Color Configuration Research Articles

Insights on the thermal impacts of wing colorization of migrating birds on their skin friction drag and the choice of their flight route

The thermal effects of wing color in flight is investigated in four species of birds with respect to their flight routes, migration time, and geometric and behavioral characteristics. Considering the marine and atmospheric characteristics of these flight routes, a thermal analysis of the birds’ wings is performed during their migration. The surrounding fluxes including the ocean flux and the solar irradiance are considered in an energy balance in order to determine the skin temperature of both sides of the wing. Applying the Blasius solution for heated boundary layers, it is shown that the color configuration of these migrating birds, namely black on the top side of the wings and white on the bottom side of the wings (“countershading”), results in a skin drag reduction, if compared to some other configurations, when both day and night are taken into consideration. This drag reduction can be considered as one of the effective factors for long endurance of these migrating birds. This research can provide the evolutionary perspective behind the colorization of these migrating birds.

Empirical Assessment of the Legibility of the Highway Gothic and Clearview Signage Fonts

Older drivers represent the fastest-growing segment of the driving population. Aging is associated with well-known declines in reaction time and visual processing, and, as such, future roadway infrastructure and related design considerations will need to accommodate this population. One potential area of concern is the legibility of highway signage. FHWA recently revoked an interim approval that allowed optional use of the Clearview typeface in place of the traditional Highway Gothic typeface for signage. The legibility of the two fonts was assessed with color combinations that maximized the contrast (positive or negative) or approximated a color configuration used in highway signage. Psychophysical techniques were used to establish thresholds for the time needed to decide accurately—under glancelike reading conditions—whether a string of letters was a word, as a proxy for legibility. These thresholds were lower for Clearview (indicating superior legibility) than for Highway Gothic across all conditions. Legibility thresholds were lowest for negative-contrast conditions and highest for positive-contrast conditions, with colored highway signs roughly between the two extremes. These thresholds also increased significantly across the age range studied. The method used to investigate the legibility of signage fonts adds methodological diversity to the literature along with evidence supporting the superior legibility of the Clearview font over Highway Gothic. The results do not suggest that the Clearview typeface is the optimal solution for all signage but they do indicate that additional scientific evaluations of signage legibility are warranted in different operating contexts.

Attention-aware color theme extraction for fabric images

Color configuration plays an important role in art, design, and communication, which can influence the user’s experiences, feelings, and psychological well-being. It is laborious to manually select a color theme from scratch for handling large batches of images. Alternatively, it can inspire designers’ creations and save their time as well by leveraging the color themes in existing art works (e.g. fabric, paintings). However, it is challenging to automatically extract perceptually plausible color themes from fabric images. This paper presents a new automatic framework for extracting color themes from fabric images. A saliency map is built to help recognize the visual attention regions of the input image. Since the saliency map separates the image into visual attention regions (foreground) and non-visual attention regions (background), we respectively compute the dominant colors of these two regions, and merge them to form the initial target color theme based on certain rules. The dominant colors are extracted, accounting for the characteristics of the fabric and hue distributions of fabric images so as to acquire visually plausible results. Our method can be used to transfer colors between two fabric images for fabric color design. We tested our method thoroughly with various fabric images (e.g. cotton, silk, and linen) with different texture patterns (e.g. plain and twill). Experiments show that our method is more efficient and can generate more visually plausible results than state-of-the-art algorithms.

