarly, a 2024 study by Nation, Austin found that LGBT individuals often face fear, stigma, discrimination, homophobia, and even violence when seeking healthcare and mental health services [2]. Transgender individuals are underrepresented in nursing worldwide, including in Pakistan, due to fears of discrimination and social rejection, despite the profession's esteemed status. Pakistan is grappling with a severe shortage of nurses, as evidenced by the 2022-23 report from the Pakistan Nursing Council, which indicates a total enrolment of 103,821 registered nurses. In the Asian region, there has been a notable increase in the departure of nursing professionals as a result of stress, burnout, and disproportionate workloads both proceeding and during the COVID-19 pandemic [3]. To address the nursing shortage, the transgender and intersex community's potential should be recognized, given their physical and mental strength. Historically, they held roles like guards and chamberlains in the Middle East and China [4]. Transgender individuals, known for their compassion and empathy, are ideal for nursing roles. Integrating them helps address the nursing shortage, provides dignified opportunities, and reduces involvement in unethical activities like sex work and begging. Nurses should explore how to integrate transgender and intersex individuals into the profession with respect and dignity, considering eligibility, educational gaps, cultural objections, and workplace readiness. Rigorous research is needed to address these issues and ensure equal rights for all.

Factors Influencing the Three-dimensional Distribution of Microplastics on Sandy Beaches: A Case Study from the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea

Microplastic pollution stands as an emerging threat to sandy beach ecosystems, globally. However, beaches are three-dimensional systems, and only a limited number of studies investigated the vertical and horizontal distribution of microplastics in these systems. Furthermore, the causative drivers behind the three-dimensional distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches have not been well understood. Therefore, 7 potential factors including total organic content, sand grain size, beach length, and width, the proximity of the study site to the closest city center (a proxy for the tourism influence), cleaning frequency of the beaches, and road type next to the beach on nine sandy beaches of the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea were collectively investigated as causative drivers. Microplastic abundance, size, and compositions were examined in sand samples collected at different depths between 0 and 105 cm. While microplastic abundance was evenly distributed horizontally, it showed a gradual decline with increasing depth. The abundance of microplastics varied between 21.18±0.98 item/kg-1 (at the beach surface) and 2.78±0.93 item/kg-1 (at the deepest sampling point). Potential factors examined here explained 84.7% of the variation in microplastic abundance with the highest relative influence by wave actions. Microplastic size showed a seaward decline on the beach surface with 1045.11±274.36 μm, but it seemed similar between depths. Other characteristics (color, shape, and polymer type) significantly differed between depths and tidal heights. The majority of the microplastics were fragments (38.4%) and foams (37.8%). White was the most available microplastic color with 30.23%. Microplastics detected on these sites were dominated by polystyrenes. The factors examined here explained their variations of microplastic characteristics between 84.25% and 89.14%. This study provides important insights into the current literature by examining multiple causative drivers for the three-dimensional microplastic distribution on sandy beaches, which should be useful for management strategies to reduce the impact of these contaminants on organisms.

Vertical distribution characteristics of microplastics and bacterial communities in the sediment columns of Jianhu lake in China.

Microorganisms change the properties of microplastics, at the same time, microplastics can also affect the distribution of microorganisms. To investigate this issue, we chose to study Jianhu Lake, a plateau lake in southwestern China, by collecting data at three sampling locations. The microplastics and bacterial communities in the sediment columns of Jianhu Lake were sampled within a 0 to 60cm profile, and the basic characteristics of microplastic abundance, shape, color, size, and polymer type were determined accordingly, via their collection, separation, extraction, and identification. The bacterial community in the sediment samples were identified using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and we assessed whether those microplastic characteristics influenced the community composition and structure. We found the abundance of microplastics ranged from 624 to 3050 particles/kg (dw [dry weight]) in the three sediment columns. Line microplastics accounted for the largest proportion and these were found distributed in each layer. The polymer types present in the largest proportions were rayon (RY), polyester terephthalate (PET) and low-density styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). Among the bacterial communities in the sediment columns, the dominant phyla were Chloroflexi, Sva0485, Acidobacteriota, etc. The co-occurrence network analysis between the bacterial community and microplastic features in the sediment columns of Jianhu Lake revealed that there was a correlation between them, and the network were more complex at a depth of 20-40cm. Our results demonstrate that microplastics can affect the diversity and structural characteristics of microbial communities in a lake ecosystem.

