Water Color Research Articles

Unstable environmental conditions constrain the fine-tune between opsin sensitivity and underwater light in an Amazon forest stream fish.

Visual adaptations can stem from variations in amino acid composition, chromophore utilization, and differential opsin gene expression levels, enabling individuals to adjust their light sensitivity to environmental lighting conditions. In stable environments, adaptations often involve amino acid substitutions, whereas in unstable conditions, differential gene expression may be a more relevant mechanism. Amazon forest streams present diverse underwater lighting conditions and experience short-term water colour fluctuations. In these environments, it is less likely for genetic and amino acid sequences to undergo modifications that tailor opsin proteins to the prevailing lighting conditions, particularly in species having several copies of the same gene. The sailfin tetra, Crenuchus spilurus, inhabits black and clear water Amazon forest streams. The long-wavelength sensitivity (LWS) is an important component for foraging and courtship. Here, we investigated LWS opsin genes in the sailfin tetra. Three copies of LWS1 and two copies of LWS2 genes were found. The maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) estimated from the amino acid sequences of LWS1 genes exhibited variation among the different copies. In contrast, the copies of LWS2 genes showed identical expected λmax values. Although the amino acid positions affecting λmax varied among LWS genes, they remained consistent among populations living in different water colours. The relative expression levels of LWS genes differed between gene copies. While not formally tested, our results suggest that in fluctuating environments, visual adaptations may primarily stem from alterations in gene expression profiles and/or chromophore usage rather than precise genetic tuning of protein light sensitivity to environmental lighting conditions.

Water quality shapes the community structure of zoobenthos in rivers but only has a minor effect on the fatty acid composition of zoobenthos and salmonids

AbstractMany river ecosystems in the boreal zone have faced remarkable changes due to intensive human activities, including land‐use changes in the catchments and channelization. Recently, restoration efforts have increased, hoping to restore a more natural hydromorphology. We studied the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates (zoobenthos) in seven rivers in Eastern Finland, using samples that covered pre‐ and post‐restoration periods, to examine how environmental metrics relate to the zoobenthos community structure, and the fatty acid (FA) composition and content of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera nymphs and larvae. We also analyzed the FA composition and content of land‐locked salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago) in three of the rivers and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in two of the rivers. Zoobenthos communities differed significantly among most of the rivers: 24% of the differences between the zoobenthos communities were driven by water quality parameters related to the loading of terrestrial organic matter (water color, pH, and iron concentration). Temporal changes in zoobenthos communities could not be fully attributed to restorations. The FA composition of zoobenthos was mostly explained by phylogenetic origin (47%). However, especially mayfly Heptagenia sulphurea (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) had variable FA composition and content among the rivers suggesting an environmental quality indicator role for this species. FA composition and content of salmonids were mostly size‐dependent (24%), but river identity also influenced their FA composition (22%). Our results indicate that water quality affects the availability of essential FAs for consumers by altering the zoobenthos community structure and their FA composition and content.

Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in the adjacent environment of Yellow River Delta, China

In the precent study, the microplastics (MPs) pollution level was evaluated in diverse environmental samples from the Yellow River Delta. The results indicated that the abundance of MPs in water, sediment and soil samples ranged from 0.50 to 7.83 items·L−1, 200 to 4200 items·kg−1, and 100 to 1400 items·kg−1, respectively. Film form of MPs was dominant in water, while fiber MPs were dominant in both sediment and soil samples. In all samples, most MPs were < 1 mm in size. White was the main color in water, black was the main color in sediment and soil samples. The most common MPs type was polyethylene (33 %) in water, while rayon accounted for the majority of MPs in sediment (42 %) and soil (70 %) samples. The redundancy analysis results showed that MPs in water and sediment were more affected by water quality, while soil MPs were easily affected by landscape pattern.

