Enzymatic Colorimetric Method Research Articles

Study of Serum Creatinine in Female Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. In the present study serum creatinine was estimated in female type 2 diabetes to observe the frequency of increase serum creatinine level in these patients. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, between July 2016 and June 2017. A total of 210 subjects were selected and were grouped as: control group (group I) having 70 healthy female of reproductive age (21-45 years) and study group (group II), which was again subdivided to group IIA (70 diabetic female of reproductive age (21-45 years) and group IIB (70 diabetic female of post-menopausal age, 45-70 years). Laboratory analysis of serum creatinine was done by enzymatic colorimetric method. A comparison in serum creatinine concentration was done in between group I and group II and in between Group IIA and Group IIB. The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. For statistical analysis students unpaired ‘t’ test was performed. Our study revealed that serum creatinine was increased among females of the study group and the result was statistically significant. In the control group serum creatinine was within the normal physiological range. CBMJ 2024 July: vol. 13 no. 02 P: 198-202

Assessment of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive adult subjects in Enugu southeastern, Nigeria

Objective: Hypertension poses a significant burden on the general population, being responsible for increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The association of hypertension with dyslipidemia, enlarged waistline (obesity), and insulin resistance, also known as metabolic syndrome, further increases the overall cardiovascular risk of an individual. This study assessed the metabolic syndrome among adult hypertensive individuals in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and twenty participants(18-50 years) consisting of sixty hypertensive subjects, as test group and sixty normotensive subjects, as control group were recruited for this cross sectional study. Anthropometric parameters, waist circumference (WC), height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Five milliliters of fasting blood samples were collected and used for the determination of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C) using enzymatic colorimetric methods. Laboratory investigations were done in a hospital setting. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) prevalence was estimated using the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The results showed a significant increase (P< 0.05) in the mean ± SD of SBP (162.30 ± 18.94, 124.27 ± 8.85), DBP (106.77 ± 25.77, 83.40 ± 11.47), FPG (5.70 ± 1.90, 4.47 ± 0.64), TC (5.19 ± 0.913, 3.70 ± 0.94), LDL-C (3.05 ± 1.09, 1.68 ± 0.94) and a non-significant difference (P > 0.05) in WC (91.48 ± 8.69, 91.96 ± 10.84), TG (1.35 ± 0.37, 1.26 ± 0.49), HDL-C (1.62 ± 0.45, 1.59 ± 0.50), VLDL-C (0.517 ± 0.16, 0.47 ± 0.64) of the hypertensive and normotensive subjects respectively. The prevalence of MetS in hypertensive subjects was 33.3%, while that of the control group (normotensives) was 3.3%. Conclusion: The study concludes that hypertension predisposes an individual to higher risk of developing MetS.

P-331 Unlocking metformin’s potential: exploring its impact on inflammation and oxidative pathways in an endometriosis mouse model

