Water Color Research Articles

Mangrove Extraction Algorithm Based on Orthogonal Matching Filter-Weighted Least Squares

High-precision extraction of mangrove areas is a crucial prerequisite for estimating mangrove area as well as for regional planning and ecological protection. However, mangroves typically grow in coastal and near-shore areas with complex water colors, where traditional mangrove extraction algorithms face challenges such as unclear region segmentation and insufficient accuracy. To address this issue, in this paper we propose a new algorithm for mangrove identification and extraction based on Orthogonal Matching Filter–Weighted Least Squares (OMF-WLS) target spectral information. This method first selects GF-6 remote sensing images with less cloud cover, then enhances mangrove feature information through preprocessing and band extension, combining whitened orthogonal subspace projection with the whitened matching filter algorithm. Notably, this paper innovatively introduces Weighted Least Squares (WLS) filtering technology. WLS filtering precisely processes high-frequency noise and edge details in images using an adaptive weighting matrix, significantly improving the edge clarity and overall quality of mangrove images. This innovative approach overcomes the bottleneck of traditional methods in effectively extracting edge information against complex water color backgrounds. Finally, Otsu’s method is used for adaptive threshold segmentation of GF-6 remote sensing images to achieve target extraction of mangrove areas. Our experimental results show that OMF-WLS improves extraction accuracy compared to traditional methods, with overall precision increasing from 0.95702 to 0.99366 and the Kappa coefficient rising from 0.88436 to 0.98233. In addition, our proposed method provides significant improvements in other metrics, demonstrating better overall performance. These findings can provide more reliable technical support for the monitoring and protection of mangrove resources.

The Development and Characterisation of a Sustainable Plant-Based Sweet Spread Using Carob as a Cocoa and Sugar Replacement

Cocoa prices are predicted to rise continually, as demand remains high and there are supply issues caused by crop yield fluctuations. This study aimed to develop a sustainable plant-based sweet spread using functional plant-based ingredients, chickpeas and carob, as a cocoa and sugar alternative. Recipe optimisation resulted in the production of a control sample made using cocoa and three experimental samples containing varying proportions of carob (50%, 75%, and 100%). The samples were analysed for their physicochemical characteristics (water activity, pH, colour, and texture) and proximate composition (moisture, ash, carbohydrate, sugars, starch, protein, fat, and energy). Using carob as a cocoa substitute significantly decreased the pH, firmness and stickiness, fat and energy contents. On the other hand, increasing the percentage of carob led to a substantially higher sugar content in the sweet spreads. The results show the possibility of developing an innovative sustainable plant-based chocolate-flavoured spread with favourable physicochemical characteristics and nutritional profiles using carob powder and syrup as a cocoa and sugar replacement.

Effects of Various Packaging Materials on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Vacuum Fried Carrot Chips during Storage

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of type of packaging materials and time of storage on the physicochemical characteristics of vacuum fried carrot chips. Place and Duration of Study: The research work was carried out at the Dept. of Processing and Food Engineering (P&FE), Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, Kerala during the year of 2019-20. Methodology: The vacuum fried carrot chips were packed into three different packaging materials namely low-density polyethylene stand pouch (LDPE), laminated aluminum flexible pouch and polypropylene. All three packaging materials were tested with and without N2 gas filling. The storage studies were conducted for the vacuum fried carrot chips which was fried under optimized processing conditions: Frying Temperature-100⁰C; Frying Pressure-13 kPa; and Frying Time- 20 min. The experimental study was conducted for 4 months period and data was recorded for every 30 days interval. The packed samples were stored at the ambient temperature (25±5ºC) and relative humidity (70±10%) for storage studies. The quality attributes such as moisture content, water activity, oil content, hardness and colour values of the chips were determined during the storage studies. Results: Based on the research study, the results shown that the oil content remained constant throughout 120 days of storage period in all packaging materials. The water activity, moisture content, hardness and colour values got increased with increase in storage time. The moisture content, water activity and hardness values were less in laminated aluminium pouches with N2 gas filling compared to polypropylene and LDPE.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COAGULANTS FOR TURBIDITY AND COLOR REMOVAL FROM NATURAL WATER

