Fatty Acids In Colostrum Research Articles

Effects of solute carrier family 27 member 1 (SLC27A1) genotypes on fat content and major fatty acids in colostrum and milk from Murrah and “Murrah × Carabao” crossbred buffaloes

This study analyzed the effect of Solute carrier family 27 member 1 (SLC27A1) genotypes on fat content and major fatty acids (lauric acid C12:0, myristic acid C14:0, palmitic acid C16:0, stearic acid C18:0, and oleic acid C18:1n-9) in milk and colostrum of 46 Murrah and “Murrah × Carabao” crossbred buffaloes at the Philippine Carabao Center - University of the Philippines Los Baños dairy herd. The SLC27A1 genotypes (CC and CT) were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using DNA extracted from hair follicles. This study found polymorphism in the SLC27A1 gene that were consistent with Hardy Weinberg’s law of equilibrium (HWE), with a polymorphic information content (PIC) and heterozygosity (H) estimate of 0.2915 and 0.3542, respectively, for Murrah; and 0.3219 and 0.4032, respectively for “Murrah × Carabao” crossbreeds. In Murrah buffaloes, the CT genotype was significantly associated (P<0.05) with higher colostrum yield and milk fat content, compared to CC. In “Murrah × Carabao” crossbreds, CT was associated with higher C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0, but lower C18:1n-9 in colostrum; and lower C16:0 in milk compared to CC. This study showed polymorphisms in SLC27A1 genotypes and their significant effects on colostrum yield and milk fat content in Murrah buffaloes and some major fatty acids in colostrum and milk from “Murrah × Carabao” crosses.

Comparison of sheep and goat colostrum fatty acids contents

The quality and content of colostrum is a very important factor for the health of the offspring. Colostrum is the first food that ensures the growth and development of offspring and their immunity against diseases. Colostrum composition is affected by many factors such as calving season, number of lactations, length of dry period, maternal diseases, age and breed. The animal material of the research consisted of Awassi sheep and Saanen goats raised in Adana province, where Mediterranean conditions prevail, and these animals were kept in semi-intensive conditions. In the study, fatty acids of sheep and goat colostrums were determined by gas chromatography device. As a result of the analysis, 26 fatty acids were detected in Awasi sheep and 27 fatty acids in Saanen goats. Erucic acid was not detected in Awasi sheep colostrum. The colostrum fatty acids with the highest percentage in both breeds wre oleic acid (Awassi sheep: 36.32%, Saanen goat: 25.68%) and palmitic acid (Awassi sheep: 28.15%, Saanen goat: 29.20%) was determined as. ∑SFA rates were found to be higher in Saanen goat colostrum, and ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA rates were found to be higher in Awassi sheep.

Obesity during Pregnancy in the Horse: Effect on Term Placental Structure and Gene Expression, as Well as Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Concentration.

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a broodmare has been identified as a risk factor for obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect the development of the offspring. This article is a follow-up study of previous work showing that Obese mares (O, n = 10, body condition score > 4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n = 14, body condition score < 4 at insemination). Foals born to O mares were more insulin-resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation, and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as the fatty acid profile in the plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation, which, to our knowledge, has been poorly studied in the horse. Mares from both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were housed in pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation (summer of 2016 in the Limousin region, France). In the present article, term placental morphometry, structure (stereology), and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrum and milk, were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between the N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure, or gene expression. No difference in plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed until 18 months of age in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn that can also play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares, which could have further affected the metabolic development of their foals. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk, thus also influencing the foal's plasma fatty acid composition and likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.