Pike Mercury Concentration in Small Boreal Headwater Lakes During Four Decades of Regional and Local Changes

We measured the total mercury (THg) concentration in the muscle of northern pike (Esox lucius L.) from 12 boreal headwater lakes once per decade during the 1980s to 2010s. Relations of pike THg to regional environmental changes, such as reduction of acid deposition and increase in water colour (i.e. browning), were examined as well as the effects of local lake-specific changes caused by introduced beavers (Castor canadensis) and intensive fishing of pike. No consistent decrease in pike THg took place during 1983–2013 despite the reductions in mercury emissions from European sources since the 1990s and the associated decreased mercury deposition in Finland. In most of the lakes, individual pike exceeded the recommended limit for human consumption (1 mg kg−1, wet weight). The highest THg levels were recorded in 2002 following intensive browning of the lakes in the 1990s in connection with decreased sulphate deposition. The effects of acid deposition were only seen as the highest pike THg in the two most acidic lakes in the early 1980s. After taking length effects into account, pike THg had a negative relationship with growth (i.e. growth dilution), but a positive relationship with water colour, iron, nutrients and maximum lake depth. Females grew faster and had lower THg than males. Pike THg was elevated in beaver-impacted lakes. Experimental removal of pike from three study lakes during 2005–2013 resulted in a decrease of pike THg. These findings emphasize the significance of local abiotic and biotic drivers when interpreting the regional long-term trends in pike THg.

Assessment of River Water Quality as a Raw Water Source by Regional Drinking Water Companies

This study examines the water quality of the Sampit River in East Kotawaringin Regency, which serves as a source of raw water for the production of drinking water. Increased human activity results in various problems for the environment, in this case, water quality. Currently, the Sampit River is a source of raw water for the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Bagendang Unit, where the quality of the raw water also affects the quality of clean water produced and distributed by the PDAM Bagendang Unit to the community, especially in Sampit City. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the quality of the Sampit River water over the 3-year period from 2021 to 2023. In addition, the study analyzes activities in the vicinity of the Sampit River based on secondary data obtained from relevant agencies. The sampling method in this research was purposive, considering aspects of the field and season (March) and the presence of other activities around the Sampit River. Water quality test includes measurements of turbidity, color, TDS, temperature, odor, pH, Fe, hardness, Mn, NO3-N, NO2-N, organic substances, total coliform, and E. coli, which are then compared with PP Number 22 of 2021. Based on the results of the analysis carried out on the chemical and physical parameters of the Sampit River water, it was found that the water color, water temperature, Fe, Mn, total coliform, and E. coli exceeded the quality standards according to PP Number 22 of 2021. Meanwhile, the TDS, pH, NO3-, and NO2- are still below the quality standards according to PP Number 22 of 2021. These observations indicate that the condition of the Sampit River, which serves as the raw water source for the PDAM Bagendang Unit, is experiencing fluctuating changes, particularly during the rainy season (March 2021, 2022, and 2023). This will become a concern later in the processing of raw water into clean water conducted by the PDAM Bagendang Unit.

Aberturas de barra provocam mudanças de longa duração na dinâmica limnológica ao longo da coluna de água de uma lagoa costeira tropical

Abstract Aim In this study, we investigated the impact of an episodic marine intrusion on the water column characteristics of Jurubatiba lagoon, a tropical coastal ecosystem, for 12 months following a sandbar breaching event to elucidate the duration of its effects. Methods Monthly, we sampled the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics along the water column for one year after a sandbar breaching event and seawater inflow. We assessed the temporal (monthly) and spatial (along depth profiles) associations among these variables and the temporal correlation among vertical heterogeneities in these variables and environmental drivers of stratification. Results Marine intrusion resulted in salt wedges formation in the short-term, leading to stratification in dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and chlorophyll-a concentration along the water column for at least four months. However, temperature and solar incidence also emerged as crucial factors associated with vertical heterogeneity in limnological variables, influencing water density and pH throughout the study period. Precipitation and wind speed had only marginal effects on thermal and ectogenic stratifications, probably mediated by water colour, nutrient inputs, water column depth and lagoon’s orientation in the landscape. Conclusions Our data unveiled that, despite their shallowness and wind exposure, coastal lagoons can exhibit considerable vertical heterogeneities in limnological variables due to various climatic and hydrodynamic aspects. Notably, the effects of marine intrusions on salinity and ectogenic column stratification can persist for several months, affecting water quality and, probably, biotic communities and ecosystem functioning. Once human activities and climate change may intensify marine intrusions on coastal lagoons, understanding spatiotemporal dynamics and their drivers is fundamental to anticipating their effects and conserving such vulnerable ecosystems.

