Color Chips Research Articles

Long-term memory color investigation: culture effect and experimental setting factors.

Memory colors generated continuous interest in the color community. Previous studies focused on reflecting color chips and color samples in real scenes or on monitors. The cognitive effect of culture was rarely considered. In this paper, we performed a comprehensive investigation of the long-term memory colors of 26 familiar objects using the asymmetric color matching method among Chinese and German observers on a display. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the variations introduced by culture, context-based gray image, and initial matching color. Memory colors of important objects were collected and representative memory colors were quantified in terms of CIELAB L*, a*, and b* values. The intra- and inter-observer variations were analyzed by mean-color-difference-from-mean values and chromatic ellipses. The effects of different cultural groups and experimental settings were also shown.

The Design of Color Detector Device for Visually Impaired People

This study was conducted to create a design of color detector device that can meet the needs of people with visual impairments. In the early stages of research, interviews was held to determine the difficulties that were being faced by the visually impaired when identifying color difference. Further interviews were conducted in order to obtain their further needs to the design of a color detector device. The next thing to do was to determine the importance rating of each need that was identified. Based on the importance rating of the needs, some design concepts were generated by using some combination tables. Three design concepts are generated and concept selection was conducted by involving users and external designer. Anthropometric data was used for determining the dimensions of the selected design. The device that was designed was a color detector device with a voice output. To gain a real feedbacks from users, final prototype was then made for testing both of its function and design. A variety of electronic components, including color sensor, microcontroller, chip recorder, and speaker were used to test the function of color detector device. Meanwhile, a case design was produced by using 3D printer technology with ABS plastic materials. Based on the final prototype, a test was held to obtain the user’s response on its function and design. The test results several feedbacks for future development of the product including a lighter weight, smaller size, louder voice output, more accurate color defining, and wider range of object source selection for color identification.Â

The establishment of uniform color space based on LCD monitor

The establishment of an uniform color space mostly based on the reflector, and few researchers have been tried the establishment of the monitor uniform color space. To make sure a better color reproduction on the monitor,and ensure an accurate color transformation among monitors. It is necessary for us to establish an uniform monitor color space. In this paper, We used the Munsell color chips under the condition of C light. then processed the Munsell color chips on the monitor in the Lab color space. Finally, a set of uniform color data based on monitor is acquired called Lab-m3.

Investigation on factors to influence color emotion and color preference responses

Based on a psychophysical experiment, this study aimed to investigate factors that influenced color emotion and color preference, as well as the correlations between color emotion and color preference. Some color chips of Munsell color order system were picked out to supply actual patterns with different sets to evaluate the factors of hue, chroma, lightness, then they were pasted at a baseplate with black and white backgrounds respectively to involve the influences of backgrounds. Thus, in total 6 groups of color patches were prepared, and 18 attributes were chosen for visual assessment, including 16 words to describe color emotion, together with 2 color preference descriptions, so that massive data of observers’ judgments were gathered. Afterwards, a quantitative analysis and a detailed discussion were carried out for each attribute. Moreover, the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that backgrounds could influence the perception of color emotion and color preference in a certain degree, and hue played a more important role than chroma and lightness. Further factor analysis revealed that color emotions do not exist in an isolated manner, and color preference could be represented in three orthogonal dimensions.