Evaluation of polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the three stages of breast milk: colostrum, transitional and mature milk of a nursing mother submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery two months prior to pregnancy: Case study

The purpose of this case study was to investigate polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk of a nursing mother attended to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass two months prior to pregnancy. For this, was collected 2ml (colostrum), 4ml (transitional milk) and 4ml (mature milk) samples obtained by manual expression of the breast that was not sucked in the last feeding, in the morning and placed in Eppendorfs-type microtubes. The fatty acid composition was performed by means of gas chromatography. The mean proportions of fat in colostrum, transition milk and mature milk were: eicosapentaenoic acid: 0.06%; 0.05% and 0.06%; docosahexaenoic acid: 0.12%, 0.08% and 0.09%; arachidonic acid: 0.58%, 0.37% and 0.42%, respectively; trans fatty from the industrial process: 0.11%, 0.08% and 0.12% and trans fatty from ruminant sources (0.09%, 0.10% and 0.12%, respectively. The relevance of this case study lies in the fact that it shares knowledge about on the fatty acid composition of breast milk from a nursing mother post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The mean linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid found in the mature milk was below the means found in studies carried out in Brazil from eutrophic women who did not underwent bariatric surgery. In this study, trans fatty acids were found in maternal milk but considered low values. As a relevant recommendation for future work, it is suggested that research be carried out with a larger population undergoing such a procedure to investigate the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk.

Obesity during pregnancy in the horse: effect on term placental structure and gene expression, as well as colostrum and milk fatty acid concentrations

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a brood mare has been identified as a risk factor of obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect offspring development. This article is a follow-up study of previous work that showed that Obese mares (O, n=10, body condition score >4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n=14, body condition score <4 at insemination). Foals born to obese mares were more insulin resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as fatty acid profile in plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation. Mares of both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were kept at pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation. Term placental morphometry, structure (stereology) and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrumand milk were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure and gene expression. No difference of plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed later in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn, that also can play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk and plasma of foals, likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.

Feeding strategies to increase sow colostrum quality and yield

Effects of nutritional strategies on colostrum quality and yield are variable as influenced by sow colostrum production capacity, parity, farrowing induction protocol, and gestation length. The greatest opportunity to maximize colostrum yield and quality is through proper management of body condition in gestation such that sows are not in a negative energy balance when entering farrowing. Total colostrum fat percentage can be increased through the addition of dietary fat or oil. Colostrum fatty acid composition can also be changed by addition of dietary oil or increased branched chain amino acids. Colostrum protein and immunoglobulins are more challenging to influence.

Essential and Toxic Mineral Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum in Dairy Sheep.

Simple SummaryColostrum is of interest to the scientific community because of its nutritional and therapeutic capabilities. The aims of this study were to characterize the macro and micro composition of colostrum from Sarda dairy sheep and to compare it with the composition of the mature milk of the same breed. The results of this survey showed a large variation in the immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum, which could affect the acquisition of passive immunity by lambs. The strong correlation between immunoglobulin G and the total protein content suggests that this can be used to estimate the immunoglobulin content in sheep colostrum. The concentration of essential minerals is higher in colostrum than in milk as a result of mineral salt block supplementation at the end of gestation. Colostrum has a significantly different fatty acid profile than milk, and this is due to the specific needs of newborn lambs.Colostrum is a major source of immunity in ruminants. It allows the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus, and it is the exclusive source of nutrients for the newborn. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the macro and the micro composition of colostrum; (ii) to analyze the antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, and essential and toxic mineral content of colostrum; and (iii) to compare FA profiles and the amount of trace elements between colostrum and mature milk. For these purposes, samples of colostrum and milk were collected from a representative sample of animals from eight sheep dairy farms in the north of Sardinia (Italy). Fat, proteins, and seven essential and toxic minerals were measured in all samples of colostrum and milk. Furthermore, the FA profile was also measured in both matrices, while total antioxidant capacity was measured only in colostrum samples. The average amounts of fat and protein (TP) concentration in colostrum were 7.8% and 16%, respectively. Additionally, an average amount of 40 ± 20 g dm−3 was found for immunoglobulin G (IgG). As regards the antioxidant capacity of colostrum, a large variation was observed between samples from different farms for test 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), which was 30 ± 10% (mean ± standard deviation). High levels of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were found in colostrum (200 µg kg−1, 25,000 µg kg−1, and 1200 µg kg−1, respectively). A strong positive correlation between TP and IgG was observed (r = 91%). In colostrum, the amount of IgG is positively correlated with Se and Zn, as they are essential minerals to the immune system. The FA profile demonstrated higher levels of medium and long chain fatty acids in colostrum than in mature milk, and this is mainly true for arachidonic acid (ARA), ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study provided new information on the quality of colostrum in Sarda dairy sheep and showed the different composition of fatty acids between colostrum and mature milk.