In this work, the effectiveness of the use of coagulants Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and RM-1 in reducing the level of turbidity and colour (reduction in colour) of natural water was investigated. The object of the study is natural water, namely water from the Dnipro River. The results showed that the optimal dose of coagulant Al2(SO 4)3‧ 18H2O was 10.0 mg dm-3. The optimal dose of coagulant RM-1 was also 10.0 mg dm-3. Residual turbidity and colour are reduced to 0.0 mg dm-3, 12.50, 190, when using Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and RM-1, respectively. Since the residual concentration of aluminium in purified water in all samples after purification with coagulants was less than 0.05 mg dm-3, it is reasonable to use these coagulants, as they do not have a negative effect on the health of consumers. The efficiency of using the RM-1 coagulant to remove turbidity and reduce the colour of the natural water of the Dnipro is high, so this coagulant has the potential to be chosen as a new coagulant.

Analysis of the Interrelationship between Water Color and Coagulant Dose and the Possibility of Taking it into Account in Mathematical Modeling

The character of water chromaticity change in a water source, which is the main one for organizing water supply of a large urban agglomeration, is analyzed. It is shown that the correlation analysis characterizes the interrelationship between the coagulant dose and water chromaticity as noticeable (on the Cheddock scale), which predetermines the necessity to take into account water chromaticity as a parameter influencing the choice of coagulant dose. Variation series were constructed, empirical and theoretical functions of water chromaticity distribution by months were obtained. The possibility of modeling the reagent dose on the change of chromaticity taking into account specific conditions of practically constant influence of seasonal and random factors in the selected periods has been achieved. It is concluded that the chromaticity index makes a significant contribution to the value of the predicted value of coagulant dose.

Spatial and temporal variation of water reflectance in an Amazonian estuary: a case study around Tatuoca Island

Abstract. Studies of water color are related to its optically active components, including suspended sediments. The correlation of this parameter with reflectance data is well documented in the literature, to understand its concentrations and transport in the water body. The spatio-temporal variations of water color in an estuary are affected by various physical and hydrological components, which makes it complex to understand. In this study, we sought to understand the spatio-temporal variation of water color, for sampling purposes, in an estuary on the Amazon coast. To achieve our objectives, we applied geostatistical and statistical tools to test the spatio-temporal variability of water color, based on multisensor reflectance data, Landsat-8/9 and Sentinel-2 in the red band. The spatial variation showed distances of more than 48 m ±4.26 at high tide and 44 m ±7.62 at low tide. For the temporal variation, we found that the monthly variations are significant according to seasonality and have the same variation at different stages of the tide. Therefore, the color of the water in the Tatuoca Island region shows geostatistically and statistically significant spatio-temporal variation. The distances and temporal frequency of sampling should be adjusted according to the tides and seasonality to ensure that data is sampled in accordance with the variations in the environment.

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) frass as a novel culinary ‘tea’ application in gastronomy: aroma profile, volatile compounds, and consumer acceptance.

Tea is a popular beverage consumed all around the world. Its origins can be traced back to China, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years. A subcategory of tea is referred to as ‘insect tea’; it is produced using the excrement (frass) of insects that consume plants. This study explored the utilisation of silkworm frass, a by-product of silk production, as a novel beverage in the culinary field. It explored optimal preparation methods, and measured physicochemical properties, volatile aroma compounds, the sensory aroma profile, and consumer acceptance. Silkworm frass was collected and roasted at 160 °C for 0, 30, 40, and 50 minutes. The analysis revealed notable differences in the samples' water activity, moisture content, colour, and pH: Moisture content and water activity decreased, preventing spoilage of the samples, while pH increased, and the colour intensified. The volatile aroma analysis revealed 65 compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, phenols, pyrazines, and hydrocarbons. These compounds exhibited significant variations in concentration depending on the duration of roasting. Sensory evaluation presented distinct attributes associated with each sample, such as earthy and roasted aromas in all samples, and specific aromas of brown herbal aftertaste and tobacco leaves in the 50-min sample, roasted grain aromas in the 40-min sample, and stronger notes of fresh hay for both the 30-min and 50 min sample. The hedonic sensory test revealed that the duration of roasting did not influence consumer preferences in terms of the attributes of taste, aroma, colour, texture, and overall acceptance. The novel ‘tea’ demonstrates potential in the gastronomy industry due to its aroma profile and positive consumer acceptance. It is a promising example of an upcycled culinary product that utilizes by-products from silk farms.

An Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution Sources in a Source Region of Northwest China

China prioritizes ensuring drinking water safety, particularly in the water-scarce northwest region. This study, utilizing water quality data from 52 village and town water sources since August 2022, assesses water quality, with a specific focus on key indicators related to organic pollution sources. This study provides a scientific foundation for enhancing water quality in these sources. Employing category factor analysis for classification and grading, principal component analysis for qualitative analysis of key evaluation indicators, and the absolute principal component linear regression equation for quantitative calculation of pollution sources, this study reveals that all 52 water sources meet quality standards. Principal component analysis categorizes pollution sources as diverse types of organic compounds in surface water. Source analysis calculations highlight decay-type organic substances as major contributors to increased water color and permanganate index, with pollution contribution rates of 54.78% and 31.31%, respectively. Fecal-type organic substances dominate the increase in dissolved total solids and total coliforms, with pollution contribution rates of 56.65% and 40.16%, respectively. Additionally, high-molecular-weight organic substances exhibit lower concentrations in the water. This article presents a systematic water quality assessment methodology, which is used for the first time to qualitatively assess the types of water sources and to quantitatively trace specific sources of organic pollution in source water in northwest China. This systematic study’s results, involving initial assessment followed by traceability, recommend the adoption of a simple contact filtration and disinfection process to enhance water quality in the region.

Characterization and Hygroscopic Behavior of Mentha crispa Powder Obtained by Foam-Mat Drying

Objective: Characterize and determine the hygroscopic behavior of Mentha crispa powder by obtaining adsorption isotherms and fitting nonlinear regression mathematical models. Theoretical Framework: Mentha crispa is an economically important species in the industry that, due to its perishability, is subjected to drying to increase its shelf life. Hygroscopicity is linked to physical, chemical and microbiological stability and it is necessary to understand its behavior to enable the use of biological products in regions with different climatic characteristics. Method: The powder was characterized according to water content, yield, water solubility index, pH, soluble solids, particle size and color. The adsorption isotherms were obtained by the indirect static method at a temperature of 25 °C. The BET, linear BET, Chung and Pfost, GAB, Halsey, Henderson, Langmuir, Oswin and modified Peleg models were adjusted to the experimental data. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that the increase in drying temperature caused a darkening and degradation of the green hue of the powder. The powder isotherms presented type III behavior, with a sigmoidal shape common to food products. The Oswin and Henderson models are the ones that best represent the adsorption isotherms of Mentha crispa powders under the conditions studied. Research Implications: The research contributes to the literature with practical information on the hygroscopic behavior of the material. Originality/Value: Highlights the importance of adjusting nonlinear regression models to the adsorption isotherms of biological products. The models help to predict the behavior of a material during storage, informing the water content under a given environmental condition.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ENZYME APPLICATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF WAFERS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

The study aimed to assess the impact of 13 different enzymes, including protease, amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase, on wafer dough and sheets, aiming to identify the most effective enzyme combination. Commercial protease, amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase enzymes were applied to wafer dough following manufacturer instructions, and their flow behaviors were analyzed. Subsequently, the doughs were baked into wafer sheets, and various parameters such as water activity (aw), moisture content (%), weight loss (%), color parameters (L*, a*, b*), hardness (g), and sensory attributes were evaluated. Protease 4, Hemicellulase 2, and Xylanase 2 enzymes were selected for combination testing based on the analysis of flow behavior and characterization parameters of the wafer doughs. Among the tested combinations, the wafer dough containing 80 ppm Xylanase 2 + 300 ppm Protease 4 enzyme group exhibited promising potential for industrial applications due to its favorable flow behavior, while the resulting wafer sheets demonstrated desirable crispness and a brown-caramel color, suggesting suitability for commercial use.

