Color Configuration Research Articles

Mass spectrum and strong decays of tetraquark {bar{c}}{bar{s}} qq states

We systematically study the mass spectrum and strong decays of the S-wave {bar{c}}{bar{s}} q q states in the compact tetraquark scenario with the quark model. The key ingredients of the model are the Coulomb, the linear confinement, and the hyperfine interactions. The hyperfine potential leads to the mixing between different color configurations, and to the large mass splitting between the two ground states with I(J^P)=0(0^+) and I(J^P)=1(0^+). We calculate their strong decay amplitudes into the {bar{D}}^{(*)}K^{(*)} channels with the wave functions from the mass spectrum calculation and the quark-interchange method. We examine the interpretation of the recently observed X_0(2900) as a tetraquark state. The mass and decay width of the I(J^P)=1(0^+) state are M=2941 MeV and Gamma _X=26.6 MeV, respectively, which indicates that it might be a good candidate for X_0(2900). Meanwhile, we also obtain an isospin partner state I(J^P)=0(0^+) with M=2649 MeV and Gamma _{Xrightarrow {bar{D}} K}=48.1 MeV, respectively. Future experimental search for X(2649) will be very helpful.

Biological Mimicking of natural environment chromatic formation and their application in the field of interior design

Biomimicry of color configurations in the natural environment has attracted great interest in research fields in recent years, as colors are produced in the natural environment through three main sources: bio-pigments, bioluminescence and structural colors. Structural color is a special color produced by micro or microscopic structures in living organisms where structural colors arise from complex interactions between microscopic structural surfaces and visible light and are related to the rapidly evolving field of photonics, and in principle they depend mainly on many elementary optical processes including interference Thin layer, diffraction, light scattering, optical crystals etc. In nature these processes are mixed together in multiple ways to produce complex color optical phenomena. Textured colors collaborate with pigment colors to enhance or reduce glossiness and produce special effects. It seems that structure-based optical phenomena in the natural environment are multifunctional, the diversity of which is very far from our understanding. In this research, we review these phenomena that appear in living organisms, to shed light on this rapidly developing field of research and its applications in the field of interior design and furniture. .

An independent contribution of colour to the aesthetic preference for paintings

Walking around an art museum we can see how colours influence our aesthetic preferences: many great works of art would not be as impressive in grey scales. Is the beauty of colours in abstract paintings anchored to the spatial composition of the paintings, or can it be preserved even with random spatial arrangements? To test whether colour can have an independent contribution to aesthetic appreciation, we asked participants to select the preferred image among pairs of colour-manipulated versions of the same painting. We changed hue, but preserved lightness and saturation, by rotating the colour volume around the L* axis in CIELAB space. To test the influence of the spatial structure, the images of the paintings were presented: (1) in their original format, (2) spatially scrambled but preserving the colour composition, and (3) in a control condition with both colour and spatial scrambling. Relative preference as a function of hue angle was obtained for the four paintings in their original and modified forms.For the original paintings, we found that participants generally preferred the colour angles that matched the original version of the paintings. Crucially, participants preferred the same colour distributions for spatially scrambled paintings as for the original paintings. For the control condition, there were no preferred colour configurations. This suggests that the aesthetic preference of colours in our abstract paintings is not anchored to particular spatial compositions, but is at least partly preserved even when the spatial composition is destroyed. Paintings thus can contain an aesthetic component that is exclusively related to colour.

Y2O3:Ho3+ and ZnO:Bi3+: a selection for enhancing color quality and luminous flux of WLEDs

As the luminescence industry develops, the white light light-emitting diode (LED) package with a single chip and a single phosphor although produces good luminous flux but has a poor color rendering index (CRI) can no longer fulfill the requirements of modern lighting applications. Therefore, this research is conducted to response to the urgent demands of improving other lighting qualities of WLED while maintaining high luminous efficiency. To achieve this target, we applied the new WLED package, which contains multi-chips and multi-phosphor layers, and have obtained outstanding results in both CRI and luminous efficacy. Two types of phosphor used in the WLED package are Y2O3:Ho3+ and ZnO:Bi3+. A color configuration model is also developed to adjust the shading of the white-light LED module. The results of this research show that the triple-layer phosphorhas the best performance when applied in a white-light LED package, which is demonstrated through better color quality, CRI and luminous efficacy, The manufacturers can rely on this research to produce the optimal-quality WLED, or WLED that is appropriate to their quality demands.