Study of Physical and Chemical Properties of Drinking Water Sources on the Citarum River Irrigation Area in Karawang, West Java, Indonesia

Citarum River in West Java has been named as the most polluted river in the world. The irrigation stream plays an important role in society as the source of agricultural and drinking water. However, the increasing number of industries and population density along the river have made this river dirtier. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of water in the Citarum River irrigation area. There were 33 samples that were taken for every 1,5 km. The physical chemical water parameters were tested at DLHK Karawang Water Laboratory. The water surface has a sharper color and smell when entering the industrial areas. This finding indicates that several chemical wastes are dumped directly into the water. The turbid color of the river water exceeds the set threshold. In addition, the dissolved iron content was above the standard. The results of this research can be implemented in the fields of water management, environment, and public health. Moreover, the results can be used as a basis for the government to make regulations. In addition, this can be used for other researchers in the development of science.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ЖЕЛЕЗА В РЕЧНОЙ ВОДЕ НА ТЕХНОЛОГИЮ ОЧИСТКИ

Various iron compounds in dissolved colloidal and complex forms can be found in the surface source water. Iron content in the water of the Tura depends on the time of year and changes from 0.12 to 3.8 mg/dm3. The variety of iron forms in river water depending on annual changes requires the application of relevant technologies for its elimination. Most iron compounds are removed by coagulation and, if complex compounds are present, by the use of oxidizing agents. Systematic analyses of qualitative indicators of the Tura water by the laboratory of Metelevsky water treatment plant of Metelevsky water intake made it possible to graph the dependences of iron quantitative values on water level (river flow rate), turbidity, colour, oxidation susceptibility and hydrogen pH. Since the forms of iron compounds in natural water affect the effective choice of water treatment technology for household and drinking water, the ratios of iron (II) and iron (III) in total iron in river water depending on the value of redox (Eh) and hydrogen (pH) indices were determined for different periods of the year. The results of the study showed that during water treatment it is necessary to carry out aeration with the introduction of oxidizing agent. The objectives of the study were to identify the ratio of iron (II) and iron (III) in total iron in river water for different periods of a year in terms of Eh and pH values. The ratio of iron forms in natural water is important in the choice of water treatment technology for domestic and drinking purposes. The research showed that if total iron content in the Tura water was 0.67 mg/dm3 the amount of iron (II) was 60 percent and iron (III) was 40 percent.

Tracing pistachio nuts’ origin and irrigation practices through hyperspectral imaging

Pistachio trees have become a significant global agricultural commodity because their nuts are renowned for their unique flavour and numerous health benefits, contributing to their high demand worldwide. This study explores the application of Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) and Machine Learning (ML) to determine pistachio nuts' geographic origin and irrigation practices, alongside predicting essential commercial quality and yield parameters. The study was conducted in two Spanish orchards and employed HSI technology to capture spectral data. It used ML models like Partial Least Squares (PLS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for analysis.The results demonstrated high accuracy in classifying pistachios based on origin, with accuracies exceeding 94%, and in assessing water content and colour pigments, where both PLS and SVM models achieved 99% accuracy. The research highlighted distinct spectral signatures associated with different irrigation treatments, particularly in the Near-Infrared (NIR) region, with PLS showing an accuracy of 92%. However, challenges were noted in predicting fruit orientation, while predicting height location within the tree was more successful, reflecting clearer spectral distinctions. Regression models also showed promise, particularly in predicting yield (R2 = 0.89 with PLS) and percentage of blank nuts (R2 = 0.71 with PLS). The correlation analysis revealed key insights, such as an inverse relationship between blank nuts and yield, and a strong correlation between yield and split nuts. Despite challenges in predicting fruit orientation, the research showed promising results in forecasting yield and commercial quality factors, indicating the effectiveness of spectral analysis in optimising pistachio production and sustainability.