About the invention of Nisiki-e(the Japanese color print) and its influence

The first reason why Ukyo-e(the Japanese woodblock print) could captivate the european impressionists is its superior technique in color print that had been used one and half century ahead as a woodblock technique, which was not familiar with them. The second reason is that it was expressed with natural and loud colors made of natural pigments mainly from plants, which fascinated europeans. Lastly, the majority of Japanese woodblock prints introduced in Europe was mainly about a courtesan and an actor.BR Voyeurism, the expression technique used by Degas and Seurat who had been influenced by The Figure of Girls’ Bathroom by Kiyonaga, namely in the pictures of dancers in Degas’ and the circus in Seurat’s, appears on the canvas using deployment of both dynamic and silence elements in a way of common composition likewise in the Kabuki Picture, the Figure of Tegatari〉 by Kiyonaga. However, the picture of Kabuki by Kiyonaga about the stage of Kabuki-za and the seats used the western perspective drawing technique in a Japanese way to impose more stress and reinterpretation as an Uki-e.BR European expressionist art is more the result from the implantation of Japanese esthesia and art work rather than the reflection of Japanese pictorical expression. The title of La Japonaise by Monet is a good example. It shows an establishing element of Japanese hobby in color configuration on the canvas by portraying his wife, Camille Doncieux twisting her body in an S-shape like a courtesan in her reddish underwear. In other words, it seems to imply the meaning of both a Japanese curio and imitation of a figure of courtesan.

Simple dynamics for plurality consensus

We study a plurality-consensus process in which each of n anonymous agents of a communication network initially supports a color chosen from the set [k]. Then, in every round, each agent can revise his color according to the colors currently held by a random sample of his neighbors. It is assumed that the initial color configuration exhibits a sufficiently large bias s towards a fixed plurality color, that is, the number of nodes supporting the plurality color exceeds the number of nodes supporting any other color by s additional nodes. The goal is having the process to converge to the stable configuration in which all nodes support the initial plurality. We consider a basic model in which the network is a clique and the update rule (called here the 3-majority dynamics) of the process is the following: each agent looks at the colors of three random neighbors and then applies the majority rule (breaking ties uniformly). We prove that the process converges in time $$\mathcal {O}( \min \{ k, (n/\log n)^{1/3} \} \, \log n )$$ with high probability, provided that $$s \geqslant c \sqrt{ \min \{ 2k, (n/\log n)^{1/3} \}\, n \log n}$$ . We then prove that our upper bound above is tight as long as $$k \leqslant (n/\log n)^{1/4}$$ . This fact implies an exponential time-gap between the plurality-consensus process and the median process (see Doerr et al. in Proceedings of the 23rd annual ACM symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures (SPAA’11), pp 149–158. ACM, 2011). A natural question is whether looking at more (than three) random neighbors can significantly speed up the process. We provide a negative answer to this question: in particular, we show that samples of polylogarithmic size can speed up the process by a polylogarithmic factor only.

Is the exotic X(5568) a bound state?

Stimulated by the recent observation of the exotic $X(5568)$ state by D0 Collaboration, we study the four-quark system $us\bar{b}\bar{d}$ with quantum numbers $J^P=0^+$ in the framework of chiral quark model. Two structures, diquark-antidiquark and meson-meson, with all possible color configurations are investigated by using Gaussian expansion method. The results show that energies of the tetraquark states with diquark-antiquark structure are too high to the candidate of $X(5568)$, and no molecular structure can be formed in our calculations. The calculation is also extended to the four-quark system $us\bar{c}\bar{d}$ and the same results as that of $us\bar{b}\bar{d}$ are obtained.

The guidance of spatial attention during visual search for color combinations and color configurations.

Representations of target-defining features (attentional templates) guide the selection of target objects in visual search. We used behavioral and electrophysiological measures to investigate how such search templates control the allocation of attention in search tasks where targets are defined by the combination of 2 colors or by a specific spatial configuration of these colors. Target displays were preceded by spatially uninformative cue displays that contained items in 1 or both target-defining colors. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that, during search for color combinations, attention is initially allocated independently and in parallel to all objects with target-matching colors, but is then rapidly withdrawn from objects that only have 1 of the 2 target colors. In Experiment 3, targets were defined by a particular spatial configuration of 2 colors, and could be accompanied by nontarget objects with a different configuration of the same colors. Attentional guidance processes were unable to distinguish between these 2 types of objects. Both attracted attention equally when they appeared in a cue display, and both received parallel focal-attentional processing and were encoded into working memory when they were presented in the same target display. Results demonstrate that attention can be guided simultaneously by multiple features from the same dimension, but that these guidance processes have no access to the spatial-configural properties of target objects. They suggest that attentional templates do not represent target objects in an integrated pictorial fashion, but contain separate representations of target-defining features. (PsycINFO Database Record