Systematics of $$QQ{\bar{q}}{\bar{q}}$$ in a chiral constituent quark model

Inspired by $\Xi_{cc}$ reported by LHCb Collaboration and $X(5568)$ reported by $D0$ Collaboration, the $QQ\bar{q}\bar{q}$ ($Q=c,b,s$, $q=u,d$) tetraquark states, are studied in the present work. With the help of gaussian expansion method, two structures, diquark-antiquark and meson-meson, with all possible color configurations are investigated systematically in a chiral quark model to search for the possible stable states. The results show that there is no bound state in the isovector $QQ\bar{q}\bar{q}$ system, while there are rather deep bound states in the isoscalar $bb\bar{q}\bar{q}$, $cc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ and $bc\bar{q}\bar{q}$ systems. There are also several shallow bound states in $QQ^{\prime}$ system. Mixing two structures of diquark-antidiquark and meson-meson can introduce more attractions and convert some unbound isoscalar states into shallow bound states. The large mass of the heavy quark is beneficial to the formation of the bound state. The separations between quarks are calculated to unravel the spacial structure of the system.

An optimal observable for color singlet identification

We present a novel approach to construct a color singlet tagger, i.e.~an observable that is able to discriminate the decay of a color-singlet into two jets from a two-jet background in a different color configuration. We do this by explicitly taking the ratio of the corresponding leading-order matrix elements in the soft limit, thus obtaining an observable that is provably optimal within our approximation. We call this observable the ``jet color ring" and we compare its performance to other color-sensitive observables such as jet pull and dipolarity. We also assess the performance of the jet color ring in simulations by applying it to the case of the hadronic decays of a boosted Higgs boson and of an electroweak boson.

Analysis of the Material and Function of the Mask under Viral Infection

In recent years, air pollution is more serious, mask production has increased year by year, especially in January 2020, the emergence of a new coronavirus attack, masks on health and quality requirements are more stringent. It was found that under the influence of the current epidemic situation, there are different types and functions of face masks, and there are many defects in production. On this basis, the topic of the mask on the practical features, color configuration, interpretation of the meaning and process production, and other aspects of research and analysis, and in view of the current mask in life application, the following viewpoints and opinions are put forward: 1. The mask material is imitated, transplanted, extracted, changed and applied in modern mask design; 2. Absorb the symbolic colors of the mask or adopt the reverse color collocation which breaks the routine, and provide inspiration and inspiration for the mask design in modern life; 3. Draw lessons from the traditional manufacture technology and combine the modern processing technique, create new and diverse style features.

Modeling and Investigations on Surface Colors of Wings on the Performance of Albatross-Inspired Mars Drones and Thermoelectric Generation Capabilities

Thermal effects of wing color for Albatross-inspired drones performing in the Martian atmosphere are investigated during the summer and winter seasons. This study focuses on two useful consequences of the thermal effects of wing color: the drag reduction and the thermoelectric generation of power. According to its color, each wing side has a certain temperature affecting the drag. Investigations of various configurations have shown that the thermal effect on the wing boundary layer skin drag is insignificant because of the low atmospheric pressure. However, the total drag varies as much as 12.8% between the highest performing wing color configuration and the lowest performing configuration. Additionally, the large temperature differences between the top and the bottom wing surfaces show great potential for thermoelectric power generation. The maximum temperature differences between the top and bottom surfaces for the summer and winter seasons are, respectively, 65 K and 30 K. The drag reduction and the power generation via thermoelectric generators both contribute to enhancing the endurance of drones. Future drone designs will benefit from increased endurance through optimizing the wing color configuration.

