Color Pictures Research Articles

Nutritional and functional properties of corn tortillas added with cabbage as an option for diabetes management

Corn tortillas (CTs) are an essential part of the Mexican population's diet, although they are not highly recommended for the nutritional therapy of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, the integration of ingredients with functional properties, such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), can serve the development of healthier foods for T2D patients. This study evaluated nutritional value, mineral content, bioactive compounds, biological activity, and sensorial analysis of CTs combined with cabbage flour. CTs is developed with cabbage flour (w/w) as follows: 0% (T0), 5% (T5), 10% (T10), and 15% (T15). In the CTs added with cabbage flour, moisture, and fiber increased, while fat content, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and energy intake decreased. T15 had higher K, Na, and Mg concentrations (p<0.05) than the other treatments. T10 and T15 had similar Ca, Fe, Zn, and P contents to T5 and T0 (p<0.05). Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in T15 were 13 and 380 times higher than in T0. T15 (p<0.05) inhibited DPPH, ABTS+, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activities. Taste, color, and overall impression were similar (p<0.05) between T0 and T15. The addition of 15% cabbage flour improves CTs nutritional and functional properties; thus, this food could be an option for T2D.

Broadband wireless communication with space-time-varying polarization-converting metasurface

Abstract Reconfigurable metasurfaces have emerged as a promising alternative to the conventional transmitter of wireless communication systems, due to their abilities of encoding digital information onto electromagnetic properties without complex radio-frequency chains. However, most of them are still limited to narrow operation bandwidth. Here, we propose a broadband metasurface-based wireless communication system that can actively adapt to multiple users located at versatile directions through joint modulation of digital signals in the time domain and wave scatterings in the space domain. As exemplary demonstrations, highly directive beams are generated to enhance regional signals in real-time customized for users in desired directions and reduce the signal leakage in undesired directions. Experiments are carried out to verify that the system can provide stable wireless communication service in a broad band of 3.7–5.1 GHz, within which the transmitted color picture enabled by the time-varying spatial modulation of metasurface can be successfully recovered at the user terminals. The proposed system may offer untapped potentials for next-generation communications and radar systems where regional signal enhancement, active adaption to users, and large channel capacities are required.

Fermentation effects on physical, microstructural, cooking and sensory characteristics of a traditional Algerian couscous based on fermented wheat Lemzeïet

Couscous Lemzeïet is a traditional food prepared from fermented durum wheat in Algeria. The study aims to assess the influence of fermentation conditions (fermentation time and vinegar addition) on couscous Lemzeïet characteristics. Eight samples of couscous were characterized in terms of physical properties (particle size and shape distribution, color, and water sorption kinetics), microstructure, cooking quality (swelling index, disintegration degree, water holding capacity, and optimal cooking time), as well as sensory attributes (color, odor, stickiness, firmness, and overall impression). The results showed that size descriptors were similar whatever the fermentation conditions. Couscous particles were generally regular, homogeneous, spherical and non-convex, despite the effect of fermentation time on all shape descriptors except aspect ratio. Increasing fermentation time decreased yellowness, redness and increased browning index. Microstructure highlighted almost the same morphology for all samples. However, vinegar addition seems to increase inter-particle pores and decrease lipid droplets. Fermentation time increased disintegration degree, while vinegar addition caused the reverse effect as well as increasing swelling index (after 3 and 6 months of fermentation) and decreasing cooking time (after 12 months of fermentation). Sensory evaluation showed that increasing the fermentation time increased color, odor, and overall impression, and decreased stickiness. Vinegar addition increased odor and decreased color, firmness and overall impression. Fermentation conditions have an impact on couscous Lemzeïet features by modifying its physical properties, cooking quality and sensory attributes.

Лингвокультурный аспект цветообозначений в языковой картине мира (на материале английского и русского языков)

The study of the color picture of the world is of interest in the linguistic and cultural aspect, since color is one of the most important means of emotional impact on the reader, color meanings express the author’s view of the world, and are also important for constructing a national picture of the world. There are some patterns that link color values in different cultures of the world. It is worth noting that there are differences in color symbols in different languages. It depends on the historical past of the people, its geographical location, etc. Despite this, we trace some similarities using examples of phraseological units with elements of color designations. An important factor is that color has a psychophysiological effect on a person. In Russian and English, “red” has a positive connotation to a greater extent. This is their common feature, although in both languages there are more or less negative characteristics of this color. The similarity can also be seen in phraseological units with the color component. There are quite a lot of equivalents in both Russian and English. Along with the common symbolic features that still prevail, there are also distinctive features that are associated with Russian and English history and culture.