The effects of FASN and DGAT1 gene polymorphism on colostrum and milk fatty acid composition of Charolais cows and growth in Charolais calves

Fatty acid composition of milk has become an important trait in dairy production, but there has not been a large amount of research on milk fat composition in beef cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of polymorphisms in the fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acyl-CoA diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene on milk and colostrum fatty acid composition, and their direct (calf) and indirect (cow/mother) relationships with calf birth weight and weight gain over 14 days. Eight Charolais cows and eight calves were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method. The cows’ milk and colostrum fatty acid profiles and their calves’ weight at birth and 14 day weight gain were analysed. In the colostrum, cows with DGAT1 genotype KA had a significantly higher content of C4:0 and lower C10:0, and with FASN diplotype TW/AR a tendency for higher C14:0 and C16:0 colostrum FA content. In the milk, Charolais cows with diplotype TW/AR tended to have higher C14:1, C16:0 and C16:1, but lower C18:0 content. At the same time, no associations were found between DGAT1 genotypes and the fatty acid composition of milk. There were also no significant associations found between the studied SNPs and the calf’s birth weight and weight gain over 14 days, although calves with DGAT1 KA genotype tended to have higher birth weight.

Pre-Partum Supplementation with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colostrum Characteristics and Lamb Immunity and Behavior after a Mild Post-Weaning Aversive Handling Period.

Simple SummaryLivestock farming faces the necessity of reducing the use of medicines, particularly antimicrobials, without compromising animal welfare as one main challenge. A strategy to improve animal health, specifically in breeding stock, relies on improved nutrition of the mothers during late pregnancy and on management factors during early life. These could affect mother and offspring physiological functions (calostrogenesis, fetal development or maturation of lamb’s immune system) and potentially modulate their stress-response capabilities. We studied the effect of pre-partum omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on ewe colostrum composition and immunological quality and whether changes resulted in any advantage on lambs’ passive immunization and on their physiological, behavioral, and inflammatory responses when subjected to a post-weaning stressor to confer stress resilience. Gestational supplementation with nutrients rich in essential fatty acids was effective to enhance colostrum quality related to biologically active molecules, such as conjugated linoleic acid, which plays a role in the regulation of the immune response. Stress resilience was studied by assessing lamb’s behavioral response after exposing lambs to a combination of stressors and by measuring plasma cortisol concentrations and immunological responses to specific circulating cytokines. This work highlights the complex relationship between late pregnancy nutrition in the mothers and immune system development in the offspring and explores the potential for programming nutrition interventions to develop more resilient livestock and to tackle the need for a reduction in the use of antibiotics.We studied the effect of pre-natal supplementation with n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) combined with a tannin-rich forage on colostrum composition and immunological quality and whether these changes had advantageous effects on lambs’ survival and stress reaction to a post-weaning stressor. Forty-eight Latxa ewes were fed during the last five weeks of pregnancy with two experimental diets: a control diet based on a neutral concentrate and forage (tall fescue hay; CO-FES), and a supplemented diet based on polyunsaturated (PUFA)-rich concentrate and tanniferous forage (sainfoin; ALA-SAIN). After parturition, twenty ewes had their blood and colostrum sampled, and their lambs were monitored until post-weaning. Lambs were afterwards subjected to (i) an aversive handling period (AHP) followed by a behavioral assessment and (ii) inflammatory and lymphocyte proliferation challenge. Feeding ALA-SAIN resulted in changes in colostrum fatty acid composition, specifically higher α-linoleic acid (p < 0.001), conjugate linoleic acid (p = 0.005), vaccenic acid (p = 0.006) and long-chain n-3 PUFA (p = 0.004). Pre-partum nutrition did not affect lamb immunoglobulin (Ig) G apparent efficacy absorption, but circulating IgG tended to be higher (p = 0.054) in ALA-SAIN lambs. ALA-SAIN lambs interacted more frequently with other lambs (p = 0.002), whereas ALA-SAIN females spent more time closer to other lambs (p < 0.001). Plasma cortisol was higher (p = 0.047) and plasma interleukin (IL)-2 lower (p = 0.003) in CO-FES lambs. This research highlights the importance of prenatal nutrition on the immune system stimulation and lambs’ behavior as a strategy to improve lambs’ health and welfare during early life.