Y(4626) in a chiral constituent quark model

Recently, the Belle Collaboration reported a new exotic state $Y(4620)$ with mass at 4625.9 MeV in the positronium annihilation process. Inspired by experiment, we study the tetraquark system $c\overline{s}s\overline{c}$ with quantum numbers ${J}^{P}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the framework of chiral constituent quark model with the help of Gaussian expansion method. Two structures, diquark-antidiquark and meson-meson, with all possible color and spin configurations are considered. The result shows that no bound state can be formed. To investigate the possible resonance states, the real scaling method is employed. Several resonance states with energies 4354, 4408, 4469, 4497, and 4531 MeV are proposed. Taking into account the errors in calculating the $q\overline{q}$ mesons, the system errors in the calculation of four-quark system are around 60--100 MeV. The resonance with energy 4531 MeV is possible the candidate of the newly found state $Y(4620)$.

Lattice QCD study of static quark and antiquark correlations via entanglement entropies

We study the color correlation between static quark and antiquark ($q\bar q$) in the confined phase via reduced density matrices $\rho$ defined in color space. We adopt the standard Wilson gauge action and perform quenched calculations with the Coulomb gauge condition for reduced density matrices. The spatial volumes are $L^3 = 8^3$, $16^3$, $32^3$ and $48^3$, with the gauge couplings $\beta = 5.7$, 5.8 and 6.0. Each element of the reduced density matrix in the sub space of quarks' color degrees of freedom of the $q\bar q$ pair is calculated from staples defined by link variables. As a result, we find that $\rho$ is well written by a linear combination of the strongly correlated $q\bar q$ pair state with the color-singlet component and the uncorrelated $q\bar q$ pair state with random color configurations. We compute the Renyi entropies $S^{\rm Renyi}$ from $\rho$ to investigate the $q\bar q$ distance dependence of the color correlation of the $q\bar q$ pair and find that the color correlation is quenched as the distance increases.

Spectrum of the fully-heavy tetraquark state QQQ¯′Q¯′

In this work, we systematically calculate the mass spectra of the $S$-wave fully heavy tetraquark states $bb\bar b\bar b$, $cc\bar c\bar c$, and $bb\bar c\bar c$ in two nonrelativistic quark models. A tetraquark state may be an admixture of a $6_c-\bar 6_c$ state and a $\bar 3_c-3_c$ one, where $6_c-\bar 6_c$($\bar 3_c-3_c$) denotes the color configuration with a $6_c$ ($\bar 3_c$) diquark and a $\bar 6_c$ ($3_c$) antidiquark. For the tetraquark states $bb\bar b\bar b$ and $cc\bar c\bar c$ with $J^{PC}={0^{++}}$, the $6_c-\bar 6_c$ state is lower than the $\bar 3_c-3_c$ one in both the two quark models, while the order of the $bb\bar c\bar c$ states depend on models. The $6_c-\bar 6_c$ and $\bar 3_c-3_c$ mixing effects are induced by the hyperfine interactions between the diquark and antidiquark, while the contributions from the one-gluon-exchange (OGE) Coulomb or the linear confinement potentials vanish for the $QQ\bar Q'\bar Q'$ system. With the couple-channel effects, we obtain the similar mass spectra. The numerical results show that the ground $QQ\bar Q'\bar Q'$ ($Q=b,c$ and $Q'=b,c$) tetraquark states are located above the corresponding scattering states, which indicates that there may not exist a bound state in the scheme of the two quark models.

The development of analytical methods to determine metoclopramide-hydrochloric acid in the standard raw and it compared with pharmaceuticals