Is d* a candidate for a hexaquark-dominated exotic state?**Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11475181, 11105158, 11035006, 11165005), Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-EW-N01), IHEP Innovation Fund (Y4545190Y2), One Hundred Person Project of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

We confirm our previous prediction of a d* state with I(JP) = 0(3+) [Phys. Rev. C 60, 045203 (1999)] and report for the first time based on a microscopic calculation that d* has about 2/3 hidden color (CC) configurations and thus is a hexaquark-dominated exotic state. By performing a more elaborate dynamical coupled-channels investigation of the ΔΔ-CC system within the framework of the resonating group method (RGM) in a chiral quark model, we find that the d* state has a mass of about 2.38–2.42 GeV, a root-mean-square radius (RMS) of 0.76–0.88 fm, and a CC fraction of 66%–68%. The last may cause a rather narrow width for the d* which, together with the quantum numbers and our calculated mass, is consistent with the newly observed resonance-like structure (M≈2380 MeV, Γ≈70 MeV) in double-pionic fusion reactions reported by the WASA-at-COSY Collaboration.

Agitation in dementia and the role of spatial and sensory interventions: experiences of professional and family caregivers.

There is a growing interest in environmental interventions to complement the psychosocial approaches to cope with agitation in dementia. The aim of this study was to present this evidence from literature and research to care practitioners and family carers in order to gather their reflections. In this way, we can identify experienced gaps in care practice and define needs for further research. A framework with seven types of environmental interventions for agitation in dementia was developed through literature review, referring to the impact of light, smell, noise, temperature, nature, colour and spatial configuration. This framework guided three expert panels, respectively, with family caregivers of persons with dementia (N=5), professional home care workers (N=12) and professional caregivers working in nursing homes (N=10). All caregivers stressed the impact of agitation on their quality of life and on the quality of life of the person with dementia. Most caregivers were familiar with the impact of daylight, natural elements and domestic smells. Caregivers were unfamiliar with the specific effects of bright light therapy and were interested in more research on the effectiveness of light, temperature and spatial configuration. They stressed the individuality of agitation in dementia. Caregivers already use sensory and spatial interventions to manage agitation, and they are interested in knowing more about feasible effective interventions. Caregivers need to be informed on the possible benefits of sensory environmental factors on coping with agitation. To this end, it is very useful to take the experiences of caregivers into account.

Scheduling multi-colour print jobs with sequence-dependent setup times

In this paper, a scheduling problem is considered which arises in the packaging industry. Plastic and foil wrappers used for packaging candy bars, crisps and other snacks typically require overlay printing with multiple colours. Printing machines used for this purpose usually accommodate a small number of colours which are loaded into a magazine simultaneously. If two consecutively scheduled print jobs require significantly different colour overlays, then substantial down times are incurred during the transition from the former magazine colour configuration to the latter, because ink cartridges corresponding to colours not required for the latter job have to be cleaned after completion of the former job. The durations of these down times are therefore sequence dependent (the washing and refilling time is a function of the number of colours in which two consecutive printing jobs differ). It is consequently desirable to schedule print jobs so that the accumulated down times associated with all magazine colour transitions are as short as possible for each printing machine. We show that an instance of this scheduling problem can be modelled as the well-known tool switching problem, which is tractable for small instances only. The problem can, however, be solved rather effectively in heuristic fashion by decomposing it into two subproblems: a job grouping problem (which can be modelled as a unicost set covering problem) and a group sequencing problem (which is a generalisation of the celebrated travelling salesman problem). We solve the colour print scheduling problem both exactly and heuristically for small, randomly generated test problem instances, studying the trade-off between the time efficiency and solution quality of the two approaches. Finally, we apply both solution approaches to real problem data obtained from a printing company in the South African Western Cape as a special case study.