Research on Improved Retinex-Based Image Enhancement Method for Mine Monitoring

An improved Retinex fusion image enhancement algorithm is proposed for the traditional image denoising methods and problems of halo enlargement and image overexposure after image enhancement caused by the existing Retinex algorithm. First, a homomorphic filtering algorithm is used to enhance each RGB component of the underground coal mine surveillance image and convert the image from RGB space to HSV space. Second, bilateral filtering and multi-scale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR) fusion algorithms are used to enhance the luminance V component while keeping the hue H component unchanged. Third, adaptive nonlinear stretching transform is used for the saturation S-component. Last, the three elements are combined and converted back to RGB space. MATLAB simulation experiments verify the superiority of the improved algorithm. Based on the same dataset and experimental environment, the improved algorithm has a more uniform histogram distribution than the multi-scale Retinex (msr) algorithm and MSRCR algorithm through comparative experiments. At the same time, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), standard deviation, average gradient, mean value, and colour picture information entropy of the images were improved by 8.28, 0.15, 4.39, 7.38, 52.92 and 2.04, respectively, compared to the MSR algorithm, and 3.97, 0.02, 34.33, 60.46, 26.21, and 1.33, respectively, compared to the MSRCR algorithm. The experimental results show that the image quality, brightness and contrast of the images enhanced by the improved Retinex algorithm are significantly enhanced, and the amount of information in the photos increases, the halo and overexposure in the images are considerably reduced, and the anti-distortion performance is also improved.

Upaya Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Materi Sistem Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup dengan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Jigsaw

Pontianak 3 Public Middle School, especially in class VIIF, there are indications that students are less interested in science subjects. This is based on the results of the questionnaire that the researcher distributed in this class, before the class action was carried out. 70% of students in class VIII F consider science as a difficult subject, with lots of foreign and uninteresting terms. That's why researchers try to apply variations of the TIP (Know-Want-Learn) Jigsaw Assisted Graphic Cooperative Learning model to overcome this. This learning model is quite interesting, because it is assisted by the TIP Graphic Manager which is accompanied by colorful pictures and worksheets which can bring up students' ideas in the learning process. The results of observations during the study showed that students began to appear enthusiastic when the jigsaw type cooperative learning model assisted by the TIP graphic controller was applied in class VII F. Students were asked to communicate the results of their understanding during the learning process. When studying in groups all students can complete assignments on time. And the result, 92% of students from 33 students can achieve the KKM score. While the results of the pretest, there were 29 students who were able to achieve the KKM or 81%. There was an increase of 13%. Based on this research, the researchers suggest that science teachers at SMPN 3 Pontianak try to apply a jigsaw type cooperative learning model assisted by a TIP graphical controller when learning with material on classification systems in living things. The creativity of extraordinary students will be seen when they present their skills. Besides being able to increase learning motivation, this method can also be used for habituation which can foster creativity besides that this method is also to train students to be confident in communicating so that students can express their ideas when the learning process takes place.

Production and Evaluation of Yogurt Colored with Anthocyanin-Rich Pigment Prepared from Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Mart.) Skin

Yogurt is known as a healthy food, but some synthetic additives that are commonly added to it can be one of the factors that restricts yogurt’s consumption. The aims of this study were to prepare and evaluate yogurts with the addition of spray-dried, anthocyanin-rich colorant extracted from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Mart.) skin. The concentrated extract was spray-dried using maltodextrin (20 g/100 g w/w) as a carrier and added to yogurts in the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/100 g w/w. The yogurts were stored for up to 28 days under refrigeration and periodically evaluated. Except for the yogurts to which 1.5 g of extract was added, all samples had a slight pH reduction in the first 7 days of storage. Throughout the yogurts’ storage period, the anthocyanin and a* values were slightly reduced (p &lt; 0.05), indicating some anthocyanin instability. The rheological behavior was typical for yogurts, but the casein gel network was probably disrupted by the jabuticaba extract incorporation, reducing the yogurt’s apparent viscosity. Panelists showed good acceptance for the attributes of taste, color, aroma, appearance, texture, and overall impression, indicating that this natural pigment has the potential to be a substitute synthetic color additive for the production of mixed berry yogurts, contributing to the reduction of waste.

