Water Color Research Articles

Determining the Spectral Requirements for Cyanobacteria Detection for the CyanoSat Hyperspectral Imager with Machine Learning.

This study determines an optimal spectral configuration for the CyanoSat imager for the discrimination and retrieval of cyanobacterial pigments using a simulated dataset with machine learning (ML). A minimum viable spectral configuration with as few as three spectral bands enabled the determination of cyanobacterial pigments phycocyanin (PC) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) but may not be suitable for determining cyanobacteria composition. A spectral configuration with about nine ideally positioned spectral bands enabled estimation of the cyanobacteria-to-algae ratio (CAR) and pigment concentrations with almost the same accuracy as using all 300 spectral channels. A narrower spectral band full-width half-maximum (FWHM) did not provide improved performance compared to the nominal 12 nm configuration. In conclusion, continuous sampling of the visible spectrum is not a requirement for cyanobacterial detection, provided that a multi-spectral configuration with ideally positioned, narrow bands is used. The spectral configurations identified here could be used to guide the selection of bands for future ocean and water color radiometry sensors.

Development of Food Seasoning Powder from Subgrade Fish Cracker with Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.)

The subgrade of fish crackers known as amplang refers to some parts of amplang that do not meet the standard but can still be consumed and sold at a lower price, so it has contributed to the decrease in company profits. This study intends to develop a food seasoning powder created from the subgrade of amplang fish crackers with the addition of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.). Five formulations were developed with amplang powder and red spinach powder in the range of 36.66% to 66.66% and 0% to 30%, respectively. The best formulation is chosen based on sensory evaluation, followed by nutritional analysis and storage stability. Formulation 4 was chosen as the best, which consists of 41.60% subgrade amplang powder with 25% red spinach powder. The proximate analysis showed the F4 contained 6.18% moisture, 0.64% ash, 9.83% crude fat, 12.69% protein, 9.88% crude fibre, 47.27% dietary fibre, 61.46% carbohydrate, and a calorie content of 404.83 kcal/100 g, which significantly increased in ash, protein, and crude fibre contents compared to the control sample. Water activity (AW), colour and microbiological status showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) throughout the eight weeks of storage indicated that sample was stable during storage periods. Therefore, the development of this seasoning powder can be used as an alternative for amplang subgrade to be upgraded with better acceptability and enhance its nutritional value, which is beneficial to the consumer.

The Effect of Foaming Agent and Maltodextrin Concentrations on the Characteristics of Bidara Fruit Powder Drink, Strawberry and Butterfly Pea Flower

This research aimed to determine the effect of the concentration of foaming agent and maltodextrin on the characteristics of bidara fruit powder drink, strawberry, and butterfly pea flower. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors and three replications. Data analysis used ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% confidence level. The first factor was the concentration of the foaming agent (egg white) (5% (F1), 6% (F2), 7% (F3)). The second factor was the concentration of maltodextrin 7.5% (M1), 10% (M2) and 12.5% ​​(M3)). Parameters observed included moisture content, ash content, yield, pH value, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, solubility, color, and organoleptic analysis including taste, aroma and color. The results of the treatment of egg white and maltodextrin concentrations had a significant effect on water content, yield, pH, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, solubility, and color. The best treatment in this research was bidara fruit powder drink with a concentration of foaming agent (7%) and 12.5% ​​maltodextrin with 35% water content, 0.88% ash content, pH 5.95, 68.86% antioxidant activity, vitamin C 141 mg/100g, color L 3.15, a -0.20, b -2.55 and yield 25.33%, taste score 3.94 (like), aroma 1.19 (very dislike ), color 4.38 (like), and anthocyanin content 8.60 mg/L.