Tecno-funcionalidades e capacidade antioxidante de farinha de grão-de-bico fermentada por Lacticaseibacillus casei ou por co-cultura (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium e Streptococcus thermophilus)

ABSTRACT: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; GB) is one of the most consumed pulses worldwide. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been a strategy to improve the nutritional and technological quality of chickpea flours, in addition to reducing the levels of antinutritional factors. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus casei or co-culture on water activity (Aw), color, antioxidant capacity, and techno-functional properties of chickpea flour. Chickpeas were fermented at 28 °C for 96 h with Lactobacillus Casei or co-culture, resulting in the samples GBLC and GBCC, respectively, dried at 50 °C, and ground to obtain the flours. Fermentation reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the Wa and color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) of the fermented flours (GBCC and GBLC). In terms of techno-functional properties, GBCC flours showed lower emulsifying capacity (EC, 80%) and emulsion stability (ES, 82.50%). GBLC and GBCC flours showed significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in swelling power only at 25 °C and a reduction in water solubility index (WSI) at all studied temperatures. LAB fermentation reduced the antioxidant capacity of GBLC e GBCC flours determined by the DPPH method, while in the FRAP method, there was an increase for GBCC and a reduction for GBLC. For the total phenolic content (TPC), there was an increase of 231% for GBCC flour and 164% for GBLC flour. Thus, it was concluded that the fermentation with Lactobacillus Casei and co-culture affected the Wa, color, EC, ES, WSI, the antioxidant capacity by the DPPH and FRAP assays, and the TPC of the fermented flours.

基于Forel-Ule指数的呼伦湖水色时空变化研究

基于Forel-Ule指数的呼伦湖水色时空变化研究

Characterization of Layer-by-Layer Biodegradable Films Based on Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-Nanochitosan

This research investigates the physical and optical properties of single-layer and layer-by-layer biodegradable films composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and nanochitosan. Initially, HPMC and nanochitosan were formulated as single layers at various concentrations, and subsequently, the selected formulas were utilized to produce a layer-by-layer film. The results indicate that the concentrations of 0.4% w/v HPMC and 0.5% w/v of nanochitosan were successfully assembled into a layer-by-layer biodegradable film. Assessment based on multiple parameters (thickness, moisture content, water vapor transmission rate, color, transparency, and biodegradability) reveals that the deposition of nanochitosan onto HPMC in a layer-by-layer configuration enhances most characteristics of single-layer HPMC films, with the exception of optical properties. Moreover, all samples were degraded within a seven-day observation period.

Perbandingan Pola Rasio Morfometrik dan Karakteristik Habitat Dua Spesies Ikan Cupang Alam (Betta spp.) Endemik Pulau Bangka

Bangka Island has extraordinary biodiversity. Bangka Island has various types of freshwater fish, including local and endemic fish. The natural betta fish Betta burdigala and Betta chloropharynx are two species of fish endemic to Bangka Island which are considered endangered. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in morphology and habitat characteristics between these two species. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The fish samples used were 10 Betta burdigala and Betta chloropharynx fish taken from Bikang Village, South Bangka Regency and Jade Bahrin Village, Bangka Regency from August to September 2023. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and presented as graphs or tables. There are eight main characteristics based on morphometric ratios, namely Total Length (TL), Body Length (BL), Tail Length (TL), Head Length (HL), Head Height (HH), Body Width-I (BW-I), Body Width-II (BW-II), and Body Width-III (BW-III). Based on morphometric ratios, there are differences in all morphometric characters. Betta burdigala and Betta chloropharynx live in peat swamp waters, the pH of Betta burdigala water is lower than the pH of Betta chloropharynx water, the color of Betta burdigala water is more black brown, while the color of Betta chloropharynx water is clearer.

Geophysical, hydrogeological and laboratory assessment of groundwater quality and its health implication in some urban communities in cross river state