Andalusian and Classical Ottoman Mosque Architecture Features

Cultures have met and influenced each other throughout history, and new and original products have emerged. Andalusian works, which were formed under the influence of Islamic and Christian architectural culture in history, and Ottoman architectural works, which were put forward by considering aesthetics and symmetry, are worth examining and are the subject of many scientific studies. In this study, the characteristics of Andalusian and Ottoman mosque architectures, which represent two peaks in Islamic civilization, were examined and compared. There is a perfect harmony between the multi-column and horseshoe-shaped arches in Andalusian mosques, but this situation creates a dim image. In terms of external appearance, it is reported that the mosques face north, and there is one square-based minaret here. The minarets, which have survived to the present day, have the appearance of a high building and terraces on the upper parts used for observation purposes. In the Ottoman Empire, minarets were built more than once in mosques built by dynasty members and in sultanate mosques, giving the city an aesthetic appearance and being symmetrical with the mosque. In this study, architectural features of mosques in terms of columns, plan, facade arrangement, light order and amount, mortar figures, plant and flower figures, tile decoration, Kufic script, use of bricks, number of minarets, the shape of minarets, arch, color type, and construction process. These features were compared and discussed in the light of social and cultural effects. Keywords: Andalusia; Ottoman; Architecture; Mosque; Culture.

Natural light vs artificial light. Effects of light pollution on the bioluminescence of dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula

Although there are thousands of marine bioluminescent species, very little is known about the effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) on these organisms, particularly those living near the sea surface, such as dinoflagellates. These organisms have a circadian clock that influences their rhythmic physiology, including processes like photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, which help regulate marine carbon and nitrogen cycles, respectively. The purpose of this study is to partially address this knowledge gap and research the effects of light pollution on the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula through a series of experiments aimed at verifying the consequences due to changes in the normal day-night circadian cycle and exposure to different types of light source, colors, and light intensities. The response variable was the Corrected Total Algal Bioluminescence, which was recorded with a digital camera and then calculated with the ImageJ software. Results show that dinoflagellates do not appear to be susceptible to slight changes in the light/dark cycle. However, a total absence of light and darkness leads to a drastic inhibition of their bioluminescence, particularly under white LED or incandescent artificial light and with a light intensity of 100 lux or higher.

Macrofouling on marine litter in a Southwest Atlantic urban tropical bay and surrounds.

Rafting is the transport of marine litter by organisms, influenced by substrate characteristics such as degradation, shape, surface orientation, color, and polymer type. This study focuses on rafting in the Southwest Atlantic, characterizing biofouling on different materials across high- and low-energy beaches. Conducted in Guanabara Bay and Niteroi's oceanic beaches, sampling focused on strandlines. Litter was categorized by material, shape, degradation, surface orientation, color, and polymer, with fouling organisms identified to the lowest taxonomic level. Flechas, Icaraí, and Itaipu beaches had the highest litter concentrations due to their geographic orientation and wind exposure. Biofouling was more frequent on intact litter with cylindrical or irregular shapes, rough surfaces, and white, red, or green PET or PP plastics. Polychaetes, bryozoans, and barnacles were the most common organisms. These findings highlight substrate and environmental conditions that influence rafting in the region, underscoring the role of plastic waste as novel ecological substrate in coastal ecosystems.

Investigation of the Variation of Ocean Color and Phytoplankton Functional Types in the Bay of Bengal

The monthly and inter annual variability of Ocean color products and Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFTs) are examined in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) from satellite data (2000-2020). Monthly Chlorophyll-a, Color Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) data of merged satellites are used in this study. Ten PFTs (Microplankton, Nanoplankton, Picoplankton, Diatoms, Green Algae, Dinoflagellates, Prymnesiophytes, prokaryotes, pico-eukaryotes, Prochlorococcus; 3 phytoplankton size classes (PSC), 7 phytoplankton taxonomic compositions (PTC) are derived from individual monthly Chlorophyll-a. All data are averaged over the BoB region. We have found that the average Chlorophyll-a was decreasing (0.35 mg/m3 to .25 mg/m3) from the year of 2000 to 2020; whereas CDOM shows a sinusoidal relation from the year of 2000 to 2020; PAR has showed a decrease until 2014 then increase; SPM shows a rapid exponentially increasing trend from 2013. The highest Chlorophyll-a is found in the monsoon season (August) due to the high load of river discharge, cloudy environment, and associated favorable conditions; the lowest Chlorophyll-a is found in summer (April) due to the increased sunlight and PAR. Diatoms are the most dominant group in the BoB, which is going to be replaced by smaller planktons like Prochlorococcus species. Chlorophyll-a has a strong relationship with CDOM whereas PAR has a negative relationship with Chlorophyll-a and CDOM. Prokaryotes and Prochlorococcus have showed negative correlation with other functional groups. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 13(1), 2024, P 31-45

Phenotypic characterization of Nguni goats in four agro-ecological zones of Limpopo province, South Africa.