A High-Energy Diet and Spirulina Supplementation during Pre-Gestation, Gestation, and Lactation do Not Affect the Reproductive and Lactational Performance of Primiparous Sows.

Simple SummaryHigh-energy or high-fat diets are often fed to pregnant and lactating sows to overcome problems resulting from insufficient energy intake. However, their long-term consumption has the potential to impair the reproductive and lactational traits in sows. The microalga spirulina has been previously described to exert beneficial health effects, and it may potentially reverse the detrimental effects induced by a high-energy diet. In the present study, both a high-energy diet and the spirulina did not affect the reproduction and lactational traits in sows, though they both influenced the colostrum fatty acids profile in a way that may impact offspring growth and health. Moreover, sows fed a high-energy diet tended to have less piglets weaned than sows fed a control diet. The spirulina was not able to reverse these effects but tended to affect the proportion of males and females per litter in a diet-specific manner.Feeding high-energy (HED) or high-fat diets during gestation and lactation to pigs may help cover the energy requirements of high-prolific sows but may also adversely affect their reproductive performance. The microalga Arthrospira plantensis (Sp), rich in bioactive compounds, has been described to exert beneficial health effects. The present study investigated the effects of HED and Sp intake during gestation and lactation in pigs. Twenty-four primiparous crossbred sows were fed either a HED or a control diet. Half of the sows per group were supplemented with 20 g/day of Sp. Despite a higher gross energy intake, consuming the HED did not affect the sows’ reproductive and lactational performance but significantly modified the colostrum fatty acid (FA) composition and tended to decrease the number of weaned piglets. The Sp supplementation did not affect the reproduction and lactation traits, but slightly affected the colostrum FA composition. A trend was observed for an interaction of diet and Sp in terms of offspring sex ratio with a 50% lower male-to-female ratio in the HED group compared to all other animals. These findings suggest that an HED and Sp intake hardly influence reproduction in sows. However, the HED modified the colostrum FA composition, whereas the Sp had only fewer effects, which may potentially affect offspring performance.

The Impact of Dietary Berberine Supplementation during the Transition Period on Blood Parameters, Antioxidant Indicators and Fatty Acids Profile in Colostrum and Milk of Dairy Goats.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of berberine (BBR) supplementation on productivity, antioxidant markers, and the fatty acid (FA) profile in the colostrum and milk of goats. Twenty-four primiparous Saanen goats were supplemented with 0, 1, 2, and 4 g/d (per goat) of BBR in control (CON), BBR1, BBR2, and BBR4 groups (n = 6 per group), respectively, from 21 days before expected kidding to 21 days after parturition. Blood sampling was carried out at −21, −14, −7, 0, 7, 14, and 21 d relative to delivery. Colostrum was collected within the first and second milking (d 1 of lactation), and milk was harvested weekly after kidding. Both BBR2 and BBR4 increased dry matter intake (DMI) (p ≤ 0.05) and energy balance (EB) as well as colostrum and milk production. Both BBR2 and BBR4 decreased (p ≤ 0.05) plasma levels of cholesterol, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin, while elevating the plasma albumin and paraoxonase (p ≤ 0.05), which may indicate that BBR mitigates inflammation during the transition period. BBR reduced (p ≤ 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased (p ≤ 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in blood, colostrum, and milk. Concentrations of de novo fatty acid in colostrum and milk were increased (p ≤ 0.05) with both BBR2 and BBR4. Free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in colostrum and milk fat were lower (p ≤ 0.05) in BBR2 and BBR4 compared to CON. The concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in colostrum and milk fat increased (p ≤ 0.05) with BBR2 and BBR4, while unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in milk. In summary, supplementation with at least 2 g/d BBR may enhance the EB and antioxidant status of dairy goats.