Abstract Study question Could endometriosis-associated pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory condition be mitigated by metformin? Summary answer Metformin treatment tends to reduce fibrosis in ectopic tissues, while up-regulating anti-oxidative response enzymes. What is known already Endometriosis is a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative disease, which causes pain and infertility. Hormonal treatments used to control the disease must be stopped when a woman attempts to conceive, meaning new therapies are necessary. We had shown that endometriosis reduces fertility in a mouse model, which metformin treatment led to its reversal. Metformin, in addition to reducing blood glucose, reduces inflammation and systemic oxidation. It has also been shown to mitigate the growth of endometrial implants in the animal model. The objective of this work is to evaluate the intervention of metformin in the inflammatory and oxidative response pathways associated with endometriosis. Study design, size, duration Female mice were randomly divided into groups: 1-Endometriosis (n = 24); 2-Sham (n = 12); 3-Endometriosis with metformin (n = 21); 4-Sham with metformin (n = 16). Endometriosis was surgically induced by heterologous transplantation of endometrium from a donor into recipients of the same strain. Metformin (0,5mg/mL) was administered orally for 3 months. Half of the mice in each group were mated for the fertility study. Tissues analysed are described with “Eu” for eutopic and “Ec” for ectopic tissues, respectively. Participants/materials, setting, methods The implants were confirmed and monitored by ultrasound and serum glucose, estradiol and lipoprotein values were quantified by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. Fibrosis in eutopic and ectopic tissues was quantified after computer-assisted analysis in Masson’s Trichrome images. Dual-labelling immunofluorescence was performed for the proteins F4/80 and Galectin-3 (gal-3) and Western Blot (WB) was performed to quantify their expression and also NFkB, HO-1 and GPX-1, both in eutopic and ectopic tissues. Main results and the role of chance No differences were found in serum analysis between groups, apart from a decrease in total cholesterol and an increase in estradiol in pregnant compared to non-mated mice. Masson’s Trichrome stained sections revealed increased stromal fibrosis in both eutopic and ectopic tissues of non-mated Endometriosis groups compared to Sham groups(EuEnd vs. EuSham p = 0.018; EcEnd vs. EuSham p = 0.022; EuEnd vs. EuShamMet p = 0.0008; EcEnd vs EuShamMet p = 0,001). Metformin treatment showed a decreasing trend in fibrosis both in non-mated and pregnant, particularly in ectopic tissue, although statistical significance was not reached. Both eutopic and ectopic endometrium presented positive cells for f4/80 and gal-3, with some co-localization, in all groups. Metformin treatment led to the increase of the inflammation markers in the tissues of mice with ENDO: F4/80 was increased in eutopic tissue(p = 0.0002), while gal-3 (p = 0.004) and NF-kB (p = 0.03) augmented in ectopic tissue of non-mated. Pregnancy condition, on the other hand had a tendency for the decrease of these proteins. Metformin increased the expression of antioxidant defense enzymes HO-1 (p = 0,005) and GPX-1 (p = 0,0001) in the ectopic endometrium of non-mated mice. Metformin has shown to act in the up-regulation of anti-oxidative defenses that intervene in the control of endometriosis progression, but this effect was not evident during pregnancy. Limitations, reasons for caution Caution is necessary when extrapolating animal model data to humans due to species-specific differences in endometriosis patterns. Further studies, assessing pro-oxidative species, total antioxidant capacity, and potential anti-inflammatory roles of studied molecules, are essential to clarify the unexpected results in inflammatory pathways. Wider implications of the findings These findings highlight metformin, in a subtherapeutic dose, as a novel and safe approach to alleviate oxidative stress in endometriosis, offering a promising pharmacological solution for improving endometriosis-associated infertility, once we also had shown the reversal of infertility associated with endometriosis through metformin treatment. Trial registration number not applicable

Propolis Reduces Inflammation and Dyslipidemia Caused by High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice by Lowering ADAM10/17 Activities.

Atherosclerosis is one of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases. A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10 and ADAM17 have been identified as important regulators of inflammation in recent years. Our study investigated the effect of inhibiting these enzymes with selective inhibitor and propolis on atherosclerosis. In our study, C57BL/6J mice (n = 16) were used in the control and sham groups. In contrast, ApoE-/- mice (n = 48) were used in the case, water extract of propolis (WEP), ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), GW280264X (GW-synthetic inhibitor), and solvent (DMSO and ethanol) groups. The control group was fed a control diet, and all other groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. WEP (400 mg/kg/day), EEP (200 mg/kg/day), and GW (100 µg/kg/day) were administered intraperitoneally for the last four weeks. Animals were sacrificed, and blood, liver, aortic arch, and aortic root tissues were collected. In serum, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and glucose (Glu) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 (Lp-PLA2) were measured by ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels were measured in aortic arch by ELISA and ADAM10/17 activities were measured fluorometrically. In addition, aortic root and liver tissues were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically (ADAM10 and sortilin primary antibody). In the WEP, EEP, and GW groups compared to the case group, TC, TG, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, PLA2, MPO, ADAM10/17 activities, plaque burden, lipid accumulation, ADAM10, and sortilin levels decreased, while IL-10 and PON-1 levels increased (p < 0.003). Our study results show that propolis can effectively reduce atherosclerosis-related inflammation and dyslipidemia through ADAM10/17 inhibition.