The Relationship Between the Physical Condition of Water (Taste, Smell, Color) and Complaints of Skin Diseases in Simalingkar B Village

The physical condition of unclean water can cause skin disorders this is because unclean water is polluted by physical particles, pathogenic microorganisms, and harmful chemicals can cause various skin diseases. the study aims to determine the relationship between the physical condition of water (color, smell, taste) with complaints of skin disease disorders in Simalingkar B Village. In this study using quantitative methods with a cross sectional design. The population in this study was people who used well water, obtained 2,531 families using well water with sampling using the purposive sample formula so that 93 families were sampled for this study. The results of the study showed a relationship between the physical condition of water (taste, odor, color) with complaints of skin disorders in Simalingkar B Village with the results of statistical tests obtained p value 0.029 or <0.05, meaning that at 5% alpha indicates a relationship between the quality of clean water with the incidence of scabies in Simalingkar B Village. Obtained OR value = 2.815 which indicates that respondents who have a water source with physical quality of clean water that does not meet the requirements have a risk of 2.815 times to suffer from skin disorders compared to respondents who have a water source with physical quality of clean water that meets the requirements. The government and community can work together to establish clean water reservoirs to prevent skin diseases in Simalingkar B Kelurahan.

Earth observation reveals the shifting patterns of China's lake colour driven by climate change and land cover

Water colour has been recognized as one of the most important Essential Climate Variables of the lake ecosystem, as it is directly related to changes in water constituents and almost all of the lake's ecological changes could alter water colour. Given the high retrieval accuracy from existing Earth observation satellite data, water colour, in terms of Forel Ule Index (FUI), can be a realistic indicator to track the long-term changes in the lake ecosystem and further explore the lake response to environmental changes. This paper aims to comprehensively investigate the spatiotemporal variation patterns of FUI in 159 large lakes (≥25 km2) across China during 2000–2022 based on the MODIS data and detect the climatic and anthropogenic driving forces of these changes. The 23 years of MODIS records revealed an overall downward trend of lake FUI across China, indicating the lakes in China shifted to bluer colour during the past two decades. Through driving factor analyses, the complicated interplay among lake colour, lake morphology, regional climate shifts and human interference dynamics was uncovered. In the long term, it was found the pronounced change in lake colour in the western lake zones was primarily attributed to climate warming and humidification, whereas that in the eastern lake zones was mainly related to the alterations in regional land cover during the past two decades. Seasonally, lake basin's air temperature was identified as the main factor impacting the seasonal patterns of lake colour, followed by wind speed and runoff. Spatially, there was high spatial variability in lake colour across China, which was mainly associated with lake elevation and lake basin's precipitation rate, although the factors exhibited considerable divergence across different zones. Based upon the above findings, the implications for lake environment protection and management in different regions of China were further discussed.

Physical Properties of Selected Fruit Fibre and Pomace in the Context of Their Sustainable Use for Food Applications

Pomace, a waste product, generates a huge problem in the fruit and vegetable industry. Numerous studies prove that pomace and fibre are valuable sources of many nutrients. Due to their properties, their popularity is growing in many industries. Water vapour isotherms and kinetics were determined for selected fruit fibre and pomace. The activity and water content, colour, apparent and bulk density, and material structure were also investigated. In addition, the thermal stability of the tested fibres and pomace was examined. Fibre and pomace from chokeberries, apples and currants were used in the research. The determined kinetic curves proved that apple fibre absorbed more water vapour. The isotherms were found to have a shape characteristic of type III sorption isotherms. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer model (GAB) described experimental data for sorption isotherms well (taking an RMS value of less than 10% as a good fit of the model to the sorption data). Thermogravimetric analysis showed good thermal stability, and all analysed fruit fibre and pomace showed similar behaviour in the three main stages of weight loss. The results suggest that the analysed waste materials can be used for different applications, including flour replacements for food products or filling materials in edible packaging films.