The electrical resistivity technique which involved the Schlumberger depth sounding method, electrical resistivity tomography and geochemical analyses of water samples collected from boreholes were used to investigate the quality of groundwater in some urban communities in Cross River State, also the health implication of the said groundwater was also investigated. Forty nine electrical resistivity data were collected, modeled, and interpreted after calibration with lithologic logs. Ten electrical resistivity tomography data was were also collected, modeled and interpreted. Forty nine borehole water samples were collected and analyzed to determine anion, cation concentrations and some physical and chemical parameters, such as water colour, temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. The results show that the lithostratigraphy of the study area is composed of sands, sandstones (fractured, consolidated and loosed), siltstones, shales (compacted and fractured) of the Asu River Group, Eze-Aku Formation which comprises the aquifer units, and the Nkporo Shale Formation. The aquifer conduits are known to be rich in silicate minerals, and the groundwater samples in some locations show a significant amount of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. These cations balanced the consumption of H+ during the hydrolytic alteration of silicate minerals. The geochemical analysis of groundwater samples revealed dominant calcium–magnesium–carbonate– bicarbonate water faces. The groundwater quality was observed to be influenced by the interaction of some geologic processes but was classified to be good to excellent, indicating its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) Terhadap Karakteristik Permen Keras Rendah Kalori

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Low-calorie hard candy is a type of candy that has a low-calorie content and generally uses sugar substitutes such as stevia and isomalt to provide sweetness without adding significant calories. This research was aimed to determine the effect of tamarind concentration and to obtain the concentration of tamarind which produces low-calorie hard candy with the best characteristics. This study used a completely randomized design with five levels of tamarind concentration, such as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, with three replications. The variables observed were water content, total acid, total sugar, sensory hedonic test (color, texture, taste, and overall acceptance) and intensity test (stickiness). The data was analyzed by analysis of variance and if the treatment had a significant effect, then it was continued with Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that the concentration of tamarind had a significant effect on water content, total acid, total sugar, color, taste, texture, stickiness and overall acceptance of the hard candy. The best characteristic of low-calorie hard candy was the addition of 5% tamarind with a water content of 0.80%, total acid of 1.02%, total sugar of 24.54%, and sensory color was liked, taste was liked, texture was liked, adhesiveness was slightly non-sticky, vitamin C of 7,56 mg/100g and antioxidant activity of 17.16%.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

De-Striping and De-Smiling of Aerial Hyperspectral Image for Water Color Analysis

Hyperspectral imagery is typically acquired in push-broom mechanism, which is prone to image artifacts such as striping and smile for the sensor array whose sensor elements are not perfectly calibrated. The best practice would be to calibrate the sensor elements before the flight, but post-correction is required when images are already acquired without calibration. While there are some studies that addressed those striping and smile effects for hyperspectral images acquired from satellite or aircraft platforms, few studies were done for hyperspectral images that are focusing water color analysis, where the radiance level is approximately only a tenth of terrestrial scenes. This study proposes a correction method specialized for water scenes that also may contain terrestrial objects together, and analyzes the results using real drone-borne hyperspectral imagery taken for an island area in Korea. The result revealed that the variation in columnar mean before the de-striping, which ranges 5-15%, reduced to under 2% after the correction, also exhibiting successful removal of striping in visual inspection. The smile effect that ranges approximately 1-2 mW/m2/nm/sr, which accounts for 30% of radiance from water area, also reduced to under 0.1 mW/m2/nm/sr after the smile correction.

The Peculiarities of the Use of Activated Charcoals Obtained from Native Plum Pips in the Treatment of Wastewater of Industrial Enterprises

The purpose of the article is to treat the wastewater of industrial enterprises with the help of activated charcoals with high adsorptive properties obtained from the waste of native plum pips, a local raw material grown in large quantities in our country. The research methods were carried out on the basis of samples presented in the literature and GOST standard indicators. According to the results, carbon activated by steam at 800 0C showed its efficiency with higher adsorption properties compared to the samples activated by acid and alkali. The results of water purification showed that the adsorption activity of the selected carbon was almost 30 times higher. The effect of activated carbon on cations and anions in water and on water hardness, color, smell, taste and pH indicators was determined in wastewater treatment by selected activated carbon.