Gelatin-Based Hydrogels Containing Microcrystalline and Nanocrystalline Cellulose as Moisture Absorbers for Food Packaging Applications

Sustainable hydrogels are an innovative biodegradable alternative to traditional packaging materials. They offer exceptional water absorption capacity and high biocompatibility, making them ideal food absorbents to reduce plastic waste, extend shelf life and ensure the safety and quality of packaged foods. In this study, hydrogels based on gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were developed, characterized, and applied in the packaging of chicken breasts. For this, MCC was isolated from the banana pseudostem and commercial NCC was incorporated into a gelatin solution to produce the hydrogel materials by film casting. The resulting hydrogels were analyzed in terms of morphology, structural properties, water absorption capacity, mechanical strength, and color properties. The results showed that the incorporation of MCC and NCC significantly improved the mechanical integrity of the hydrogels, which prevented premature deformation of the hydrogels when they absorbed moisture. In addition, changes in the color properties of chicken breast samples in contact with the hydrogels were observed, indicating their ability to preserve food quality. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the hydrogels for chicken breast storage at 4 °C for 4 days was validated. The results demonstrated that the hydrogels developed in this study are a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional packaging materials that can extend the shelf life of food products while maintaining their physical and microbiological integrity.

Historical Factors Influencing Water Colour Painting Market Environment and Development in China Market Supervisor as a Moderator

Purpose: China has a long history of art, including watercolour painting, which has garnered international acclaim. China can gain recognition for its artistic accomplishments and contribute to the global art community by preserving and promoting the practise of watercolour painting both domestically and internationally. Theoretical framework: The tale of the development of Chinese watercolour painting is intricate and multidimensional, reflecting the impact of several historical events (Li, 2023; Yin,2022). These elements have all contributed to the creation of this stunning and lasting art form, from the rich philosophical and cultural traditions of China to the impact of aesthetic trends and technical advancements. Design/Methodology/Approach: A total of 495 respondents participated in the survey comprised of 110 watercolour artist collectors, 220 watercolour paintings and 165lectors and business intermediaries 165. This study was a cross-sectional study where the data collection period is from August to October 2021. Using Smart PLS, the collected data is analysed. Findings: The study revealed that watercolour painting is a popular art form among both artists and collectors. Watercolour paintings have been a popular art form for centuries, and this study confirms that their popularity remains strong among both artists and collectors. The delicate beauty of watercolours, with their translucent washes of colour and soft edges, is particularly appealing to those who appreciate the subtleties of art. Research, practical & social implications: This study found that watercolour paintings are highly valued by business intermediaries, who recognize their potential as investments. In fact, many galleries and auction houses specialize in selling watercolours, and the market for these works continues to grow. Originality/Value: It is important to note that not all watercolour paintings are created equal - some are more highly prized than others based on factors such as the artist's reputation, the quality of the materials used, and the subject matter depicted. Overall, this study underscores the enduring appeal of watercolour paintings and their continued relevance in today's art world.

Responses of a Submerged Macrophyte Potamogeton crispus and Epiphytic Biofilm to Humic-Substance Enrichment Coupled with Brownification in Freshwater Habitats

Brownification denotes increasing water color, partly caused by increasing dissolved organic matter of terrestrial origin in freshwater. Brownification has become a wide-spread environmental problem because water color alters the physicochemical environment and biological communities in aquatic ecosystems. However, our understanding of its ecological effects on aquatic macrophytes is limited. Here, an indoor mesocosm experiment with a common submerged macrophyte, Potamogeton crispus, along an increasing gradient of brownification was conducted over a period of 42 days. Results showed that P. crispus was able to overcome low degrees of brownification owing to the plasticity in morphological and physiological traits and P. crispus growth even benefitted from the concomitant nutrients along with brownification. However, the macrophyte growth was negatively affected by a 10-fold increase in water color beyond its current level. Additionally, collapse in antioxidant systems and potent photosynthesis inhibition implied that P. crispus could not adapt to the low-light stress generated under the high degree of brownification. Epiphytic bacteria are more sensitive to brownification than their hosts. Any degree of brownification initially caused a decrease in microbial diversity of epiphytic biofilm, whereafter the concomitant nutrients under brownification favored the growth of epiphytic microorganisms. The shading effect of a large number of epiphytic biofilms under brownification may further aggravate the low-light stress on macrophytes. Overall, the study provides new insights into the comprehensive effects and underlying mechanisms of brownification on macrophytes.