Rational Number Operations on the Number Line

(ProQuest: ... denotes formula omitted.)IntroductionMany teachers are familiar with the "colored chip" model for teaching integer concepts and integer operations. Briefly, different colored chips are used to represent positive or negative units that can then be combined in ways that model operations with integers. However, the CCSS-M make it clear that teachers should use the number line to represent integer operations as well; in fact Standard 7.NS.A.1 in Grade 7 states students: Clearly, addition and subtraction should be represented on the number line. But if teachers are only familiar with using the chip model for integer operations, then how do they make the transition to using the number line? This article will explore the connection between these two representations for addition and subtraction and make a strong case for using both as multiple representations of a challenging mathematical concept.There are several reasons for representing operations using the number line, not the least of which is that students must learn to perform operations with rational numbers, not just integers. Since the colored chip model can only reasonably illustrate integers and their operations, another model should be used that incorporates all rational numbers and is also mathematically sound.In this paper, we will investigate the basics of the colored chip and number line models for representing integers and their operations. We will then resolve the challenge of connecting the two models. Finally, we will argue that the number line model is an important one that should be taught alongside or in lieu of the chip model in order to deepen students' understanding of operations with integers, rational numbers, and real numbers in general.The Colored Chip Model: BasicsGenerally, the colored chip model for integers uses one colored chip to representa positive unit, and another colored chip to represent a negative unit. In this paper, we will use a circular yellow chip to represent a positive unit and a circular red chip to represent a negative unit. Readers familiar with the colored chip model will recall the notion of a "zero pair", that is, that a pair consisting of a positive and negative unit "cancels" out to make zero and therefore does not affect the value of the quantity shown.Addition with the Colored Chip ModelThe operation of addition with the chip model is rather simple, employing a "grouping together" interpretation of addition. This means that when an addition statement a + b is presented, we interpret the statement as meaning to start with quantity a, introduce quantity b ("add b'') and then determine the resulting value after this action, removing zero pairs that are formed. It is important to note here that addition is interpreted as an action, i.e. something "is done" or "happens" to the quantity a.Subtraction with the Colored Chip ModelRepresenting the operation of subtraction with the colored chip model takes more ingenuity. Typically, the subtraction sentence a - bis represented with a "take away" interpretation of subtraction: we begin with the minuend, a units, and attempt to take away the subtrahend, b units. It is important to note here that subtraction is again interpreted as an action: something is being done to the minuend. However, when there is not enough to take away, as in the case of -7 - 3 (i.e., you cannot take away 3 positives from 7 negatives), zero pairs come into play. The idea is to start with the minuend, represented here as 7 negatives, and then to introduce as many zero pairs as needed so that 3 positives can be removed. The result is then tallied up, and the difference of 10 negatives, or -10, is deduced. This is illustrated in Figure 2.Two more cases of subtraction are illustrated in Figure 3, in which including zero pairs is used when there are not enough to take away.By comparing number sentences and the results, teachers can use the colored chip models for addition and subtraction in tandem to illustrate the fact that a - b = a + (-b), that is, that subtraction is equivalent to adding the opposite. …

Colored Clays in a Groundwater Stream, Correlating Fiber-optic Reflectance with Electrical Impedance

A bifurcated fiber-optic light guide was used to measure the colors of clays in a groundwater stream over the Upper Ordovician Queenston Formation of the Niagara Escarpment (Ontario, Canada). One branch of the light guide illuminated the samples, and the other branch gathered reflected light for spectrophotometry. Measuring Munsell rock color chips, and using the weighted-ordinate method to calculate chromaticity coordinates from reflectance spectra, the dominant chemically reduced clay was greenish-gray (Munsell 5G 6/1, x=0.348, y=0.352, Y%=62.3) while the dominant oxidized clay was grayish-red (Munsell 5R 4/2, x=0.388, y=0.338, Y%=23.8). The electrical impedance of clays was correlated with x (r=-0.92 for capacitance and r=0.96 for resistance, P<0.001 at 10 kHz). The peak wavelengths for correlations were around 500 to 540 nm. The matrix between the corallites of a Devonian fossil coral above the collection site (Eridophyllum seriale) was within the statistical range of oxidized grayish-red Ordovician shale. There was no evidence that low pH in the groundwater stream had caused the variation in clay color, thus, leaving conditions when the source shale was deposited as the most likely cause of color variation.

The Influence of Time and Temperature at Carcass Boning on Subprimal Temperature, pH, and Color Measurements of New Zealand Beef