Circulating zinc levels and cardiometabolic risk-related variables in adults

Introduction. Altered serum zinc levels, lower and higher than values in healthy controls, have been observed in individuals affected by non-communicable chronic diseases. However, to date, studies describing potential determinants of zinc levels in general populations free of chronic diseases appear to be limited. Objective. To evaluate whether nutrient intake, biochemical and clinical measures, lifestyle, and family history of cardio-metabolic diseases are independently associated with zinc levels in apparently healthy individuals. Materials and methods. We evaluated 239 healthy subjects. Serum zinc was measured via flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and the remaining biochemical markers were assessed using enzymatic colorimetric methods. Standard techniques were employed to quantify waist circumference, height, and weight. Body fat was measured via bioimpedance, and blood pressure was measured using digital sphygmomanometers. We applied a survey to record the personal and family history of non-communicable chronic diseases, and nutrient intake was estimated using the 24-hour recall method. Results. Women had lower serum zinc levels than men. In multivariate analyzes, total fat intake (β = -0.15; standard error = 0.03; p < 0.001), plasma log-triglycerides (β = -10.18; standard error = 3.9; p = 0.010), and female gender (β = -6.81; standard error = 3.3; p = 0.043) were significant predictors for serum zinc levels. Zinc intake was not significantly related to serum zinc in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions. Variables related to cardiometabolic risk, such as plasma triglyceride levels and total fat intake, were associated with serum zinc levels in individuals without a diagnosis of chronic or infectious/inflammatory diseases. Further studies are required to confirm our findings and to evaluate possible biological mechanisms for these relationships.

Развитие синдрома алкогольной дислипидемии — фактор нарушения социальной безопасности в Арктическом регионе.

Alcoholism aggravates the nutritional component of developing comorbid somatic pathology risk in the Arctic region. Against the background of alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) development peculiar changes in lipid metabolism are revealed: a low low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) content, but a high high-density lipoproteins (HDL) content. The revealed changes stimulate the search for new diagnostic approaches, with the help of which it is possible to identify hidden alcohol-associated changes in lipid metabolism and influence the mechanisms of cardiovascular system (CVS) pathology development at different stages. The aim was to identify lipid metabolism disorders in practically healthy individuals and in individuals with alcohol dependence to substantiate the specific clinical and biological syndrome isolation — alcoholic dyslipidemia and to develop an algorithm for detecting hidden alcohol-associated disorders. 208 men were examined: 96 people — with II stage SCA; 112 — practically healthy individuals. The content of total cholesterol, TG, HDL was determined by enzymatic colorimetric method, LDL — by turbidimetric method, concentrations of apolipoproteins (apo-A and apo-B) — by immuno-turbidimetric method, fatty acids — by gas-liquid chromatography. A low content of SFA (pentadecanoic, margarine, arachine, geneicosene), multidirectional changes in MSFA with a low content of myristooleic and eicosene lipid acids, but high palmitooleic and heptadecanoic; PUFA ω-6 linoleic, arachidonic. At the same time, an increase in the content of linoleic lipid acids trans-form was noted, the content of ω-3 PUFA was also lower than that of PP due to α-linolenic (C18:3ω3), docosohexaenoic (DHA), but the content of eicosopentaenoic (EPA) was higher. In narcological patients, weak correlations between LDL, TG and NLC were found, which indicates a lipid acids into LDL and TG integration violation. The absence of interrelations of ω-3 linoleic acid with EPA and DHA forming from it in patients with ADS may indicate anenzymatic processes violation.

Flow injection amperometric uric acid biosensor based on AuNPs–GO–CS porous composite cryogel coated on PB–PEDOT:PSS modified screen-printed carbon electrode

An enzymatic amperometric uric acid (UA) biosensor was successfully developed by modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with Prussian blue-poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate composite (PB-PEDOT:PSS). The modified SPCE was coated with gold nanoparticles-graphene oxide-chitosan composite cryogel (AuNPs–GO–CS cry). Uricase (UOx) was directly immobilized via chemisorption on AuNPs. The nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical characterization of the modified electrode was performed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. UA was determined using amperometric detection based on the reduction current of PB which was correlated with the amount of H2O2 produced during the enzymatic reaction. Under optimal conditions, the fabricated UA biosensor in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system produced a linear range from 5.0 to 300 μmol L−1 with a detection limit of 1.88 μmol L−1. The proposed sensor was stable for up to 221 cycles of detection and analysis was rapid (2 min), with good reproducibility (RSDs < 2.90 %, n = 6), negligible interferences, and recoveries from 94.0 ± 3.9 to 101.1 ± 2.6 %. The results of UA detection in blood plasma were in agreement with the enzymatic colorimetric method (P > 0.05).