The hub of the wheel or hitchhikers? The potential influence of large avian herbivores on other trophic levels in wetland ecosystems

Goose and swan populations have increased concurrently with environmental degradation of wetlands, such as eutrophication, vegetation losses, and decrease in biodiversity. An important question is whether geese and swans contribute to such changes or if they instead benefit from them. We collected data from 37 wetlands in southern Sweden April − July 2021 to study relationships between geese, swans and other waterbird guilds, macrophytes, invertebrates, as well as physical and water chemistry variables. Neither goose nor swan abundance was negatively correlated with other trophic levels (abundance, richness, or cover). On the contrary, goose or swan abundances were positively related to abundances of surface and benthic feeding waterbirds, cover of specific macrophytes, and to invertebrate richness and abundance. Moreover, invertebrates (number of taxa or abundance) were positively associated with abundance of several waterbird guilds and total phosphorous with surface feeders, whereas water colour was positively (surface feeders) or negatively (benthic feeders) related. We conclude that waterbirds are more abundant in productive wetlands and that geese and swans do not show clear deleterious effects on other trophic levels included in this study. However, patterns may be masked at the species level, which should be addressed in further studies, complemented with experimental studies of grazing impact.

A Circular Economy Approach in the Development of Superabsorbent Polymeric Matrices: Evaluation of the Mineral Retention

This manuscript focuses on the production of polymeric matrices enriched in minerals and antioxidant compounds. The biopolymers employed are obtained from different by-products of the agro-food industry (porcine plasma protein, pea protein concentrate and soy protein isolate), which helps to revalorize them. Two different manufacturing techniques are employed to produce these matrices: 3D-printing and injection molding. Bioactivity was enhanced through immersion of the samples in magnesium glutamate and iron lactate solutions. To incorporate these minerals and bioactive compounds into the matrices, two additional stages are required: (1) an immersion stage in a mineral/bioactive containing solution, which allows simultaneous removal of the glycerol employed as plasticizer and entrapment of the minerals and bioactive compounds; and (2) a subsequent freeze-drying stage. Matrices produced through these manufacturing processes were assessed through water uptake capacity, mineral analysis, bioactivity and color measurements. The studied matrices have great potential in the food industry, as the threshold for claiming a significant mineral content was reached after the immersion stage. The presence of bioactive compounds could avoid the degradation of these matrices when food processing includes stages at relatively high temperatures.

Sentinel-2 Observation of Water Color Variations in Inland Water across Guangzhou and Shenzhen after the Establishment of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area

Guangzhou and Shenzhen are two core cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). It is increasingly important to regulate water quality in urban development. The Forel–Ule Index (FUI) can be obtained by optical data and is an important indicator. Therefore, we used Sentinel-2 to calculate the FUI of 41 lakes and reservoirs in Guangzhou and Shenzhen from January to December in 2016–2021, and analyzed their spatio-temporal variations, including spatial distributions, seasonal variations, and inter-annual variations. We also performed a correlation analysis of driving factors. In Guangzhou, the FUI was low in the north and west, and high in the south and east. In Shenzhen, the FUI was high in the west and low in the east. Moreover, 68% of the lakes and reservoirs in Guangzhou exhibited seasonal variations, with a low FUI in summer and autumn, and high levels in spring and winter. Shenzhen had the lowest FUI in autumn. Furthermore, 36% of the lakes and reservoirs in Guangzhou exhibited increasing inter-annual variations, whereas Shenzhen exhibited stable and decreasing inter-annual variations. Among the 41 lakes and reservoirs analyzed herein, the FUI of 10 water areas were positively correlated with precipitation, while the FUI of 31 water areas were negatively correlated with precipitation. Increased precipitation leads to an increase in external pollutants and sediment, as well as the resuspension of substances in the water, resulting in more turbid water. Therefore, an increase in precipitation is positively correlated with the FUI, whereas a decrease in precipitation is negatively correlated with the FUI. These findings can be used to design suitable management policies to maintain and control the local water quality.