ObjectivesThirty-two carcasses were selected for this study from a commercial abattoir in New Zealand. One side was hot boned (HB) where fabrication occurred within 90 min post mortem, while the other side was subjected to a traditional cold boning procedure (CB) where the carcasses were chilled overnight and fabricated 17 to 20 h post mortem. Five subprimals were collected from each side, including the strip loin, cube roll, tenderloin, rump, and topside. The subprimals were further fabricated leaving only the longissimus lumborum (LL), longissimus thoracis (LT), psoas major (PM), gluteus medius (GM), and semimembranosus (SM).Materials and MethodsSubjective and objective color evaluation was conducted at two times in the fabrication process. Initial readings were taken when the subprimals were removed from the carcass. Bloom time was approximately 5 min from subrimal excision or from subprimal removal from vacuum packaging for initial and ultimate, respectively. Objective color was taken using a portable Minolta colorimeter (CM-2002; Minolta Camera Co., LTD, Osaka, Japan), averaging three readings per muscle. Subjective color was evaluated using Meat Standards Australia color chips (1A, 1B, 1C, 2–7). Initial temperature and pH were evaluated simultaneously at harvest using a portable handheld probe (TPS Model WP-90, TPS Pty Ltd., Brendale, QLD, Australia). Ultimate measurements were taken at d 2 for the CB subprimals and d 3 for the HB subprimals. Day varied between chilling treatment due to logistical restrictions. Data were analyzed as a split plot design using GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Data were analyzed by muscle, evaluating the fixed effects of chilling treatment and sampling time. Significance was recognized at P < 0.05.ResultsFor subjective color, L*, a*, and b*, the interaction between chilling and sampling time was observed (P < 0.02) for all muscles (except PM a*). At carcass fabrication HB muscles were subjectively darker than CB muscles and had lower L*, a*, and b*, indicating HB was darker, less red, and less yellow than CB muscles. A similar trend was observed at steak fabrication; however, the magnitude of differences between HB and CB was greatly reduced. A similar trend to color results was detected for pH and temperature, as the chilling treatment by sampling time interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for all five muscles. Subprimals from HB sides had lower initial pH readings, but the CB muscles had lower ultimate pH values compared to their HB counterparts.ConclusionHot boning resulted in slightly higher, yet still acceptable, ultimate pH in all 5 muscles, which translated to darker muscle color scores, assessed both subjectively and objectively. These differences in color and pH should be considered when processors are implementing either of these carcass chilling and fabrication regimes.

Colour meaning and context

AbstractThis study compares semantic ratings of colour samples (chips) with those of the same colours applied to a variety of objects. In total, 25 participants took part in the colour‐meaning experiment, and assessed 54 images using five semantic scales. In Experiment 1, simplified images (coloured silhouettes) were used whereas in Experiment 2 real images were used. In this article, the terms “chip meaning” and “context meaning” are used for convenience. Chip meaning refers to the associated meanings when only isolated colour chips were evaluated while context meaning refers to colour meanings evaluated when colours were applied to a variety of product categories. Analyses were performed on the data for the two experiments individually. The results of Experiment 1 show relatively few significant differences (28%) between chip meaning and context meaning. However, differences were found for a number of colours, objects, and semantic scales i.e., red and black; hand wash and medicine; and masculine‐feminine and elegant‐vulgar. The results of Experiment 2 show more significant differences (43%) between chip meaning and context meaning. In summary, the context sometimes affects the colour meaning; however, the degree to which colour meanings are invariant to context is perhaps slightly surprising. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 450–459, 2017

Updated version of an interim connection space LabPQR for spectral color reproduction: LabLab.

In this paper, we propose a new interim connection space (ICS) called LabLab, which is an updated version of LabPQR, to overcome the drawback that the last three dimensions of LabPQR have no definite colorimetric meanings. We extended and improved the method by which the first three dimensions of LabPQR are deduced to obtain an ICS consisting of two sets of CIELAB values under different illuminants, and the reconstructed spectra from LabLab were obtained by minimizing colorimetric errors by means of the computational formula of the CIE-XYZ tristimulus values combined with least-squares best fit. The improvement obtained from the proposed method was tested to compress and reconstruct the reflectance spectra of the 1950 Natural Color System color chips and more than 50,000 ISO SOCS color patches as well as six multispectral images acquired by multispectral image acquisition systems using 1600 glossy Munsell color chips as training samples. The performance was evaluated by the mean values of color differences between the original and reconstructed spectra under the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer and the CIE standard illuminants D50, D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, and A as well as five multichip white LED light sources. The mean and maximum values of the root mean square errors between the original and reconstructed spectra were also calculated. The experimental results show that the proposed three LabLab interim connection spaces significantly outperform principal component analysis, LabPQR, XYZLMS, Fairman-Brill, and LabRGB in colorimetric reconstruction accuracy at the cost of slight reduction of spectral reconstruction accuracy and illuminant independence of color differences of the suggested LabLab interim connection spaces outperform other interim connection spaces. In addition, the presented LabLab interim connection spaces could be quite compatible with the extensively used colorimetric management system since each dimension has definite colorimetric meanings and is perceptually uniform.