The Fatty Acids Composition of Human Milk in Different Lactation Stages of Chinese Population

Abstract Objectives To investigate the fatty acids composition in different lactation stages of human milk in China. Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted and lactating women (n = 6481) within 0–330 days postpartum were recruited in China between 2011 and 2013. Human milk sub-samples (n = 1135) were randomly selected for fatty acids analysis in the original study. The sample size of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk were 160, 177, 798 respectively. Fats were hydrolyzed and fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results The content of oleic acid, the highest level fatty acid in human milk, was 36.63%, 34.53% and 35.12% of total fatty acids in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively in China. The content of palmitic acid was about 23.69%, 21.90% and 20.82% in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 36.99%, 39.14% and 23.49% of total fatty acids of mature milk, respectively. The content of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was 20.47% and 0.54% in mature milk, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenic acid (DHA) was 0.06% and 0.28% in mature milk, respectively. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acids content differed significantly among various regions, nationalities, or mode of delivery. (i.e., Regions (city vs rural): oleic acid: 33.8% vs 36.4%; linoleic acid: 22.88% vs 17.21%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.59%; DHA: 0.42% vs 0.26%; EPA: 0.09% vs 0.04%. Nationality (Han vs Minority): oleic acid: 34.40% vs 36.59%; linoleic acid: 21.69% vs 16.54%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.57%; DHA: 0.38% vs 0.24%; EPA: 0.08% vs 0.04%.). Conclusions Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acids in human milk of China. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acid concentrations vary among different regions and nationalities in China. Funding Sources This study was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (S160002), the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2017YFD0400601) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2010AA023004).

Effects of supplementing ruminal-bypass unsaturated fatty acids during late gestation on beef cow and calf serum and colostrum fatty acids, transfer of passive immunity, and cow and calf performance

ABSTRACT Objective Our objective was to determine the effects of ruminally protected UFA supplementation during late gestation on fatty acid (FA) profiles in colostrum and maternal and offspring serum, and transfer of passive immunity in beef cattle. Materials and Methods Crossbred Angus cows (n = 58) were blocked by parity and then randomly assigned to supplements for the last 90 d of gestation: control (1.5 kg of corn gluten feed; n = 29) or an isocaloric and isonitrogenous supplement containing 200 g of bypass EFA (RBEFA; Essentiom, Church and Dwight Co., Princeton, NJ; n = 29) 5 d per week. Maternal blood was collected on d 45 of treatment and at parturition. Colostrum samples were collected at parturition. Calf blood was collected at birth and 1 and 5 d of age. Serum and colostrum samples were analyzed for FA and IgG concentrations. Data were analyzed via ANOVA with repeated measures when appropriate. Results and Discussion Total FA concentrations in cows on RBEFA were increased (P Implications and Applications Late-gestation supplementation of EFA increased serum FA concentrations, colostrum IgG, and calf serum IgG and increased calf growth up to weaning.

Branched chain amino acids alter fatty acid profile in colostrum of sows fed a high fat diet