The Invstigation of Lipid Profile in Saudi Healthy Population and the Effects of Lifestyle

In this study differences in the response of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol were investigated in normal healthy Saudi population according to sex, age and lifestyle (rural and urban). This study was carried out for a total of (873) subjects (475 males and 398 females). Each of these two sex groups is classified into six subgroups according to ages ([0-14],[15-24],[25-40],[41-55],[56-69],[70+]). For the all tested people the blood was drawn after overnight fasting period (12-14hrs) using heparinized tubes. For all the required parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C) enzymatic colorimetric method is used and the mean values were obtained accordingly. For plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C and LDL-C, the results showed lower Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol levels through childhood group (0-14) in both males and females. However HDL-C remains high in children with similar values as in adults in both males and females between city and village population. Neonatal and children plasma contains proportionately higher HDL-C than that of adult, decreases during adolescence to a constant value and remains constant up to the age of 55 years in both sexes, then it starts to rise to a constant level and remain constant throughout life. For both males and females at birth and through early years of life (infants and children) there were no considerable differences in all parameters (T.C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG) tested and that is may be due to absolute and close similarity of dietary habits and lifestyle between villagers and city populations for infants and children respectively. These levels increase with increasing of age for both sexes depending deeply upon the diet, and the increase of total cholesterol is significant or close to significant up to the age of 69 years in males, then it starts to fall, but it continued to rise in women. Similarly LDL-C level increases up to the age of 69 in males and then it remains constant through all the rest of the life, but for females it continues on increasing throughout life. Triglyceride levels increase up to the age of 55 in males where it started to fall throughout life, whereas in females it follow the same manner as T.C and LDL-C since it increases throughout life. The increasing of LDL-C is quite obvious throughout life in females, whereas it remains constant after the age of 69 in males. On the other hand it seems that differences of dietary habits and lifestyle are much more effective in the adult groups of age (15-24), (25-40), (41-55), (56-69), (70+), since there are significant or nearly significant differences between villagers and city populations in plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. It is quite obvious that the variability in plasma lipids and lipoproteins (T.C, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C) among populations precludes the establishment of universally acceptable limits. What may be considered "normal" for one populations group may not necessarily be applicable to another. Even within a country, these reference intervals may vary from a city to a village due to differences in dietary habits and lifestyle and also markedly age and sex.

Assessment of Serum Cathepsin k and Lipid Profile in Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients

Abstract Background: The most affected public illness around the world in both industrialized and unindustrialized countries is chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). In a medical context, the measurement of lipid profile in the blood is considered as one of the most common diagnostic techniques. In addition, there is a correlation between increased level of cathepsin k (CatK) and CCS, and thus cathepsin is considered a useful biomarker for CCS. Objective: For the assessment of CatK, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) level and to examine the probable relation of them with CCS in Babylon province. Materials and Methods: CatK, TG, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and HDL were estimated in 100 subjects; 50 patients with CCS and 50 healthy subjects participated in this study. Patients and control groups with an age ranged above 40 years. The CatK level was assessed by sandwich-ELISA technique whereas the level of TG, cholesterol, and HDL was assessed in serum by enzymatic colorimetric method. Also, cholesterol-LDL was measured by using Friedewald equation. Results: Serum level of CatK displayed a significant increase in CCS patients (P ≤ 0.01) compared with control group, whereas serum cholesterol-HDL level significantly decreased (P = 0.001). Also serum levels of cholesterol and cholesterol-LDL a significant increase (P ≤ 0.001), (P = 0.00) compared with control group. In contrast, the current study observed non-significant change in serum TG and VLDL (P = 0.45), (P = 0.71) respectively in CCS patients. Conclusion: Circulating CatK is a good biomarker for CCS disorders and that higher levels of CatK and lipid profile are closely related to the presence of CCS among CCS patients.

Triglyceride levels and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults younger than 40 years old: a prospective cohort study.