Optimization of Non-Thermal Treatment Methods and Extrusion Temperature on Quality of Rice Pasta Enriched with <i>Cirina butyrospermi</i>

Food security remains a critical global challenge, necessitating the exploration of sustainable and nutrient-rich food alternatives such as edible insects. This study investigated and optimized the effect of treatment methods (boiling, ultrasound, and a combined boiling and ultrasound treatment) on Cirina butyrospermi and extrusion temperature (70℃, 80℃ and 90℃) on some quality (crude protein, in-vitro protein digestibility, calcium, zinc, iron, cooking time, water uptake ratio, lightness, and colour change) of rice pasta. The effect of treatment methods on Cirina butyrospermi powder and extrusion temperature on crude protein ranged from 15.85 to 18.27%, in-vitro protein digestibility (80.42-88.55%), calcium (48.53-56.25 mg/100g), zinc (2.42-3.56 mg/100g), iron (3.34-5.13 mg/100g), cooking time (8.50 - 19.50 min), water uptake ratio (1.15 - 1.90), lightness value (4.19 - 50.73) and colour change (4.47 - 51.13), respectively. The combined boiling and ultrasound treatment on Cirina butyrospermi powder and higher extrusion temperature gave rice pasta the highest protein, calcium, zinc, and iron content while lower extrusion temperature along with boiling treatment, increased in-vitro protein digestibility. Optimum conditions for desirable rice pasta were achieved at 80°C extrusion temperature with combined boiling and ultrasound treatment. Conclusively, exploring edible insects like Cirina butyrospermi under an accurate treatment method and extrusion condition could aid in the development of nutrient-rich rice pasta.

Multifunctional Janus nanofibrous membrane with unidirectional water transport and pH-responsive color-changing for wound dressing

Chronic wounds often produce a significant volume of exudate, posing a substantial obstacle to healing. Consequently, there is a pressing demand for a versatile dressing capable of effectively managing exudate in chronic wounds. In this context, a Janus smart dressing is proposed, featuring unidirectional water transport and a pH-responsive color-changing for exudate management and wound monitoring. The dressing’s mechanisms for unidirectional water transport and color changing are elucidated. The Janus dressing consists of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/sodium polyacrylate (SPA)/anthocyanin (An) hydrophilic layer with antioxidant and pH-sensitive functions and a poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) hydrophobic layer, enabling unidirectional exudate drainage without reverse osmosis. Studies indicate that the Janus dressing exhibits excellent air permeability, moisture permeability, mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, and antioxidant performance while promptly responding to color variations in solutions of varying pH levels. In vivo studies demonstrated the excellent wound healing ability of Janus PHBV-PAN/SPA/An membrane. Consequently, this study provides a promising solution to develop wound dressings that can effectively manage excessive wound exudate and dressing changes.

Changes in DOM and alum doses for two rivers of contrasting catchments after intense wildfires

ABSTRACT The dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in two river waters were investigated after their catchments had been severely burnt in the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires. Shortly after these wildfires, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were recorded at high levels (∼19 and 30 mg/L) and these became much lower (up to ∼80% less) in the following winter when river flows had increased. Satellite imagery-based data indicated up to 95% of catchment areas burnt and up to ∼50% subsequent vegetation recoveries after 2 years. Shifts in burn index values for the burnt areas coincided with DOC concentration variations. The specific colour of waters increased up to 40% as daily river flows increased, indicating higher input of humic content from the burnt catchments. Chlorophyll a was detected at the highest levels in the waters soon after the fires when river flows were lowest. Enhanced alum doses were predicted using two feed-forward models; one based on DOC and turbidity data and the other based on UV@254 nm, colour, and turbidity. The doses predicted using the two models showed high correlations (r > 0.9) and were highest for waters directly after the fires. These models were developed for diverse source waters including those impacted by extreme climate events.

Effect of In Situ Polymerization of Super Absorbent Polymers on the Protection of Earthen Heritage Sites in Semi-Arid Regions

As precious cultural heritage, earthen sites are susceptible to various natural factors, leading to diverse forms of degradation. To protect earthen sites, the effects of super absorbent polymers (SAPs) on soil water retention, physical properties, and color compatibility at different concentrations were studied. After applying SAP treatment to an earthen site with different degrees of weathering, we drew the following conclusions. SAP-2 improved soil water retention capacity, increased soil water content, and slowed down the precipitation of soluble salts. At the same time, SAP-2 had the least effect on soil color difference and reduced the development of cracks by filling soil pores and enhancing the cohesion between soil particles, thus giving the earthen sites better weathering resistance. Therefore, the results provide a useful reference for the surface cracking of earthen sites in semi-arid areas and the degradation caused by flaking and block spalling.