BackgroundBranched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important substrates for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland, and are tightly related to lipid metabolism. No study has been performed examining the role of BCAAs with high fat diets on milk fat synthesis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary BCAAs on growth performance of piglets, progeny body weight, and milk fat composition in sows fed a high fat diet. Four diets (CON = control diet; HF = high fat diet with 8% soybean oil; HF-MB=HF plus 0.39% BCAAs; HF-HB=HF plus 0.78% BCAAs) were fed to sows from late gestation to weaning.ResultsCompared to HF, BCAAs (HF-MB and HF-HB) increased the litter weight (P < 0.05) and overall litter weight gain (P < 0.05) at weaning and increased colostrum fat content by 27.3–35.8% (P < 0.01). Fatty acid profiles between the two doses of BCAAs were similar. Compared with HF, HF-MB tended to decrease the percentage of C18:3n3 (P = 0.063) and increased the percentage of C18:1n9c (P = 0.03). In addition, BCAAs in HF-MB increased the concentration of total fatty acid by 22.1% in colostrum (P = 0.03) but decreased that in serum at parturition by 53.2% (P = 0.027). The fatty acids in colostrum that increased with BCAAs were C15:0, C17:0, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3 (P = 0.00~0.04). Colostrum fatty acids of C20:0, C21:0, C22:0, C16:1, C20:1, C18:1n9c also tended to be increased (0.05 < P < 0.1) with BCAAs. The change in sow serum fatty acid profile due to BCAAs was different from that in colostrum.ConclusionsBCAAs in high fat diet of sows altered the fatty acid composition in colostrum and enhanced litter growth. Our study indicated that BCAAs supplementation can enhance mammary fatty acid uptake and mammary fat synthesis and that supplemental BCAAs and fat in late gestation and lactation diets for sows can improve reproductive performance.

Evolution of the bovine milk fatty acid profile – From colostrum to milk five days post parturition

Milk was collected from each of 18 cows (presenting an even spread of 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactation): colostrum on the day of calving and subsequent morning milk 1–5 days post parturition. Days post parturition significantly affected the fatty acid profile of colostrum and transition milk samples. The colostrum fatty acid profile was distinctly different from that of mature milk, with significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Parity of the cow had a significant effect on the fatty acid profile of colostrum and transition milk samples; conjugated linoleic acid was significantly higher in cows entering their 1st lactation than in those in their 3rd lactation, while multiparous cows produced significantly higher concentrations of C16:0. The changing composition of the fatty acid profile can be classed into three distinct phases: colostrum (D0), transition milk (D1 and D2 post parturition) and mature milk (D3–D5).

The Effect of Dietary Oil Type and Energy Intake in Lactating Sows on the Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum and Milk, and Piglet Growth to Weaning.

Simple SummarySubstituting soya oil with salmon oil in lactation diets improved sow milk yield and litter gain during the suckling period. Additionally, salmon oil tended to reduce pre-weaning mortality; therefore, its use in lactation diets should be further investigated. A phased dietary energy regimen increased sow lactation energy intake, but sow body condition and piglet growth performance to weaning were not improved.This study investigated the effect of salmon oil in lactating sow diets and offering these diets in a phased dietary regimen to increase the energy density of the diet in late lactation. Sow and piglet productivity to weaning, the fatty acid profile of milk, piglet blood and tissues at weaning were the main parameters measured. Multiparous sows (n = 100) (Landrace × Large White) were offered dietary treatments from day 105 of gestation until weaning. Dietary treatments (2 × 2 factorial) included oil type (soya or salmon oil) and dietary regimen (Flat 14.5 MJ/kg DE diet offered until weaning or Phased 14.5 MJ/kg DE diet offered to day 14 of lactation then a second diet containing 15.5 MJ/kg DE offered from day 15 until weaning). Salmon oil inclusion increased the total proportion of n-3 fatty acids in colostrum (p < 0.001), milk (p < 0.001), piglet plasma (p < 0.01), adipose (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.001) and muscle (p < 0.001). Increasing sow dietary energy level in late lactation increased the total n-3 fatty acids in milk (p < 0.001), piglet adipose (p < 0.01) and piglet muscle (p < 0.05). However, piglet growth to weaning did not improve.