Applicability study of four atmospheric correction methods in the remote sensing of lake water color

Due to the complexity of spectral characteristics for inland lake water, high-precision atmospheric correction methods play an essential role in remote sensing. This research conducted atmospheric correction on the Tiande lake zone in Zhengzhou, China based on Zhuhai-1, Sentinel-2, Planet, and GF-2 images using four methods (QUAC, Dark Subtract, Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) and 6S). In doing so, water reflectance can be extracted and compared with the data measured from a ground-based spectrometer. The analysis indicates that the FLAASH method has best applicability to Zhuhai-1 and Sentinel-2 images; while 6S method shows best applicability to Planet and GF-2 images. The comparison of single-band images indicates that the four atmospheric correction approaches used in different images are proven to be applicable to construction of sensitive wavebands of a water body inversion model in the Tiande lake zone. The correction results of four types of images prove that FLAASH and 6S are more applicable to lake water color remote sensing inversion.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Natrium sitrat dan Variasi Prapemasakan Terhadap Karakteristik Multigrain Rice Instan


 
 
 
 Instant multigrain rice is instant rice with a combination of more than one type of rice, beans and grains. The study aimed to determine the effect of variations in precooking and the addition of sodium citrate on the physicochemical characteristics of instant multigrain rice. The research method used a combination of two factors, namely a combination of preprocessing (roasting and steaming) and sodium citrate concentration (2% and 5%). Data analysis used ANOVA at the 0.05% level. This study included preparation of ingredients, weighing of ingredients, size reduction of edamame and kidney beans, washing, soaking (Na3C6H5O7 2% and 5%), washing, precooking (roasting and steaming), cooking, cooling, freezing, thawing, drying, and rehydration. Variations in the preprocessing method and the addition of sodium citrate concentration had a significant effect on the value of water content, fiber content, protein content, fat content, color and rehydration time. The value of water content obtained ranges from 3.47%-5.03%, fat, 3.53%-4.09%, fiber 5.07%-5.51%, protein 12.23%-12.79, rehydration time 5.07-5.51 minutes and color obtained brightness value (L*) of 53.22%-53.79%, reddish value (a*) 7.08%-6.53%, and yellowish value (b*) 14.22%-14.81%.
 
 
 

Water Quality Status of Way Batanghari River, Metro City, Lampung Province Based on Water Fit for Consumption Parameters

Introduction: The need of water fit for consumption will continue to be sustainable along with the increasing human population, so we need a source of clean water that suitable for consumption. Therefore, this study aims to determine the water quality status of the Way Batanghari river based on an analysis of the feasibility of potable water. Methods: This research used survey method and water sampling in the Way Batanghari tributary, Metro City, Lampung using the consecutive sampling method. Results and Discussion: The physical parameters which include water color exceeds the 50 TCU and indicates the odor of ammonia. The chemical parameters which include COD were 63.5 mg/L (4th class) upstream, 59.3 mg/L (4th class) downstream. DO values upstream were 4.36 mg/L (1st class), 2.83 mg/L (3rd class) downstream. The phosporus value shows a number of 0.54 mg/L (2nd class). pH parameter which shows a value of 7.1 on the upstream, 6.6 on the downstream. Found species from class of Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae as parameters of pollution. Conclusion: Based on Regulation of the Minister of Health, Republic of Indonesia Number 492 of 2010, this river has color and odor of water shows that indicates not meet the requirements for consumption.

Effect of high pressure processing on traditional Turkish meatballs properties and microbiological safety during frozen storage

In this study, physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of high-pressurized Inegol meatballs (at 4 °C, for 10 min at 100, 200, 400, and 600 MPa) were investigated during frozen storage for 11 months. Water content, cooking loss, pH, protein solubility, SDS-PAGE, color parameters, textural and microbiological parameters were evaluated in both raw and cooked samples. Application of high pressure at 400–600 MPa had significant effects on protein solubility of the samples and these results corresponded with the SDS-PAGE. The pH of the samples increased as pressure levels increased. It was observed that ΔE and L* values of raw samples increased and a* and b* values decreased slightly as a result of the high pressure treatment. Aerobic bacteria count decreased significantly after the high pressure processing with increasing pressure levels, and that remained high throughout the storage period.