Synthesis and electronic properties of torsionally constrained blue-emissive triphenylamine-pyridine chromophores

A series of triphenylamine-pyridine chromophores is readily synthesized by bromine-lithium exchange borylation-Suzuki (BLEBS) sequence in moderate to good yields. Their electronic properties were studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations. The title compounds reveal deep- and sky-blue emission in solution and in the solid state. Structure-property relations were studied by Hammett correlations. Small FWHM (full width at half maximum) values indicate clear color impressions. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit positive solvatochromism and acidochromism. For one compound dual emission presumably caused by a TICT state is observed.

Word and color impressions measured with normal and simulated deutan color stimulus sets in color vision normal and deuteranopic observers.

Impressions of nine semantic words expressing abstract meanings were measured by a color selection process using twelve hues from vivid tone in the Practical Color Coordinate System (PCCS) as well as White, Grey and Black (as a normal color stimulus set) in a paired comparison method (Experiment 1). Color impressions were rated using 35 paired words in a semantic differential (SD) method (Experiment 2). The data of ten color vision normal (CVN) and four deuteranopic observers were analyzed separately by principal component analysis (PCA). Our previous study [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A37, A181 (2020)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.382518] using these methods indicated that deuteranopes could understand the impression of all colors if the color names can be recognized, even if deuteranopes cannot perceive redness and greenness. In this study, we also used a simulated deutan color stimulus set in which colors were modified to simulate the color appearance in deuteranopes by using Brettel-Viénot-Mollon's model to investigate how these simulated deutan colors would be treated by the deutan observers. In the CVN and deutan observers, color distributions of the principal component (PC) loading values in Experiment 1 were close to the PCCS hue circle in the normal colors, and those of the simulated deutan colors could be fitted by ellipses, but there were wide gaps of 73.7° (CVNs) and 89.5° (deutan) where only "White" existed. The word distributions as the PC score values could also be fitted by ellipses and are moderately similar between stimulus sets, but the fitting ellipses were considerably compressed in the minor axis directions in the deutan observers, although categories of words were similar between observer groups. The word distributions in Experiment 2 were not statistically different between the observer groups and the stimulus sets. The color distribution of the PC score values were statistically different, but tendencies of the color distributions were similar between observers. The color distributions of the normal colors could be fitted by ellipses, similar to the hue circle, and those of the simulated deutan colors could be fitted by cubic function curves. These results suggest that both of the stimulus sets were perceived as one dimensional and as a monotonic series of colors by a deuteranope, but the deuteranope can recognize the difference of the stimulus sets and recall the color distributions of each set, similar to those in the CVN observers.

О некоторых особенностях цветовой картины мира М. А. Волошина и средствах ее вербализации