Data on the associations of triglyceride (TG) levels with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality mainly focused on the middle-aged or elderly population, with limited information available for younger adults. This study aimed to identify such associations among Chinese young adults. This study included Chinese adults younger than 40 years free of CVD, cancer, and lipid-lowering agents at baseline in the Kailuan study who were enrolled during 2006 through 2016. All participants were biennially followed up till December 2020. The enzymatic colorimetric method was used to measure baseline fasting TG. Participants were categorized into four groups by quartiles of TG, with the lowest quartile (Q1) as the reference group. The primary outcomes were CVD [composite of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke] and all-cause mortality. CVD and mortality risks were estimated with Cox regression models. A total of 43,882 participants were included. Their mean age was 30.6±5.56 years, and 80.2% were males. During a median follow-up of 11.2 years, 298 CVD events and 345 deaths occurred. The incidences of CVD and all-cause mortality were 0.67 and 0.76 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Compared with individuals in the lowest quartile (Q1), participants in the highest quartile (Q4) showed a 126% higher risk of developing CVD [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56 to 3.29; P=0.001] and a 61% higher risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.61; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.28; P=0.007). In addition, analyses of CVD subtypes showed that adjusted HRs (Q4 vs. Q1) were 3.25 (95% CI: 1.33 to 7.97; P=0.01) for MI, and 1.88 (95% CI: 1.16 to 3.04; P=0.01) for ischemic stroke. Among Chinese young adults, elevated fasting TG levels were associated with increased CVD and all-cause mortality risks.

Apo Lipoproteins A1 and B in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

Aims: The medical management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major public health issue. Apolipoproteins play a key role in lipoprotein metabolism such as the recognition of receptors involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Thus, the study of the inter- relationships between apolipoproteins (A1 and B) and MDR-TB could represent an important approach to the biological management of MDR-TB patients. Methodology: This is an experimental study carried out on eighty-two (82) patients including thirty-eight (38) MDR-TB patients which age ranged from 18 to 60 years old recruited from three tuberculosis centers (CAT) in the city of Abidjan and forty-four (44) non-tuberculosis patients used as control aged 18 to 60 years old recruited at the National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS) in Treichville (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire). Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by the colorimetric-enzymatic method. Apolipoproteins A1 and B were measured using the immunoturbidimetric method. Results and Conclusion: Showed a dyslipidemia concerning cholesterol and its HDL fraction, triglycerides and apolipoproteins A1 and B suggest an atherogenic profile in multidrug-resistant TB patients.

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ГЕНОТИПОВ ГЕНА SLC2A9, УРОВЕНЬ МОЧЕВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ И МЕТАБОЛИТЫ ПУРИНОВОГО ОБМЕНА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ГИПЕРТЕНЗИЕЙ И ФИБРИЛЛЯЦИЕЙ ПРЕДСЕРДИЙ

The aim is to investigate the frequency of genotypes and alleles of the SLC2A9 gene rs734553 polymorphism, the level of serum uric acid (sUA) and metabolites of purine metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and atrial fibrillation (AF), as well as in healthy individuals. Material and methods. The study included 154 patients: 50 were healthy individuals (group 0), of which 22 (44%) were men and 28 (56%) were women aged 50 [45;53] years and 104 were patients with AH and AF (main group), of which 94 (90.4%) were men and 10 (9.6%) were women aged 55 [45; 61] years. The main group was divided into subgroups: subgroup I – patients with AF without a history of AH and other rhythm disorders (n=13); subgroup II – patients with AH in combination with AF (n=68); subgroup III – patients with AH without a history of AF or other rhythm disturbances (n=23). Hyperuricemia was detected in 34 (22.1%) patients, normal uric acid levels were revealed in 120 (77.9%) patients. All patients were studied using clinical, laboratory, instrumental and molecular genetic research methods. The level of sUA was determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Serum xanthine oxidase was measured using a method based on a solid phase sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Metabolites of purine metabolism in blood plasma were measured using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography. The SLC2A9 gene rs734553 polymorphism was determined using the polymerase chain reaction with real-time detection of results. Results. The patients with AH and AF, as compared to healthy individuals, had more severe disturbances of purine metabolism, characterized by higher concentration of sUA (330 [283; 412] µmol/l and 197 [161; 229] µmol/l (p&lt;0.001), respectively). Also, in contrast to the group of healthy individuals, the group of patients with AH and AF demonstrated an increase in the level of adenosine (p=0.001), and a decrease in the levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine (p&lt;0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in xanthine oxidase activity level (p&gt;0.05), however, in 54% of patients in the main group it was higher than normal values. The dominant allele A and the dominant genotype A/A of the SLC2A9 gene rs734553 polymorphism (75%, p=0.005; 64%, p=0.001, respectively) occurred significantly more often in healthy individuals, while the recessive allele C and the heterozygous genotype A/C were found significantly more often in the group of patients with AH and AF (41.3%, p=0.005; 48.1%, p=0.003, respectively). The C/C genotype (41.7%, p=0.001) was significantly more common in patients with AH in combination with AF and hyperuricemia, compared to patients with AH combined with AF without hyperuricemia as well as healthy individuals (6.8%; 14%, p=0.001, respectively). Patients with AH in combination with AF and the C/C genotype were characterized by a significantly higher level of sUA (p=0.003) compared to patients with the A/A genotype. Conclusions. A statistically significant predominance of the recessive allele C of the SLC2A9 gene rs734553 polymorphism was established in patients with AH and AF compared with healthy individuals (p=0.005). In patients with AH in combination with AF and hyperuricemia, the C/C genotype was significantly more common (41.7%, p=0.001). Patients with AH in combination with AF and the C/C genotype were characterized by a significantly higher level of sUA (p=0.003) compared to patients with the A/A genotype.