Mempelajari Pengaruh Suhu dan Jenis Jeroan terhadap Mutu Tepung Jeroan

Animal feed with high protein content is currently difficult to obtain and has a relatively expensive price, so that the nutritional needs of livestock are less fulfilled. Therefore, this research was done to get livestock feed with good characteristics and to get information on the utilization of chicken organ meats to substitute fish flour in animal feed formulations of fish and poultry.The aim of the study was to study the temperature effect of 50oC, 70oC and 90oC and effectthe type of innards to the final water content, protein and color. Discover the highest protein content of intestinal starch, gizzard and chicken liver after the drying phase with 3 temperature parameters that is 50oC, 70oC, and 90oC. The research stage was carried out with the process of cleaning innards, cutting samples with a thickness of 0.2 cm for the liver and gizzard and a length of 5 cm for the intestine. The next process is drying, then measuring water content, grinding using a blender, sifting using a mesh 50 sieve, then a protein analysis is performed. The parameters observed in this research are moisture content, protein and color250 gram samples of wet innards can produce the average weight of chicken offal flour at all drying temperatures of 30.17 grams and can produce a yield value of 12.06%. The optimum temperature needed for the chicken offal drying process is at a temperature of 90 C with the old drying for 12 hours. The type of chicken innards (intestines, liver and gizzard) does not affect the water content in the end also protein but affects the color of chicken innards. The highest protein innards in the temperature of 90 C, has a percentage of protein in the intestines of 69.8%, liver 70.1%, and angizzard of 71.6%. Keywords: Chicken Innards, Color, Offal Flour, Protein, Temperature.

Influence of water color and catchment lake cover on stream macroinvertebrate communities: Ecological insights into browning effects

Browning of streams due to increased export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron has been observed in vast areas of the northern hemisphere with likely adverse ecological effects. Lake basins in stream catchments can moderate DOC export and influence stream communities, which complicates understanding of the effects of DOC. In this study, we explored the independent and interactive effects of water color (proxy for DOC and iron) and catchment lake cover on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 94 medium-sized boreal forest streams. We first investigated the role of lake basins and other catchment characteristics in controlling water color. We then studied the effects of water color and catchment lake cover on macroinvertebrate community composition, biodiversity, and functional feeding traits. Water color correlated negatively with catchment lake cover, whereas the correlation with peatland cover and drainage intensity was positive. PERMANOVA and GLS analyses indicated that both color and catchment lake cover had a distinct independent effect on invertebrate community composition and community attributes, without significant interactions. Color had an independent negative effect on EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) taxa richness irrespective of lake cover. Increasing water color had negative effect on relative abundance of grazer, but no significant effect on shredder trait, while lake cover had a negative effect on both of the traits. Lake cover exhibited a negative influence on collector-gatherers, and a positive effect on filter feeders, while the predators were positively affected by both factors. The results highlight that water color influences the community structure of boreal stream ecosystems, and the effects are similar regardless of catchment lake cover. Mitigation measures should be emphasized, aimed at reducing DOC and iron runoff, in land use planning and river basin management.

Apparent surface-to-sky radiance ratio of natural waters including polarization and aerosol effects: implications for above-water radiometry

Above-water radiometry (AWR) methods have been developed to provide “ground-truth” (or fiducial) measurements for calibration and validation of the water color satellite missions. AWR is also an important tool for environmental survey from dedicated field missions. Under clear sky, the critical step of AWR is to retrieve the water-leaving radiance from radiometric measurements of the upward radiance that also includes the reflection of the direct sunlight and diffuse skylight reflected by the wind ruffled water surface toward the sensor. In order to correct for the surface reflection, sky radiance measurements are performed and converted into surface radiance through a factor often called “sea surface reflectance factor” or “effective Fresnel reflectance coefficient”. Based on theoretical and practical considerations, this factor was renamed surface-to-sky radiance ratio, Rss, to avoid misuse of the term reflectance as often encountered in the literature. Vector radiative transfer computations were performed over the spectral range 350–1,000 nm to provide angular values of Rss for a comprehensive set of aerosol loads and types (including maritime, continental desert and polluted models) and water surface roughness expressed in wave slope variances or in equivalent Cox-Munk wind speeds, for practical use. After separating direct and diffuse light components, it was shown that the spectral shape and amplitude of Rss are very sensitive to aerosol load and type even for extremely low values of the aerosol optical thickness. Uncertainty attached to Rss was computed based on propagation of errors made in aerosol and surface roughness parameters demonstrating the need to adapt the viewing geometry according to the Sun elevation and to associate concurrent aerosol measurements for optimal AWR protocols.