Visualizing color term differences based on images from the web

Abstract Color terms are used to express light spectrum characteristics captured by human vision, and color naming across languages partition color spaces differently. Such partition differences have been surveyed through several empirical experiments that employ Munsell color chips. We propose a novel visualization method for color terms based on thousands of images collected from query results provided by an image search engines such as Google. A series of experiments was conducted using eight basic color terms in seven languages. Pixel values in the images are counted to form color histograms according to the color pallet used in the world color survey. The visualization results can be summarized as follows: (1) Japanese and Korean color terms have wider distributions in the color space than terms in other languages do and (2) color visualizations for color terms pink and brown are affected by their links to proper nouns. Highlights Color terms are visualized with 3D histograms on WCS pallet. Color frequencies are assembled automatically from internet images. Red, orange, and yellow have sharp peaks. French pink has several peaks. Pink and brown are affected by their links to proper nouns. English and French colors have smaller distributions than those of Japanese and Korean.

Spectral data compression using weighted principal component analysis with consideration of human visual system and light sources

This paper proposed two weight functions based on principal component analysis (PCA) to reserve more colorimetric information in spectral data compression process. One weight function consisted of the CIE XYZ color-matching functions representing the characteristic of the human visual system, while another was made up of the CIE XYZ color-matching functions of human visual system and relative spectral power distribution of the CIE standard illuminant D65. The improvement obtained from the proposed two methods were tested to compress and reconstruct the reflectance spectra of 1600 glossy Munsell color chips and 1950 Natural Color System color chips as well as six multispectral images. The performance was evaluated by the mean values of color difference under the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer and the CIE standard illuminant D65 and A. The mean values of root mean square errors between the original and reconstructed spectra were also calculated. The experimental results show that the proposed two methods significantly outperform the standard PCA and another two weighted PCA in the aspects of colorimetric reconstruction accuracy with very slight degradation in spectral reconstruction accuracy. In addition, weight functions with the CIE standard illuminant D65 can improve the colorimetric reconstruction accuracy compared to weight functions without the CIE standard illuminant D65.

A Cross‐cultural comparison of saturation, vividness, blackness and whiteness scales

AbstractIn a typical Euclidean three‐dimensional colour space such as CIELAB, the ‘third‐dimension’, such as CIELAB chroma, has long been criticized as being confusing and difficult to understand for naïve observers and it had relatively poor consistency in visual assessments. As an attempt to find a promising replacement to existing ‘third‐dimension’, two psychophysical experiments were conducted in this study using naïve observers. In the first experiment, 24 Korean observers assessed 48 NCS colour chips in terms of bright, light‐heavy, active‐passive, fresh‐stale, clean‐dirty, clear, boring, natural‐not natural, warm‐cool, intense‐weak, saturated, vivid‐dull, distinct‐indistinct, full‐thin and striking. According to experimental results, ‘saturated’ and ‘vivid‐dull’ were found to highly correlate with CIELAB chroma and were thus regarded as good candidates to become alternatives to existing ‘third‐dimension’. In the second experiment, 40 Korean and 68 British observers assessed more than 100 samples in terms of saturation, vividness, blackness and whiteness. Thus, observers assessed 120 samples for saturation, vividness and whiteness. For blackness, 110 samples were assessed. In both experiments, the colour samples were presented in a viewing cabinet and assessed individually. Principal component analysis identified two components that were associated with CIELAB lightness and chroma. In general, there was a similarity between the visual results of the British and Korean observers. High correlation coefficients were found for the following comparisons: predicted values of Berns' depth model versus the present ‘saturation’ response; Berns' clarity versus ‘vividness’ response; Berns' vividness versus ‘blackness’ response; and CIELAB lightness versus ‘whiteness’ response. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 203–215, 2017