Особый интерес М. Волошина к цветонаименованиям вызван как особенностью эпохи (Серебряный век), так и его увлечением не только поэтическим словом, но и в равной степени изобразительным творчеством. Цветовая картина мира стихотворений М. Волошина отличается многообразием колорем, передающих оттенки того или иного цвета, и необычностью создаваемых цветообразов, в которых обнаруживаются особенности восприятия автором мира. В статье приводятся результаты исследования семантики и символического значения частотных колорем, встречающихся в лирических текстах М. Волошина, данные анализа отдельных стихотворений, содержащих цветовую символику, для определения роли цветописи в понимании мировосприятия поэта и особенностей его творческой манеры. В ходе исследования использованы методы семантико-стилистического, контекстологического, мотивного анализа, позволяющие раскрыть особенности воплощения и значение цветовой картины мира М. Волошина. Многообразие цветового воплощения в лирике М. А. Волошина связано с особенностью мироощущения Волошина-художника, давшего себе установку «все формы, все цвета вобрать в себя глазами». Кроме того, на многоцветье его поэзии оказала влияние увлеченность поэта символистскими и импрессионистскими учениями. Цветопись, являясь одним из основных средств выражения авторских интенций, помогает передать тончайшие цветовые оттенки и символику в отражении чувств лирического героя. Наиболее частотные цвета, используемые М. Волошиным: красный в его многочисленных вариациях, золотой, серый, лиловый – часто содержат метафизическую символику. Для передачи цвета М. Волошин использует и лексемы, обозначающие растения (цветы), а также минералогические обозначения. Исследование лирических текстов М. Волошина с точки зрения использования в них колорем позволило сделать вывод о том, что цветовая картина мира поэта отличается богатством и разнообразием воплощений: красочные эпитеты, необычные метафоры, сравнения, синестетические образы, минералогические обозначения – это неполный список используемых автором средств и приемов. Значимость проведенного исследования заключается в отражении авторского мировосприятия через постижение заложенных в цветонаименованиях символических значений изображаемого. M. Voloshin’s special interest in color naming is caused both by the peculiarity of the era (Silver Age), and his passion not only for the poetic word, but also, equally, for fine art. The color picture of the world of M. Voloshin’s poems is distinguished by a variety of colors that convey shades of one color or another, and the unusualness of the created color images, in which the features of the author’s perception of the world are revealed. The article presents data on the study of the semantics and symbolic meaning of frequency colors found in the lyrical texts of M. Voloshin, data on the analysis of individual poems containing color symbolism in order to determine the meaning of color painting for understanding the poet’s worldview and the features of his creative manner. In the course of the study, methods of semantic-stylistic, contextological, and motive analysis were used, which make it possible to reveal the features of the embodiment and the meaning of M. Voloshin’s color picture of the world. The variety of color embodiment of the lyrics of M. A. Voloshin is associated with the peculiarity of the worldview of Voloshin the artist, who gave himself the attitude “to absorb all forms, all colors into oneself with the eyes”. In addition, the poet’s passion for Symbolist and Impressionist teachings influenced the multicoloredness of his poetry. Color painting, being one of the main means of expressing the author’s intentions, helps to convey the subtlest color shades and the symbolism of the feelings of the lyrical hero. The most frequent colors used by M. Voloshin: red in its many variations, gold, gray, purple – often contain metaphysical symbolism. To convey color, M. Voloshin also uses lexemes denoting plants (flowers), as well as mineralogical designations. The study of M. Voloshin’s lyrical tests for the use of color in them led to the conclusion that the color picture of the poet’s world is rich and diverse incarnations: colorful epithets, unusual metaphors, comparisons, synesthetic images, mineralogical designations – an incomplete list of the means and techniques used by the author. The significance of the conducted research lies in the reflection of the author’s worldview through the comprehension of the symbolic meanings of the image embedded in the color names.

Enhanced Colorization of Thermal Images for Pedestrian Detection using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Colorization of a thermal image into realistic picture is a challenging task. Thermal cameras can detect objects in environments when human vision cannot (in case of fog, rains, dark surrounding, etc). It is difficult to analyse the thermal image and to identify potential impediments simply with human vision. In industries working on autonomous vehicles, drones, etc., the use of thermal cameras to capture the images for any kind of surveillance is very beneficial and in such use, image colorization of thermal pictures is very crucial. The research presents a translation method with enhancement to convert thermal infrared to visual colour picture by utilising a custom-tailored architecture for a Convolutional Neural Network. The pedestrian detection system is designed that provides Image colorization, Image enhancement and object detection functionalities. The colorized and enhanced images are fed to the detection model by using a pre-trained YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once) architecture. Bounding boxes are drawn on the resultant images that refer to the border's coordinates enclosing the pedestrians. The proposed models are trained on a publicly accessible CAMEL thermal dataset. Such integrated model has achieved test accuracy of 92.1% for pedestrian detection. The performance of the colorization and deblurring model are quantitatively evaluated using metrics such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Structural/feature Similarity Indexes, Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). The performance is further confirmed with qualitative assessment by performing apparent comparison of resultant images with ground truth. Higher value up to 84 and lower value up to 0.006 are obtained for PSNR and RMSE respectively, that is evident for reasonable similarity between ground truth and resultant colorized, enhanced image.

Sollazzi degli studenti polacchi a Padova. Lettere poetiche di Hieronim Morsztyn a cavallo fra l’anno 1617 e 1618 come fonte della storia dei costumi

Entertainments of Padua’s Polish community: Hieronim Morsztyn’s poetic letters from 1617/18 as a source for the history of customs This article is devoted to a collection of poetic letters written by Hieronim Morsztyn in Padua in late 1617 and early 1618. Their collegial tone and lack of self-censorship made them a unique source of the everyday life of Padua’s Polish community. Mentions of numerous libations, love affairs with virgos and married women, the use of courtesans and, finally, the pregnancy of one of them, all add up to a colourful picture of the social life of students and travellers visiting Padua and nearby Venice. Even the two letters concerning attendance at a public autopsy, which was carried out at the Pallazo del Bo by anatomy professor Adriaan van den Spieghel between 25 January and 19 February 1618, are focusing on an account of the dissection of male and female genitalia.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of mortadella manufactured with &lt;em&gt;Caiman yacare (Caiman yacare)&lt;/em&gt; meat and natural food colorants