Disposable Polyaniline/m-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis.

Lactate serves as a crucial biomarker that indicates sepsis assessment in critically ill patients. A rapid, accurate, and portable analytical device for lactate detection is required. This work developed a stepwise polyurethane-polyaniline-m-phenylenediamine via a layer-by-layer based electrochemical biosensor, using a screen-printed gold electrode for lactate determination in blood samples. The developed lactate biosensor was electrochemically fabricated with layers of m-phenylenediamine, polyaniline, a crosslinking of a small amount of lactate oxidase via glutaraldehyde, and polyurethane as an outer membrane. The lactate determination using amperometry revealed the biosensor's performance with a wide linear range of 0.20-5.0 mmol L-1, a sensitivity of 12.17 ± 0.02 µA·mmol-1·L·cm-2, and a detection limit of 7.9 µmol L-1. The developed biosensor exhibited a fast response time of 5 s, high selectivity, excellent long-term storage stability over 10 weeks, and good reproducibility with 3.74% RSD. Additionally, the determination of lactate in human blood plasma using the developed lactate biosensor was examined. The results were in agreement with the enzymatic colorimetric gold standard method (p > 0.05). Our developed biosensor provides efficiency, reliability, and is a great potential tool for advancing lactate point-of-care testing applications in the early diagnosis of sepsis.

Reduced Branched-Chain Amino Acid Intake Improved High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease in Mice.

To explore the effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) and its possible mechanism in high-fat diet (HFD) induced mice. Pancreatic morphology and lipid infiltration was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry, and lipid levels in the pancreas were determined using colorimetric enzymatic method. Relevant mechanism was investigated using western blotting and biochemical test. In HFD-fed mice, dietary BCAAs restriction could attenuate body weight increase, improve glucose metabolism, and reduce excessive lipid accumulation in the pancreas. Furthermore, expression of AMPKα and downstream uncoupling protein 1 were upregulated, while genes related to mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signal pathway and lipid de novo synthesis were suppressed in HFD-BCAA restriction group compared with HFD and HFD-high BCAAs fed mice. In addition, BCAA restriction upregulated expression of BCAAs related metabolic enzymes including PPM1K and BCKDHA, and decreased the levels of BCAAs and branched chain keto acid in the pancreas. However, there was no difference in levels of lipid content in the pancreas and gene expression of AMPKα and mTORC1 between HFD and HFD-high BCAAs groups. Branched-chain amino acid restriction ameliorated HFD-induced NAFPD in mice by activation of AMPKα pathway and suppression of mTORC1 pathway.