The three novel easy, to the prepare and sensitive spectral methods, were used to estimate metoclopramide in both standard and pharmaceuticals. The effective double–electron, was present in the metoclopramide compound helps to interact in an acidic medium with a reagent such as diazetide resorcinol and 8-hydroxyquinoline reagents. The present article was extended to find out three analytical methods with UV-V is the detector. In both A and B methods, two azo-dyes are formed, they are orange-red and red stable and have high water solubility, giving highest absorption values at 415 nm and 485 nm but the C method will depend on a complex colour configuration with the p-benzoquinone reagent, which has a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 285 nm. Beer's law was applied in a range of concentrations between 1 and 10 μg / ml, 2-20 μg / ml and 1-30 μg / ml. The values ​​of the molar absorption factors were (4.1224 × 104, 3.0229 × 104 and 1.7373 × 104) L mol-1cm-1 with a sensitivity of Sandell’s equal to 0.2606 × 10-4, 0.9834 × 10-4 and 0.2568 × 10 - 4 μg cm-2 to methods A, B respectively and LLOD values ​​were 0.255, 0.553 and 0.158 μg / ml to methods A, B and C. LLOQ 0.512, 0.898 and 0.455 μg / ml to methods A, B, C respectively. The constant fixed Kf configuration was also calculated for the colored outputs of the reaction where it was found to be equal to 43.6435 × 108, 54.6261 × 10-8 and 17.29099 × 106 L2 mol-2 to all methods A, B, C respectively. The values ​​of G were calculated based on -43.9293 KJ / mol, -44.3735 and -51.2019. G values, molar absorption factor, Sandell sensitivity, detection limit.

Formation of large-scale random structure by competitive erosion

We study the following one-dimensional model of annihilating particles. Beginning with all sites of $\mathbb{Z}$ uncolored, a blue particle performs simple random walk from $0$ until it reaches a nonzero red or uncolored site, and turns that site blue; then a red particle performs simple random walk from $0$ until it reaches a nonzero blue or uncolored site, and turns that site red. We prove that after $n$ blue and $n$ red particles alternately perform such walks, the total number of colored sites is of order $n^{1/4}$. The resulting random color configuration, after rescaling by $n^{1/4}$ and taking $n\to \infty $, has an explicit description in terms of alternating extrema of Brownian motion (the global maximum on a certain interval, the global minimum attained after that maximum, etc.).

BFKL eigenvalue and maximal alternation of harmonic sums

We analyze the known results for the eigenvalue of the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) equation in the perturbative regime using the analytic continuation of harmonic sums from even positive arguments to the complex plane. The resulting meromorphic functions have poles at negative integer values of the argument. The typical classification of harmonic sums is determined by two major parameters: a) the weight - a sum of inverse powers of the summation indices; b) the depth - a number of nested summations. We introduce the third parameter: the alternation - a number of nested sign-alternating summations in a given harmonic sum. We claim that the maximal alternation of the nested summation in the functions building the BFKL eigenvalue is preserved from loop to loop in the perturbative expansion. The BFKL equation is formulated for arbitrary color configuration of the propagating states in the t-channel. Based on known results one can state that color adjoint BFKL eigenvalue can be written using only harmonic sums with positive indices, maximal alternation zero, and at most depth one, whereas the singlet BFKL eigenvalue is constructed of harmonic sums with maximal sign alternation being equal one. We also note that for maximal alternation being equal unity the harmonic sums can be expressed through alternation zero harmonic sums with half-shifted arguments.

Analysis of hidden-bottom $bb\bar{b}\bar{b}$ states

Motivated by the searching for $bb\bar{b}\bar{b}$ states at LHC recently, we calculate the ground-state energies of $bb\bar{b}\bar{b}$ states with quantum numbers $IJ^P=00^+,01^+,02^+$ in a nonrelativistic chiral quark model using the Gaussian expansion method. In our calculations, two structures, meson-meson and diquark-antidiquark, and their coupling, along with all possible color configurations are considered. It is expected that the studies shall be helpful for the experimental searching of fully-heavy exotic tetraquark states.

Symbolic representation of numerosity by honeybees ( Apis mellifera): matching characters to small quantities.

The assignment of a symbolic representation to a specific numerosity is a fundamental requirement for humans solving complex mathematical calculations used in diverse applications such as algebra, accounting, physics and everyday commerce. Here we show that honeybees are able to learn to match a sign to a numerosity, or a numerosity to a sign, and subsequently transfer this knowledge to novel numerosity stimuli changed in colour properties, shape and configuration. While honeybees learned the associations between two quantities (two; three) and two signs (N-shape; inverted T-shape), they failed at reversing their specific task of sign-to-numerosity matching to numerosity-to-sign matching and vice versa (i.e. a honeybee that learned to match a sign to a number of elements was not able to invert this learning to match the numerosity of elements to a sign). Thus, while bees could learn the association between a symbol and numerosity, it was linked to the specific task and bees could not spontaneously extrapolate the association to a novel, reversed task. Our study therefore reveals that the basic requirement for numerical symbolic representation can be fulfilled by an insect brain, suggesting that the absence of its spontaneous emergence in animals is not due to cognitive limitation.