Modification of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes by sulfonated poly (ether ether keton) coating for membrane distillation of textile wastewater

The textile and related industries can produce a large amount of wastewater with organic dyes pollutants which can cause uncertain environmental impacts. In this study, the improved poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) hollow fiber membranes were used in a continuous air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) operation for wastewater treatment of the Hamadan textile factory, Iran. The porous membranes were fabricated by a phase-inversion process and the inner surface was coated by a thin layer of sulfonated poly (ether ether keton) (SPEEK). After SPEEK coating, the water contact angle of the membrane decreased from about 93° to 57°. The SPEEK coated membrane presented mean pore size and overall porosity of 10 nm and 82.2%, respectively. For the wastewater treatment, the improved membrane presented the water flux and color rejection of 24.7 kg/m2 h and 99.8% during 72 h of the AGMD operation, respectively. Additionally, the treated wastewater reduced to the turbidity of ∼2 NTU, total dissolved solid (TDS) of 16 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 10 mg/L. The coated membrane presented a reasonable anti-fouling property with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 91.7% after 72 h of the operation. Hence, the improved PVDF-HFP membrane can be a potential alternative for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater via a membrane distillation process.

Supporting the development of climate-resilient water safety plans through a risk-screening framework for drinking water source protection

ABSTRACT Climate change-induced impacts on water-quality challenge risk management of drinking water. Uncertainty around future changes and limited resources require approaches that enable prioritisation at regional or national scale for planning and adaptive intervention. This paper presents a framework for risk screening drinking water supplies, providing a staged approach to building the capacity for integrating climate change into risk management. The framework is applied to drinking water sources of the Scottish national drinking water provider, developing raw water trajectories for indicative water-quality parameters (water colour and Escherichia coli). It establishes baseline understanding of water-quality controls through multivariate statistical analysis. It incorporates climate and land-use change into the model using climate (UKCP18) and land-use projections. The results suggest potential higher organic carbon production in soils from increased production with higher temperature, combined with reduced dilution and drought effects from reductions in summer rainfall. For E. coli, risks arise through land-use change leading to potential agricultural intensification. The framework supports the targeted development of climate-resilient Water Safety Plans, prioritising systems most at risk of raw water-quality deteriorations. It emphasises source protection to maintain or improve regulatory compliance, minimise socioeconomic and environmental harms, and generate additional benefits.

Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Sequence in MRI in Distinguishing Fluid Cyst from Tumor in the Brain

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon used to investigate the characteristics of atomic nuclei. It is the absorption and emission of energy by nuclei in a magnetic field, which can offer extensive information on the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the safest imaging method. It gives a visual representation of human tissue without surgical intervention for clinical diagnosis. In this research, Fast Spin Echo (SE), Multi-Slice Spin Echo (MSSE), and Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) sequences were used. The case under study is placed in an i-open permanent MRI system type in order to image a brain lesion. The obtained signals are encoded to fill k-space through the three stages, i.e., slice selection, phase encoding and frequency. The MRI-processed brain image is reconstructed by inverse Fourier transform in order to find the location of the cyst, and T1 weighted, T2 weighted, and FLAIR tests were performed to obtain three types of images. The images were compared with normal images in each type of applied sequence. Subsequently, the fluid signal was specifically attenuated in the targeted location to help distinguish between a tumor and fluid in the transverse relaxation time-weighted image. The signal was attenuated in the designated location, turned black, and appeared the color of free water, like cerebrospinal fluid, indicating that it was a fluid rather than a tumor. Consequently, a cyst fluid lesion is detected. Our study establishes a foundation for utilizing free fluid signal attenuation to differentiate between cyst fluid and tumors when other sequences fail to do the same.