Effect of selenium nanoparticle on lipid profile in local Awassi male lambs

Background: This research describes the methodology used for the preparation of selenium nanoparticles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their administration to lambs for lipid profile checking, administration of selenium nanoparticles as a medication in lambs results in hypolipidemia. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the potential of selenium nanoparticles in improving lipid profiles in lambs. Methods: Healthy lambs (n=10) of similar age and weight were selected for the study. The animals were housed in individual pens with free access to water and a standard diet. The lambs were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n=5) and the treatment group (n=5). The control group received a standard diet, while the treatment group received the same diet and oral administrated with selenium nanoparticles at 0.1 mg/kg body weight. The administration was carried out daily for a period of 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each lamb at the beginning of the study (baseline) and at the end of the 2 weeks treatment period. The samples were collected in vacutainer tubes and allowed to clot. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and stored at -80°C for estimation of lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL). The serum samples were used for the estimation of lipid profile levels using an enzymatic colorimetric method. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL levels after selenium nanoparticle supplementation compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05), the results indicated a significant increase in serum HDL levels after selenium nanoparticle supplementation compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). This indicates that selenium nanoparticle supplementation has a beneficial effect on reducing total cholesterol levels in lambs. Conclusion: The conclusion section will summarize the findings of the study and highlight the potential of selenium nanoparticles in improving lipid profiles in lambs. The implications of the study for animal nutrition and health will be discussed, along with the need for further research in this area.

Conducting biological tests in the development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems with simvastatin

The aim of the study was to compare the hypolipidemic activity of the developed self-emulsifying drug delivery systems with simvastatin with reference samples of the substance and the finished drug product of industrial production. Materials and methods. The substance of simvastatin (India, s. DK40-2005021, 99.09 %, introduced into the composition of self-emulsifying compositions based on castor oil (Ukraine), polyethylene glycol 40 hydrogenated castor oil (India), Tween 80 (Ukraine), glycerol monostearate (Gustav Heess GmbH, Germany) or polyethylene glycol 100 stearate (ERCA, Italy). Reference samples were Simvastatin-Sandoz (Salutas Pharma, Germany, series LX5161) and simvastatin in pure form. The experimental animals were Syrian hamsters aged 2 months. Hyperlipidemia was modeled by means of an alimentary load. To assess the state of lipid metabolism in animals, the content of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in the blood serum was determined by colorimetric enzymatic methods using the appropriate standard reagent kits "Triacylglycerols F" HP022.02, "Cholesterol F" HP026.02, "Cholesterol-LDL F" HP026.05 and "Cholesterol-HDL F" HP026.04 (LLC SPE "Filicit-Diagnostics", Ukraine) on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer MapLab Plus (BSI, Italy). Results. The reference samples had similar dose-dependent efficacy parameters. At the same time, the test samples, also having similar dose-dependent effects, in absolute terms at the maximum concentration reduced the amount of low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol more effectively than the reference samples. When using the test samples in their average concentration, the level of triglycerols was significantly reduced, which is rather a concomitant effect of simvastatin. Conclusions. The improvement of the overall efficacy of simvastatin when it is introduced into self-emulsifying drug delivery systems has been proved, which is associated with the modification of pharmacokinetic parameters by improving the solubility of the substance in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract

Estimation of Cholinesterase and Cholesterol in different species of cestodes of domestic pigeon (Columba livia)

Background: Investigating the metabolic interactions between parasites and their hosts is essential for advancing our understanding of parasitology, with significant implications for both animal and human health. This study focuses on cestode parasites in domestic pigeons as a model for such interactions. Objective: The objective was to analyze the cholinesterase and cholesterol levels in various cestode species found in domestic pigeons, shedding light on their metabolic functions and implications for broader health concerns. Methods: The study involved collecting specimens of Raillietina galeritae, Cotugnia Streptopell, and Raillietina flaccida from infected domestic pigeons. These specimens were processed through grinding, homogenization, and centrifugation. Cholesterol levels were measured using an enzymatic colorimetric method, and cholinesterase levels were determined through a spectrophotometric assay, involving specific reagents and incubation protocols to ensure accurate biochemical analysis. Results: The cholinesterase levels exhibited minor variations among the species, with Raillietina flaccida recording the highest mean value at 0.817 µ moles/ml, followed by Raillietina galeritae at 0.795 µ moles/ml, and Cotugnia Streptopell at 0.783 µ moles/ml. The cholesterol measurements revealed more pronounced differences, with Cotugnia Streptopell showing the highest level at 432.220 mg/dl, Raillietina galeritae at 231.746 mg/dl, and Raillietina flaccida the lowest at 133.333 mg/dl. Conclusion: This research highlights the metabolic diversity within cestode parasites and emphasizes the need to understand the unique characteristics of individual species. The variations in cholinesterase and cholesterol levels suggest complex metabolic adaptations. These findings offer valuable insights for developing targeted treatments for parasitic infections and underscore the importance of species-specific approaches in both veterinary and human parasitology.