The study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Nguni goats from four agro-ecological zones of Limpopo province, South Africa. A total of 426 goats were sampled from four agro-ecological zones. The quantitative traits that were studied for phenotypic characterization using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were heart girth (HG), body length (BL), withers height (WH), sternum height (SH), rump height (RH), rump length (RL), rump width (RW), cannon circumference (CC), testicular length (TL) and scrotal circumference (SC) while qualitative traits were coat colour pattern and type, back profile, ear orientation, presence of horn, horn shape and orientation. The study further looked at the structural indices of the goats. The findings indicated that the agro-ecological zones significantly affected (P<0.05) the quantitative traits of Nguni goats. Female goats from arid zone had higher (P<0.05) BW, HG, BL, WH, RH, and CC with mean values of 35.76±0.92, 73.89±0.63, 66.26±0.62, 63.40±0.56, 64.71±0.44 and 8.07±0.06, respectively as compared to the other zones. Male goats from arid zone had higher (P<0.05) BW, HG, BL, RW, TL and SC with mean values of 37.20±2.29, 78.75±1.44, 70.95±1.57, 16.83±0.38, 15.50±0.50 and 31.00±0.00, respectively as compared to other zones. In terms of qualitative traits, the goats were characterized by higher proportion of patchy coat colour pattern (62.7%), brown dominant colour type (42.6%), straight back profile (46.6%), and semi-pendulous ear orientation (65.4%). The goats had horns (100%), curved horn shape (71.6%) and backward horn orientation (89.4%). Though the agro-ecological zone had non-significant influence (P>0.05) on the qualitative traits. Findings of structural indices on dactyl-thoracic, transversal pelvic, longitudinal pelvic and proportionality indicated that the Nguni goats can be matched as light medium meat type. In conclusion, the variation in morphometric traits of Nguni goats and knowing their structural and functional indices can assist in their conservation and genetic improvement. There was no difference in the qualitative traits of the goats in four agro-ecological zones. Studies needed to be conducted on genetic characterization using genetic markers to integrate the information from morphological traits.

Overall Thermal Transfer Analysis of Glazing Facade Design for Passive Building Energy Efficiency

The global warming incremental impacts such as temperature, precipitation, rise in sea level, and extreme weather events are indeed being observed globally. In recent decades, energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions have increased due to buildings being designed with active cooling and heating solutions, despite global attempts to reduce energy consumption. About 50 percent of all energy use is attributed to buildings. There has been a debate for Decades on building active and passive design, but very limited studies have been carried out to confirm the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) during the operation phase of the building. This paper highlights the analysis of OTTV in the Passive Design Strategies using several conditions of glazing facades. The passive design of glazing facade strategies includes the variation in opaque wall Colour with different values of the coefficient of solar absorption, change in glazing type (U-Value and Shading Coefficient), and the decrease in the size of the openings. Building parameters were collected and OTTV was determined using the equation in Malaysian Standard MS 1525 for Energy Efficiency. The OTTV was then compared to the recommended value for Malaysia’s tropical climate. Results showed that different paint Colours improved OTTV by up to 23.05%, changing glazing type reduced OTTV from 76.93 W/m² (Base case) to 64.12 W/m² (Double Low-E, e2=.1 Tint green), and reducing glass area by 10% lowered OTTV to 62.24 W/m².Whereas, by combining the Type of Glazing and White facade Colour the OTTV was reduced to 39.68%. It is concluded that this OTTV analysis enhances building energy efficiency and reduces cooling loads.

Comparison of microplastic abundance and characteristics in rural rivers : Hamada River, Japan and Mlese River, Indonesia

Abstract Microplastics have negative chemical and ecological effects on aquatic biota and humans. However, few studies have explored the abundance of microplastic in rural river. This study aims to compare of the abundance of microplastic, size distribution, color, and polymer types in rural river of Japan and Indonesia. Data were collected at one of river point in the in the Hamada River, Japan during dry season and Mlese River, Indonesia during rainy season. The sampling and analysis methods were in accordance with the Japanese Riverine Microplastic Survey Guidelines, the microplastics in the range of 500-5,000 μm were determined by optical microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Film shaped, size 1,000-3,000 μm, and polymer type polyethylene and polypropylene were the majority of the identified microplastics both in Hamada River and Mlese River. Meanwhile, the dominated colors were gray for Hamada River and transparent for Mlese River. The abundance of microplastic were 5.5×10−2 particles/m3(discharge:0.032 m3/s) for Hamada River and 2.2×10−3 particles/m3 (discharge:8.12 m3/s) for Mlese River. A low abundance of microplastic in Mlese River is a result of the high flow velocity and discharge. Moreover, that shows Hamada River’s microplastic is 26 times greater, this indicates that Japan uses more plastic products to support crop production compared to Indonesia and influence the river water pollution by microplastics.