Colour harmony of two‐colour combinations using a 3D colour configuration

Over the past few years, although many studies have investigated colour harmony, most of those used the planar colour configuration, which is not in line with the design requirements of real‐life products. Therefore, this study used 11 basic colours and five types of colour scheme techniques to derive 141 colour combinations applied upon a physical 3D colour configuration to observe the phenomena of colour harmony. The results show that colour harmony on a 3D colour configuration is different from that on a planar colour configuration, and can be divided into four phenomena: (i) lightness difference was found to determine the colour harmony while achromatic colour was configured with achromatic colour; (ii) lightness sum prompted colour harmony while chromatic colour was configured with achromatic colour; (iii) lightness sum and chroma sum were found to determine colour harmony while chromatic colour was configured with chromatic colour with a two‐colour hue angle difference >90°; and (iv) lightness sum and hue difference were a determination of colour harmony while chromatic colour was configured with chromatic colour with a two‐colour hue angle difference of ≤90°. On the basis of these phenomena, this study develops a colour harmony model based on the colour parameters, most of which are derived from the addition of the colour attributes of two colours.

Stochastically sampling color configurations

Parton shower algorithms are key components of theoretical predictions for high-energy collider physics. Work towards more accurate parton shower algorithms is thus pursued along many different avenues. The systematic treatment of subleading color corrections in parton shower algorithms is however technically challenging and remains elusive. In this article, we present an efficient and numerically stable algorithm to sample color configurations at fixed $N_C=3$, using the correct color factor including subleading corrections with a parton shower. The algorithm is implemented as stand-alone program that can be interfaced to the PYTHIA event generator. Preliminary comparisons to to LEP data are presented.

Looking for a uds¯b¯ bound state in the chiral quark model

Inspired by the report of D0 Collaboration on the state $X(5568)$ with four different flavors, a similar state, $ud\bar{s}\bar{b}$ is investigated in the present work. The advantage of looking for this state over the state $X(5568)$ with quark contents, $bu\bar{d}\bar{s}$ or $bd\bar{u}\bar{s}$, is that the $BK$ threshold is 270 MeV higher than that of $B_s \pi$, and it allows a large mass region for $ud\bar{s}\bar{b}$ to be stable. The chiral quark model and Gaussian expansion method are employed to do the calculations of four-quark states $ud\bar{s}\bar{b}$ with quantum numbers $IJ^{P}$($I=0,1;~ J=0,1,2;~P=+$). Two structures, diquark-antidiquark and meson-meson, with all possible color configurations are considered. The results indicate that energies of the tetraquark with diquark-antiquark configuration are all higher than the threshold of $BK$, but for the state of $IJ^P=00^+$ in the meson-meson structure, the energies are below the corresponding thresholds, where the color channel coupling plays an important role. The distances between two objects (quark/antiquark) show that the state is a molecular one.

Quantum and classical dynamics of heavy quarks in a quark-gluon plasma

We derive equations for the time evolution of the reduced density matrix of a collection of heavy quarks and antiquarks immersed in a quark gluon plasma. These equations, in their original form, rely on two approximations: the weak coupling between the heavy quarks and the plasma, the fast response of the plasma to the perturbation caused by the heavy quarks. An additional semi-classical approximation is performed. This allows us to recover results previously obtained for the abelian plasma using the influence functional formalism. In the case of QCD, specific features of the color dynamics make the implementation of the semi-classical approximation more involved. We explore two approximate strategies to solve numerically the resulting equations in the case of a quark-antiquark pair. One involves Langevin equations with additional random color forces, the other treats the transition between the singlet and octet color configurations as collisions in a Boltzmann equation which can be solved with Monte Carlo techniques.