This study evaluated the effects of the natural food colorants from annatto (Bixa orellana) (0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9%) and cochineal carmine (Dactylopius coccus) (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%) on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of mortadella made with Caiman yacare (Caiman yacare) meat. All mortadella formulations were prepared in accordance with Brazilian law. There were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) between treatments in pH, color parameters C* and h*, and texture profile. The scores determined in the sensory evaluation also showed differences in color, flavor, texture, and overall impression of mortadella formulations with different concentrations of both natural food colorants (P &lt; 0.05). The mortadella containing 0.15% cochineal carmine received the highest scores for color (7.91), flavor (7.49), texture (7.43) and overall impression (7.58), thus presenting the best physicochemical and sensory characteristics among all formulations studied.

Virtues found in Pathitrupathu

Tamil people are recognised all around the world because of its literary excellence. The way Tamils have compiled their literary wealth is enough to enrich our culture. Our Tamil land is the land where many good people have lived who have given the gift of wisdom to the whole world. The literature of the Sangam period painted colorful pictures of many aspects of life such as government and its system, battlefield, warrior ship, war memory, virtue of love, virtue of flying and domestic dignity. These are the crown jewels of Tamil culture. Tamilians have followed many virtues. Pleasure, home, materiality are the basic virtues that are must in a human’s life. The country never fails to admire those who lived according to morality. Virtue or virtue means that the meaning of the Sutra should be recited so that the hearers perceive it in a way that is understood by the listeners. Thus, the virtues mentioned in Pathitrupathu can be found in this article.

Development of Sets-Based Booklets to Improve Critical Thinking Skills and the Effectiveness of Biotechnology Learning in SMA/MA

&#x0D; Characteristics of learning biotechnology is the existence of a process and product related to everyday life. Therefore, an effective learning process is needed and supported by relevant learning resources. This study aims to analyze the validity of SETS-based biotechnology material booklets used in biotechnology learning. Describe the characteristics of SETS-based biotechnology material booklets. Analyzing students' critical thinking skills in biotechnology learning using SETS-based booklets. Analyzing the effectiveness of biotechnology learning using a SETS-based booklet This research is a research and development (R&amp;D) study. The booklet development trial was conducted in 4 schools, with the research subjects being class XII students in each school. Applicative and meaningful learning of biotechnology can be achieved, one of which is by learning using the SETS vision booklet. The SETS vision booklet contains more concise material, accompanied by attractive, colorful pictures that can effectively improve student learning outcomes. The N-gain value obtained is 0.3-0.4 with the medium category and classical completeness reaching 60%. Critical thinking skills that are formed through active learning using SETS vision booklets are 71% -80% in the high category. Critical thinking skills in integrating SETS elements in biotechnology learning can make it easier for students to understand knowledge concepts, so that they can increase learning effectiveness, namely improving learning outcomes and classical mastery.

Світлини Юліяна Дороша на сторінках львівської періодики (на прикладі журналу "Література і мистецтво"

The article reveals to the peculiarities of photography as an artistic direction and a component of a periodical publication, highlights the characteristic features of photographs that are used as illustrations for journalistic texts. Special attention is focused on the development of photography in the first half of the last century. Illustrative photos of Julian Dorosh on the pages of Lviv periodicals, using the example of the “Literature and Art” publication, were analyzed on specific examples. On the basis of the analysis, the methods and forms of the transmission of color pictures with the help of black-and-white photographs are distinguished. Keywords: photography, Julian Dorosh, periodicals, visual art.