Quantitative analysis of seven commonly used synthetic food color additives by HPLC-PDA

Sixteen color additives (tar colors) were detected in 128 food samples (macarons, meringue cookies, and coque macarons) using HPLC with a photodiode array detector at 420 nm, 520 nm, and 620 nm for the yellow, red, and blue and green color types, respectively. The tar color recovery rates ranged from 81.3 to 95.6%, and their limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.001–0.049 mg/kg and 0.004–0.147 mg/kg, respectively. Seven tar colors (Y4, Y5, R3, R40, R102, B1, and B2) were detected in 129 samples. All the samples did not contain nine tar colors (R2, G3, Azo, R106, QY, ORII, BBN, PBV, and GS). The quantity of tar colors (Y4, Y5, R40, and B1) in 15 samples exceeded the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) standard. Ninety samples (70%) used a mixture of two or more tar colors, and the amount used was 11.0–1643.3 mg/kg. The quantity of combined tar colors in 15 samples exceeded 300 mg/kg. Through these findings, this study aims to contribute to the development of safer and more reliable desserts containing tar colors, by enhancing safety measures and ensuring improved quality control for consumer protection.

A geospatial dataset of lichen key attributes in the Earth's three poles.

In the Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau-recognized as the Earth's three poles characterized by extremely harsh environments-lichens prevail in the ecosystem and play crucial roles as pioneer species. Despite their importance, studies investigating the spatial distribution patterns of lichen attributes are scarce due to a lack of appropriate datasets. To bridge this gap and enhance our understanding of the growth preferences of lichens in these areas, here we present a geospatial dataset encompassing key attributes of lichens, such as color type and growth form, for over 2800 lichen species and 170,000 in-situ lichen records. The dataset facilitates the creation of the first spatial distribution map illustrating the variation of lichen attributes across different latitudes and longitudes. This can serve as a foundational resource for studies on the relationship between lichen types and their growing environment, which is a vital scientific question in the ecology domain. Additionally, it can contribute to the development of specialized remote sensing technique tailored for lichen monitoring, which is currently lacking.

Effect of Various Carbohydrates in Aqueous Solutions on Color Stability and Degradation Kinetics of Selected Anthocyanins During Storage.

Anthocyanins are flavonoid substances of plant origin with potential antioxidant effects. Because of their intense colors, they are used as natural dyes in food. However, their stability in food matrices is limited. This study aimed to verify the effect of selected carbohydrates on the stability of anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, cyanidin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside, cyanidin-3-O-β-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-β-rutinoside) during the accelerated storage test, since carbohydrates help to preserve the typical color of anthocyanins, increase their shelf-life and availability in the organism, and reduce losses during processing. Moreover, the kinetic parameters of anthocyanin degradation (Ea, k, t1/2) were determined. Sucrose was found to have the greatest potential for retarding anthocyanin degradation during storage, whereas fructose exerted an accelerating effect. Glycosidation of anthocyanin aglycone had no significant effect in terms of their stability. Anthocyanin degradation was significantly positively correlated with the change in the a* parameter (redness), and subsequently, a significant positive correlation was observed in the determination of the kinetic parameters for anthocyanins and the a* parameter. The highest stability of anthocyanins was observed in the presence of sucrose and their degradation can be predicted by the value of the a* parameter, which would also be a very fast and non-destructive method for food processing companies.

Microplastic diversity increases the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil

The impact of microplastics on antibiotic resistance has attracted widespread attention. However, previous studies primarily focused on the effects of individual microplastics. In reality, diverse microplastic types accumulate in soil, and it remains less well studied whether microplastic diversity (i.e., variations in color, shape or polymer type) can be an important driver of increased antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) abundance. Here, we employed microcosm studies to investigate the effects of microplastic diversity on soil ARG dynamics through metagenomic analysis. Additionally, we evaluated the associated potential health risks by profiling virulence factor genes (VFGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Our findings reveal that as microplastic diversity increases, there is a corresponding rise in the abundance of soil ARGs, VFGs and MGEs. We further identified microbial adaptive strategies involving genes (changed genetic diversity), community (increased specific microbes), and functions (enriched metabolic pathways) that correlate with increased ARG abundance and may thus contribute to ARG dissemination. Additional global change factors, including fungicide application and plant diversity reduction, also contributed to elevated ARG abundance. Our findings suggest that, in addition to considering contamination levels, it is crucial to monitor microplastic diversity in ecosystems due to their potential role in driving the dissemination of antibiotic resistance through multiple pathways.