Aplikasi teknologi coating untuk peningkatan daya simpan bunga anyelir guna memperluas pasar edible flower

Flowers that can be consumed safely are known as edible flowers. Currently, edible flowers are becoming a trend in the floricultural business, besides ornamental flowers. The problem with fresh edible flower agribusiness is that the quality quickly declines, so the market is limited. Transpiration and respiration are one of the causes of fresh flowers being easily damaged. The proper coating will reduce transpiration and respiration and even microbial damage. Carnations are one of the most popular flowers because of their exotic colors. This study aimed to increase the shelf life of carnations as fresh edible flowers with coating technology. The coating materials studied were carrageenan with a concentration of 0.5% and 0.1% and chitosan with a concentration of 0.1% and 0.05%. Quality parameters measured were water content, weight loss, and color. The hedonic test is carried out to determine the limits of consumer acceptance of the quality of edible flowers. The results showed that the best treatment was coating with 0.1% chitosan solution (Q1). This treatment maintained water content, weight loss, and color (L and °hue values) for up to 6 days of storage, with panelists receiving a score of 3 (hedonic 0-5). Increasing the shelf life by three days longer than the control will increase the market reach so that the edible flower agribusiness market can be expanded. The cost of coating with 0.1% chitosan solution applied using the spray method was 95.2 IDR per flower.

Evaluation of treatment performance for one constructed wetland in a Swedish forest – A case study with emphasis on brownification mitigation

Brownification refers to the increase in water colour reported in many freshwater systems. Constructed wetlands (CW) are commonly used for pollutant mitigation, including the causes of brownification. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a CW established in a forest area with high colour and low pH on its capability to reduce nutrient and colour. The inflow and outflow colour (mg Pt/L), total organic carbon (TOC), and iron (Fe) were assessed daily over a period of recorded dynamic flows during spring and autumn 2019 (15 and 19 days, respectively). Total nitrogen (Ntot) and phosphorus (Ptot) were also assessed to verify the removal efficiency of this mature constructed wetland. The prevailing hydraulic retention time (HRT) was assessed using conservative tracing. The results showed that the colour, TOC, and Fe were not reduced during the evaluation period. In contrast, while colour did not change (4–8% increase) over the assessed periods, TOC and iron significantly increased by 7.7% and 29.5%, respectively, during spring (4.2% and 10.6% during autumn). As Ntot and Ptot increased by 14.8% and 120%, respectively, during spring (7.4% and 8.8% during autumn), we concluded that constructed wetlands designed for nutrient control offer little potential for the mitigation of brownification, as expressed by colour, under low pH conditions.

Remote sensing identification of urban water pollution source types using hyperspectral data

Owing to accelerated urbanisation, increased pollutants have degraded urban water quality. Timely identification and control of pollution sources enable relevant departments to effectively perform water treatment and restoration. To achieve this goal, a remote sensing identification method for urban water pollution sources applicable to unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral images was established. First, seven fluorescent components were obtained through three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter (DOM) combined with parallel factor analysis. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis of the seven fluorescence components and three spectral indices, four pollution source (PS) types were determined, namely, domestic sewage, terrestrial input, agricultural and algal, and industrial wastewater sources. Second, several water colour and optical parameters, including the absorption coefficient of chromophoric DOM at 254 nm, humification index, chlorophyll-a concentration, and hue angle, were utilised to develop an identification method with a recognition accuracy exceeding 70% for the four PSs that is suitable for UAV hyperspectral data. This study demonstrated the potential of identifying PSs by combining the fluorescence characteristics of DOM with the optical properties of water, thus expanding the application of remote sensing technologies and providing more comprehensive and reliable information for urban water quality management.

Pork preservation by antimicrobial films based on potato starch (PS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and incorporated with clove essential oil (CLO) Pickering emulsion

Pickering emulsion (PE) containing clove essential oil (CLO) has been the subject of extensive study because of its superior slow-release, powerful antibacterial and biological capabilities of CLO. In the current work, we have prepared antimicrobial layers with potato starch (PS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with CLO Pickering emulsion (PEC) and applied them for pork meat preservation. The measured Zeta potential was −21.7 mV. The estimated droplets' diameter was 186 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.104, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 57.9%. These results proved that PEC was successfully synthesized, and the high EE value guaranteed the effective antimicrobial effectiveness of CLO. The PEC in PS/PVA matrices was dispersed uniformly. Their homogeneous and smooth structures were proved by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions assured the crystallinity of the films and decreased tensile strength (22.4–6.80 MPa) and elongation percentage (375.3%–91.6%). The moisture content, water absorption, water vapour permeability, opacity and colour difference of the antimicrobial films were 8.80%–10.5%, 38.6%–65.9%, 1.70–2.20 × 10−12 g cm/cm2·s·Pa, 3.32–8.95 A/mm and 5.06–7.15, respectively. It is revealed that the antimicrobial layers had excellent dissolution stability and percentage of CLO release rate stability. We applied them for pork preservation, founding they assured a prolonged preservation period (10 days) and showed more potent inhibition of Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial films incorporation of PEC exhibited excellent potential in application of pork preservation.

Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019

Water color, often quantified using the Forel-Ule Index (FUI), is a crucial parameter for assessing the water quality and ecological health of coastal waters. However, there is limited research on the spatiotemporal variations of FUI and the associated influencing factors in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. In this study, we utilized multi-sensor satellite datasets to retrieve monthly FUI products for the Bohai and Yellow Seas spanning the period from September 1997 to December 2019. Subsequently, we examined significant spatial disparities and variations across multiple timescales in the remotely sensed FUI time series. The climatological annual mean FUI map reveals a decreasing trend from nearshore to offshore regions, with similar spatial patterns observed in terms of overall and interannual FUI variability. The annual variations in wind field, sea surface temperature (SST), and ocean stratification play a key role in the seasonal dynamics of FUI by modulating the sediment resuspension process, resulting in low FUI values in summer and high FUI values in winter. Linear regression analysis of FUI anomaly indicates a long-term decreasing trend in FUI for the three bays of the Bohai Sea, while upward trends in FUI predominantly prevail in the central Yellow Sea. Factors related to interannual FUI variations, such as surface winds, SST, river outflow, rainfall, and anthropogenic activities, are qualitatively discussed. The findings of this study provide the first comprehensive evaluation of water color variations and their underlying mechanisms in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.

Physicochemical, Structural, and Functional Properties of Snake Melon (Cucumis melo subsp. melo Var. flexuosus) Microencapsulated with Pea Protein and Pea Fibre by Freeze-Drying.

The purpose of this study was to obtain a functional, stable powder product from Cucumis melo subsp. melo Var. flexuosus (L.) to promote its consumption and reduce waste and production losses. The melons were ground and freeze-dried with or without biopolymers (pea protein (PPSM) or pea fibre (PFSM)). The physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of the powder were studied. The water content, water activity, bulk density, porosity, Hausner ratio, Carr index, hygroscopicity, water solubility, water absorption index, particle size, colour, and microstructure of the powder were determined. In addition, vitamin C, folates, chlorophyll a, total phenols and carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, and powder encapsulation efficiency were analysed. Snake melon (SM) powders contained vitamin C, folates, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and phenols, which contributed to their antioxidant capacity. The incorporation of PP or PF in the formulation before lyophilisation generated stable encapsulates that protected the bioactive compounds. PPSM and PFSM were less hygroscopic and more free-flowing and had lower water content and water activity compared to the SM. PFSM showed higher encapsulation efficiency and smaller particles with a smooth surface and oval shape.

Evaluation of osmodehydration and vacuum-assisted osmodehydration as pre-treatments during fruit drying process: The effect on drying rates, effective water diffusion and changes in product quality

This work evaluates the effect of applying osmodehydration (OD40 at atmospheric pressure) and pulsed-vacuum osmodehydration (ODVP40, at 498 mmHg) as pre-treatments before apple (cv. Granny Smith) drying. The pre-treatments were evaluated in terms of time-dependent free moisture content (MK), drying rates (DR), effective water diffusion (D), product shrinkage and color changes. The ODVP40 pre-treated samples (40 °Brix grape juice at 40 °C) had a higher total soluble solids content (p < 0.05) and lower moisture content (p < 0.05). Drying experiments were performed at three temperatures (50, 60, and 70 °C) and 3.5 m/s air-flow. Page model best fitted the MK (R2 >0.996) and DR (R2 >0.827). A response surface model was used to estimate the Page model parameters as a function of the initial sample's temperature (T) and total soluble solids concentration (SSo). D values (considering product shrinkage) were computed as 3.56–5.48 × 10−10 m2/s, 6.86–14.35 × 10−10 m2/s, 30.70–72.81×10–10 m2/s for fresh, OD40 and ODVP40 apple, respectively.