Study on Automatic Recognition of Fabric Color and Matching to Standard Color Chip by Computer Vision and Image Analysis Technology

Study on Automatic Recognition of Fabric Color and Matching to Standard Color Chip by Computer Vision and Image Analysis Technology

The foundation of a color-chip evaluation system of jadeite-jade green with color difference control of medical device

Based on the uniform color space International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1976 L*a*b*, the color green of 728 pieces of jadeite-jade was quantitatively characterized by the spectrophotometer Color i5. The color-chip system of jadeite-jade green with color difference control was then researched. First, with the help of the basic color difference formula, the concentrated plot areas of L*ź(35, 55), a*ź(ź30, ź45), and b*ź(0, 35) of jadeite-jade color green were taken as the color center, which was in accordance with the CIE standard green (L*ź=ź56, a*ź=źź32, b*ź=ź0) and high chroma green (L*ź=ź56, a*ź=źź45, b*ź=ź0). Second, the total plot areas of h0ź(125.21°, 171.10°) and L*ź(5, 95) of jadeite-jade color green were considered as color gamut, which was in accordance with the scope from CIE standard yellowish green to bluish green. In consideration of the color green plot areas of jadeite-jade and China National Standard GB/T 23885---2009 "Jadeite-Jade Grading", ΔL*ź=ź5, Δa*ź=ź10, and Δb*ź=ź10 were calculated to form a color-chip system of jadeite-jade color green with ΔE*ź=ź15 from one chip to another, and 521 chips were then achieved. Color chips were reduced or added for sparse or intense plot points. As a result, the color-chip system was condensed into 126 chips based on lightness and then merged into 19 areas with ΔL*ź=ź5. With cluster analysis, 126 chips were graded into nine levels. The commercial evaluation of jadeite-jade color green showed that these levels were sequenced from the top quality fancy vivid green to the last faint green. One-way ANOVA verified the reasonability of the nine levels. Fisher discriminant analysis demonstrated that very high accuracy of 99.21 % was achieved, and only one group from 126 groups was misjudged. Thus, based on the statistical analysis of color parameters in the uniform color space, the color-chip evaluation system of jadeite-jade green with color difference control could be used with high accuracy.

Using Set Model for Learning Addition of Integers.

This study aims to investigate how set model can help students' understanding of addition of integers in fourth grade. The study has been carried out to 23 students and a teacher of IVC SD Iba Palembang in January 2015. This study is a design research that also promotes PMRI as the underlying design context and activity. Results showed that the use of set models that is packaged in activity of recording of financial transactions in two color chips and card game can help students to understand the concept of zero pair, addition with the same colored chips, and cancellation strategy.

USING SET MODEL FOR LEARNING ADDITION OF INTEGERS

This study aims to investigate how set model can help students' understanding of addition of integers in fourth grade. The study has been carried out to 23 students and a teacher of IVC SD Iba Palembang in January 2015. This study is a design research that also promotes PMRI as the underlying design context and activity. Results showed that the use of set models that is packaged in activity of recording of financial transactions in two color chips and card game can help students to understand the concept of zero pair, addition with the same colored chips, and cancellation strategy.Keywords: addition of integers, set models, PMRI, design research DOI: dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.62.93

Gamut expansion of consumer camera to the CIE XYZ color gamut using a specifically designed fourth sensor channel.

This paper discusses the design of an additional spectral filter (i.e., a fourth channel) to be used with existing camera sensors such that the camera's modified color gamut overlaps almost the full CIE XYZ color gamut. The proposed approach leverages on the matrix-R theory that states that the space of metamerism of a sensor, known as the metameric black space, can be determined directly from the camera's spectral sensitivities. Using this metameric black space, a novel fourth channel has been designed on the sensor that can expand the camera's gamut. The effectiveness of this idea has been demonstrated for five commercial cameras, Munsell color chips, and images taken under various illuminations. It is shown that the designed fourth channel is very effective in fitting the camera's color gamuts to CIE XYZ color gamut, reducing CIE LAB colorimetric distances, as well as the color differences between the camera's XYZ images and the true CIE XYZ images.