Securing data using deep hiding selected least significant bit and adaptive swarm algorithm

The emphasis on data protection is improved in particular with respect to the transmission protocols utilized. Different research on numerous data protection areas such as authentication, encryption, hiding of data and validation were performed. In addition, a cybersecurity standard, such as IP-SEC, and secure sockets layer (SSL), were introduced to solve privacy infringement problems by applying encryption, authorization and protection to data exchanged and data stored in the cloud. This study suggests a new steganography algorithm, a data protection tool used to conceal massive amounts of data from graphic and statistic attacks in color images. The proposed algorithm is a multi-level steganography modified deep hiding/extracting technique (MDHET), which implements a selected least signified bit (SLSB) for color picture dispersal of the information. In addition, an accurate pixel location randomization feature has been applied. After MDHET, the predicted results will effectively conceal data up to 6 bpp (bit per pixel) with high safety levels by improving the quality of images. In addition, MDHET can be useful for encoding a deep series of images into one in which the testing procedure is carried out using regular reference images used in color image processing and compression analysis from different institutions.

"Color" Сomponent of the Frequency Dictionary of the "Armenian Text"

The aim of the study is to reconstruct the "Armenian" local text of Russian poetry, its color segment. The research material is a corpus of poems by Russian poets of the XIX–XXI centuries dedicated to Armenia. The object of study is the poetics of color as an important component of the image of Armenia, the subject of study is color naming. The methodological basis was an interdisciplinary approach combining linguistics, literary studies and computer methods of text processing. To describe the poetics of color, language material is processed and a frequency dictionary is compiled. Data interpretation is performed at the level of the entire corpus and within the subcorpuses of individual authors. This is how data on individual and national pictures of the world are compared and considered against the background of Armenian folk ideas about color. The scientific novelty of the research consists in compiling an original alphabetical-frequency dictionary of color names in the "Armenian text" of Russian poetry and in describing the poetics of coloristic elements. It is proved that in the general linguistic picture of the "Armenian text" and in most of the individually authored artistic worlds, the blue color and its shades confidently dominate. The semantics of color in Russian poets when describing Armenia does not coincide with the ethnic representations of Armenians. The study is promising for the comparative study of both local texts and national linguistic worldviews. The peculiarity of the "Armenian text" is the construction of a color picture of the world based on the perception of the color of soils, stones, rocks and the mountains themselves, as well as impressions of paintings by Armenian artists, first of all, Martiros Saryan.

Event-related brain potential markers of visual and auditory perception: A useful tool for brain computer interface systems.

A majority of BCI systems, enabling communication with patients with locked-in syndrome, are based on electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency analysis (e.g., linked to motor imagery) or P300 detection. Only recently, the use of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) has received much attention, especially for face or music recognition, but neuro-engineering research into this new approach has not been carried out yet. The aim of this study was to provide a variety of reliable ERP markers of visual and auditory perception for the development of new and more complex mind-reading systems for reconstructing the mental content from brain activity. A total of 30 participants were shown 280 color pictures (adult, infant, and animal faces; human bodies; written words; checkerboards; and objects) and 120 auditory files (speech, music, and affective vocalizations). This paradigm did not involve target selection to avoid artifactual waves linked to decision-making and response preparation (e.g., P300 and motor potentials), masking the neural signature of semantic representation. Overall, 12,000 ERP waveforms × 126 electrode channels (1 million 512,000 ERP waveforms) were processed and artifact-rejected. Clear and distinct category-dependent markers of perceptual and cognitive processing were identified through statistical analyses, some of which were novel to the literature. Results are discussed from the view of current knowledge of ERP functional properties and with respect to machine learning classification methods previously applied to similar data. The data showed a high level of accuracy (p ≤ 0.01) in the discriminating the perceptual categories eliciting the various electrical potentials by statistical analyses. Therefore, the ERP markers identified in this study could be significant tools for optimizing BCI systems [pattern recognition or artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms] applied to EEG/ERP signals.

Predictability and outcome of titanium color after different surface modifications and anodic oxidation.

To investigate the predictability and the outcome of surface modification techniques, including anodization. Four surface modification techniques were evaluated in this in-vitro study: sandblasting (S), polishing+anodizing (PA), sandblasting+anodizing (SA), polishing+etching+ anodizing (PEA). Color coordinates L*, a* and b* were collected using a spectroradiometer. Color differences between all groups were quantified by use of ΔE00. A possible influence of group membership was evaluated using 1-way ANOVA. Pair-wise inter-group comparisons were performed using post-hoc Tukey tests. PA specimens were the brightest and showed a pronounced yellowish and reddish hue. S and SA groups were significantly darker and predictability of outcome was higher compared to another groups. The most predictable surface treatment method is sandblasting. Anodizing techniques come along with the brightest and most chromatic color impression of the titanium.