The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training with High-Fat Diet on Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase and Malondialdehyde in Heart Tissue of Wistar Rats

Introduction: It has been found that a high-fat diet increases the oxidative stress of the heart, which may be effective in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a high-fat diet and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissue of rats. Method: In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats within the age range of 12-14 weeks were randomly assigned to three groups, including normal diet (n=7), high-fat diet (n=7), and high-fat diet+HIIT (n=7). Animals in the high-fat diet groups received a high-fat diet for 23 weeks. At the same time, the high-fat diet+HIIT group received a high-fat diet followed by performing the HIIT protocol on the treadmill three times a week in the final eight weeks. At the end of the intervention, the levels of GPX enzyme and MDA in heart tissue were assessed using the enzyme colorimetric method. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey test at the significant level of P&lt;0.05. Results: The results demonstrated no significant changes in GPX (P=0.14) and MDA (P=0.214) heart tissue levels in all three groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet+HIIT. Conclusion: It seems that performing eight weeks of HIIT has no effect on oxidative stress markers in rats with a high-fat diet.

Analysis of different plant- and animal-based dietary patterns and their relationship with serum uric acid levels in Chinese adults

BackgroundDietary patterns play an important role in regulating serum uric acid levels in the body, but evidence for the association between different kinds of plant-based and animal-based dietary patterns and individual serum uric acid levels is scarce and inconsistent.MethodsWe analyzed data from the sixth wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The plant-based diet of 7,806 participants was determined using three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, and latent profile analysis was used to identify dietary patterns among participants. Serum uric acid levels were analyzed using the enzymatic colorimetric method. The association between intakes of different types of dietary pattern and individual serum uric acid levels was analyzed using linear regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding variables.ResultsWe identified three types of plant-based dietary patterns, namely, low tuber starches and vegetable plant-based diet (LTVP), high cereal, tuber starches and vegetable plant-based diet (HCTVP), and high legume and fruit plant-based diet (HLFP). We also identified three types of animal-based dietary patterns, namely, high milk and egg animal-based diet (HMiEA), low egg and fish animal-based diet, and high meat and fish animal-based diet (HMeFA). Significant coefficients for participant serum uric acid levels were observed for the HCTVP diet (β = −0.022, P = 0.031) and HMeFA diet (β = 0.061, P < 0.001). The median intake of foods in the HCTVP diet was as follows: cereals and cereal products, 444.83 g/d; tubers and starch products, 166.67 g/d; dried legumes and legume products, 8.33 g/d; vegetables and vegetable products, 333.33 g/d; and fruits and fruit products, 0 g/d. The median intake of foods in the HMeFA diet was as follows: meat and meat products, 73.33 g/d; poultry and poultry products, 0 g/d; milk and milk products, 0 g/d; eggs and egg products, 26.67 g/d; and fish, shellfish, and mollusks, 180.00 g/d.ConclusionWe showed that individual serum uric acid levels (1) might decrease under the plant-based HCTVP diet, (2) might increase under the animal-based HMeFA diet, (3) might not decrease under the plant-based HLFP diet, and (4) might not increase under the animal-based HMiEA diet. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations.

The Influence of Lifestyle on High-Density Lipoprotein Concentration among Mexican Emerging Adults.

Previous studies have highlighted the role of lifestyle on HDL-C concentrations in adults. To our knowledge, the health and nutritional status of emerging adults have been understudied. The present study aimed to explore the most important lifestyle factors, including micronutrient intake adequacy and the percentage of energy from food processing, according to HDL-C concentrations in emerging adults. In this context, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 261 Mexican emerging adults who were apparently healthy. Lifestyle factors were collected through a structured survey and the prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy was estimated using the estimated average requirement cut-point method. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods was assessed using the NOVA system. HDL-C was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS. The results revealed that lifestyle factors do not differ according to HDL-C status. The participants showed a poor nutritional diet that was energy-dense and micronutrient-inadequate. Nearly half of their energy came from processed and ultra-processed foods. Most participants did not meet the recommendations for key nutrients (ϖ3 fatty acids and phytosterols) that promote a healthy lipid status. In conclusion, regardless of their HDL-C levels, emerging adults exhibited lifestyle-related risk factors. The persistence of these findings over time could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders in the future. It is crucial to increase understanding and to develop effective nutritional interventions during this critical phase of life.