Quarkonium production in the LHC era: A polarized perspective

Polarization measurements are usually considered as the most difficult challenge for the QCD description of quarkonium production. In fact, global data fits for the determination of the non-perturbative parameters of bound-state formation traditionally exclude polarization observables and use them as a posteriori verifications of the predictions, with perplexing results. With a change of perspective, we move polarization data to the centre of the study, advocating that they actually provide the strongest fundamental indications about the production mechanisms, even before we explicitly consider perturbative calculations.Considering ψ(2S) and ϒ(3S) measurements from LHC experiments and state-of-the-art next-to-leading order cross sections for the short-distance production of heavy quark–antiquark pairs of relevant colour and angular momentum configurations, we perform a search for a kinematic domain where quarkonium polarizations can be correctly reproduced together with the respective cross sections, by systematically scanning the phase space and accurately treating the experimental uncertainties. This strategy provides a straightforward solution to the “quarkonium polarization puzzle” and reassuring signs that the factorization of short- and long-distance effects works, at least in the high-transverse-momentum region, least affected by limitations in the current fixed-order calculations. The results expose unexpected hierarchies in the phenomenological long-distance parameters that open new paths towards the understanding of bound-state formation in QCD.

Spectroscopy of heavy quark hadrons

Heavy quarks play special roles in the hadron spectroscopy. Some distinct features of heavy quark dynamics and their significance in the P-wave baryons with a single heavy quark are discussed. We also explore a new color configuration in exotic tetra-quark mesons with two heavy quarks. Finally, possibility of bound states of a charmed baryon with a nucleon and nuclei are examined.

A Configural Dominant Account of Contextual Cueing: Configural Cues are Stronger than Colour Cues

Previous work has shown that reaction times to find a target in displays that have been repeated are faster than those for displays that have never been seen before. This learning effect, termed "contextual cueing" (CC), has been shown using contexts such as the configuration of the distractors in the display and the background colour. However, it is not clear how these two contexts interact to facilitate search. We investigated this here by comparing the strengths of these two cues when they appeared together. In Experiment 1, participants searched for a target that was cued by both colour and distractor configural cues, compared with when the target was only predicted by configural information. The results showed that the addition of a colour cue did not increase contextual cueing. In Experiment 2, participants searched for a target that was cued by both colour and distractor configuration compared with when the target was only cued by colour. The results showed that adding a predictive configural cue led to a stronger CC benefit. Experiments 3 and 4 tested the disruptive effects of removing either a learned colour cue or a learned configural cue and whether there was cue competition when colour and configural cues were presented together. Removing the configural cue was more disruptive to CC than removing colour, and configural learning was shown to overshadow the learning of colour cues. The data support a configural dominant account of CC, where configural cues act as the stronger cue in comparison to colour when they are presented together.

Uveal Metastasis from Lung Cancer: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcome in 194 Patients

To evaluate the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of patients with uveal metastasis from lung cancer. Retrospective chart review. There were 194 patients with a diagnosis of uveal metastasis from lung cancer. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, enucleation, or observation. Ocular tumor control, final visual acuity, and tumor-related death. There were 374 uveal metastatic tumors originating from primary lung cancer in 229 eyes of 194 patients. Tumor location included choroid (88%), ciliary body (2%), and iris (10%), with bilateral involvement in 18%. Diagnosis of uveal metastasis preceded the diagnosis of primary lung cancer in 44% of patients. The choroidal metastatic focus had a mean basal diameter of 8 mm and mean thickness of 3 mm, and were mostly located posterior to the equator (91%). The choroidal metastasis commonly had yellow or orange color (98%), had plateau (61%) or dome (38%) configuration, and displayed associated subretinal fluid (85%). Choroidal tumors were multifocal in 49 cases (23%). Ciliary body tumors were commonly dome shaped (75%) with an episcleral sentinel vessel (75%). Iris tumors were multifocal in 2 cases (13%), had visible intrinsic vessels (97%), and were associated with tumor seeding in the angle (38%) or on the iris stroma (25%). The uveal metastases were treated with teletherapy (31%), chemotherapy (18%), brachytherapy (9%), chemotherapy combined with teletherapy or brachytherapy (14%), enucleation (3%), or observation (21%). At last visit, eyes with follow-up showed tumor regression (66%), stability (12%), growth (14%), recurrence (3%), or new metastasis (5%). Visual acuity improved or remained stable in 59% eyes. One-year mortality from the time of detection of uveal metastasis was 54%. Of 194 patients with uveal metastasis from lung cancer, 44% did not have a history of known lung cancer. Current methods of ocular treatment allow globe salvage in 92% of patients and improved/stable vision in 59% of patients. Systemic prognosis remains poor with tumor-related death in 54% of patients at 1 year.