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during late gestation on colostrum yield, fatty acid composition, and IgG concentrations in primiparous sows

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation during late gestation on reproductive performance, colostrum yield, colostral fatty acid composition, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in primiparous sows. Twenty-four primiparous Landrace × Large White pregnant sows were randomly selected and assigned to four dietary treatments: 0% (control), 0.75%, 1.50%, and 2.25% CLA supplementation from day 85 of gestation to parturition. During lactation, all sows were fed the same commercial diet. The preweaning mortality of suckling piglets born to dams fed supplemental CLA did decrease linearly (P = 0.01) during lactation. Administration of CLA during gestation increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) total saturated fatty acids and decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum. The concentrations of CLA isomers were higher (P &lt; 0.01) in colostrum from primiparous sows fed CLA diets than in the control group. Feeding CLA increased (P &lt; 0.05) colostral IgG concentrations, as well as that in the serum of neonatal piglets. In conclusion, 2.25% CLA supplementation in the diet of primiparous sows during late gestation could improve the passive immunity through colostral IgG and the survival of suckling piglets.

Study on the fatty acid nutrition of colostrum combined with biomedicine

Maternal colostrum is the primary post natal nutrient supply that affects the growth and development of newborns. The study of the fatty acid nutrition of colostrum based on biomedicine is of great significance. In this paper, the problem of fatty acid nutrition of colostrum in combination with biomedicine was analyzed. The study analyses the main contents of biomedicine as well as the variation of the content is analyzed through questionnaire method and big data analysis. The results showed that the nutritional level of colostrum fatty acid is related to the type and quantity of food consumed by pregnant women during pregnancy. And the level of fatty acids is related to the total amount of fat and protein ingested by the mother

Factors affecting human colostrum fatty acid profile: A case study.

The role of maternal colostrum to infant development has been extensively studied and presented. Among the main factors which contribute to breast milk composition are maternal diet, age and body mass index, parity, duration of pregnancy and stage of lactation. This study aims to investigate the potential impact of several factors including demographic (i.e. maternal age and nationality) on the colostrum fatty acid profile. Colostrum was collected the third day postpartum in a Greek maternity hospital. Certain lipid quality indices and fatty acid ratios were estimated and results were statistically processed. The main identified fatty acids were palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1ω-9), and linoleic (C18:2ω-6) acids. Among fatty acids, saturated fatty acids predominated (47.61%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (39.26%), while polyunsaturated fatty acids had the lowest proportion (13.13%). Values of lipid quality indices were within the reported in the literature ranges. Maternal body mass index, nationality, age, mode of delivery, gender and fetal weight percentile were studied in respect to their potential influence on the fatty acid profile of colostrum fat. Results suggest that colostrum fatty acid profile was mainly dependent on maternal nationality and age rather than mode of delivery and maternal BMI. Regarding the effect of maternal nationality, significant differences were found for saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Of the most interesting findings is that colostrum fat from older (≥35 years) mothers had less saturated fat and more appropriate LQIs values. Finally, a reversed correlation was observed between the customized centile of the infants and the colostrum fat content.

Trans Fatty Acids in Colostrum, Mature Milk and Diet of Lactating Adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trans fatty acids (TFA) content and distribution in colostrum, mature milk, and diet of adolescent mothers, after TFA declaration in food labels became mandatory in Brazil. Participants were healthy adolescents (n 54, 15-19years, 1-90days postpartum) practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Milk samples were collected 3days after delivery (colostrum) and in the third month postpartum (mature milk) by hand expression. The fatty acid composition of the milk samples was determined by gas chromatography. TFA intake corresponded to 1.23% of total energy value. Total 18:2 TFA accounted for less than 0.5% of the energy intake. The amount of total 18:1 TFA (mean±SEM) was 1.9%±0.14 in colostrum and 1.5%±0.2 in mature milk. The total content of n-3 PUFA was inversely correlated with the total content of 18:1 TFA in colostrum. Both in colostrum and in mature milk, vaccenic acid (11t-18:1) was found to be the most abundant 18:1 trans isomer, followed by elaidic acid (9t-18:1), whereas rumenic acid (9c,11t-18:2 CLA) was the predominant 18:2 trans isomer. In conclusion, the levels of TFA of industrial sources found in the mother's diet and breast milk (colostrum and mature milk) showed a decrease in relation to those observed in studies conducted prior to the TFA labeling resolution in Brazil. However, the current low intake levels of n-3 LCPUFA and DHA content in the milk of lactating adolescents may be insufficient for supporting adequate neurological development of the infants.