Inventory Planning for a Modular Product Family

This paper is motivated by observing that an increasing number of firms are offering modular products assembled with multiple option choices for the consumer. Starting with the PC offerings by Dell which allowed (and still allows) users to configure their product by choosing among multiple choices for each option, the current market place seems to have evolved to a make‐to‐stock scenario where Apple offers its IPAD series with multiple models each with a unique storage size, color, and wireless chip technology. The focus of our work is on determining the optimal stocking level of modular end‐products. Our analysis is based on a benchmark model with the aim of maximizing expected profit subject to an aggregate fill rate constraint as well as variant‐specific individual fill rates under a make‐to‐stock setting. To further assess the robustness of our finding, we consider the extensions of correlated market preferences over options, price‐dependent demand, and alternative probability distributions for characterizing uncertainty in market preferences or aggregate demand. Finally we also show how to extend the single period model into a multiple‐period setting. Through extensive computational analysis, we find that more precise estimates of market preferences for various modular options constitute extremely valuable information that goes beyond the usefulness of forecasts of aggregate market demand. From a practical perspective, this might be indicative of another classic marketing‐operations trade‐off. Offering more options for consumers would be preferred by marketing managers since this would reach more consumers and hence, enhance product sales. On the other hand, the ability to obtaining greater forecast accuracy would decline when the number of options increase. Hence, from an operational perspective, it would be preferred to limit option choices (so that better forecasts can be obtained) since this would lead to lower stocking costs and hence, higher profits.

마티스의 이국취미와 작품에 나타난 색채

The purpose of this study is to extract the color chip from the works of Matisse with the exotic tastes, to analyze the characters of adjacent colors, and to suggest the color coordination of artistic character. The research method is based on the literature study which analyzes visual materials. The results are as follows. Considering the colors of Japanese taste, He employs vivid and strong tone in red, yellow, and blue, light tone in pink, purple, and green and deep tone in green, purple, blue and black. His color scheme is very bold and splendid. In his Algerian taste, red is very popular, but an attention should be paid in his development of orange and blue tones. In general, the usage of various tones brings colors into less relief and make the contrast of tones more conspicuous. His Spanish taste, based on red and orange, attracts attentions with strong impressions, but sometimes, dark or adjacent pale tones creates strong, mild and murky atmosphere. The Moroccan taste, based on the development of blue tones which have strong attraction implies the lightness but represents silent and calm. The Rumanian taste, represented in primary colors of red, yellow and blue and achromatic colors is bright and clear. In addition, its light tone in various colors represents peace and romance. The coordination of the exotic colors with the unique adjacent colors created by Matisse is not based on the established color coordination theory, but extracts colors in the aspect of culture borrowing. Therefore, it can double the effects of the color scheme expressed in the existing designs and be used as the global and multi-cultural design sources.

피카소의 작품에 나타난 뮤즈별 컬러 칩 도출과 적용

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characters and images of Picasso's muses, to extract the color chip from the works of Picasso, and to apply these results to fashion design. The study includes a literature review, an analysis of visual materials. The results are as follows. Fernande, who was cheerful and voluptuous, was depicted with pink-brown, a few browns, grey, black, white, and green and represents an ethnic and elegant image. Eva, a star-crossed lover, was depicted with a few browns, black, and pale-yellow and represents a gorgeous and natural image. Olga, who was jealous and sickly wife, was depicted with a few blues, browns and neutral-color and represents a classic and dandy image. Thrse, who was innocent and sweet, was depicted with the bright and pastel colors of red, green, violet, and yellow and of white, blue, brown, and black and represents a romantic, pretty, and casual image. Dora, who was intellectually and emotionally- challenging, was depicted with the strong colors of red, yellow, green, and blue, which are in contrast to black and also to white, grey and brown and represents a wild and dynamic image. Gilot, who was strong-willed and prideful, was depicted with the symbolic color of green, a color contrasting with black and white, grey, and pale brown and represents a clear, cool casual and modern image. Jacqueline, the self-giving and reclusive wife, was depicted with deep red, blue, green, black, white, dark brown, grey represents a formal, dandy, and chic image.