Analysis on Color Configuration of Plants in Landscape Design

Color configuration of plant is an important factor which influences the overall visual effect of landscape design. Due to improper color configuration of plant in landscape design, problems concerning damaging the overall color harmony of design works will appear. Through analysis on various comparisons of color, fully analyze plant color and color correlation of other objects in the surrounding environment in design, select the plant with proper color, avoid color conflict which can cause unpleasant feelings through the visual perception of people and obtain the harmonious beauty of color.

Two-loop static potential inN=4supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory

We compute the soft contribution to the static energy of two heavy colour sources interacting via a N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. Both singlet and octet colour configurations are considered. Our calculations complete recent considerations of the ultrasoft contributions.

Impaired hippocampal rate coding after lesions of the lateral entorhinal cortex

In the hippocampus, spatial and non-spatial parameters may be represented by a dual coding scheme, in which coordinates in space are expressed by the collective firing locations of place cells and the diversity of experience at these locations is encoded by orthogonal variations in firing rates. Although the spatial signal may reflect input from medial entorhinal cortex, the sources of the variations in firing rate have not been identified. We found that rate variations in rat CA3 place cells depended on inputs from the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Hippocampal rate remapping, induced by changing the shape or the color configuration of the environment, was impaired by lesions in those parts of the ipsilateral LEC that provided the densest input to the hippocampal recording position. Rate remapping was not observed in LEC itself. The findings suggest that LEC inputs are important for efficient rate coding in the hippocampus.

Persuasiveness of Online Flu-Vaccination Promotional Banners

Young people appear to have relatively little motivation to participate in flu-vaccination programs. This study assessed the effectiveness of online banners in efforts to persuade young people to get vaccinated. Specifically, a 2 x 3 between-subjects factorial design was used to examine the effects of message framing (gain vs loss) and color configuration (white text on a red background, black text on a yellow background, and white text on a blue background) on 180 college students' perceptions of the persuasiveness of flu-vaccination promotional banners. Each participant completed a four-item questionnaire, and the results of an analysis of variance showed that persuasiveness scores were higher among participants exposed to a loss-framed than to a gain-framed message, but only when the loss-framed message was presented in white text on a red background. The theoretical and practical implications of manipulating these two factors in the development of effective health-promotion materials are discussed.

Production of doubly charmed tetraquarks with exotic color configurations in electron–positron collisions

Structure and production of doubly charmed tetraquarks Tcc (ccu¯d¯) are studied from the viewpoint of color configurations. Based on the diquark correlation, the tetraquark Tcc with I(JP)=0(1+) is considered to be stable against strong decay. We discuss that the mixing probability of color antitriplet and sextet cc components in Tcc is suppressed by 1/mc2, so the two configurations are separately realized in the heavy quark limit. Utilizing the nonrelativistic QCD framework, we evaluate the production cross sections of Tcc in electron–positron collisions. The momentum dependence of the cross section of color antitriplet is found to be different from that of sextet, which can be used to discriminate the color structure of the Tcc states in experimental measurements.

Burning state recognition of rotary kiln using ELMs with heterogeneous features

Image based burning state recognition plays an important role in sintering process control of rotary kiln. Although many efforts on dealing with this problem have been made over the past years, the recognition performance cannot be satisfactory due to the disturbance from smoke and dust inside the kiln. This work aims to develop a reliable burning state recognition system using extreme learning machines with heterogeneous features. The recorded flame images are firstly represented by various low-level features, which characterize the distribution of the temperature field and the flame color, the local and global configurations. To learn the merits of our proposed flame image-based burning state recognition system, four learner models (ELM, MLP, PNN and SVM) are examined by a typical flame image database with 482 images. Simulation results demonstrate that the heterogeneous features based ELM classifiers outperform other classifiers in terms of both recognition accuracy and computational complexity.