Color Chips Research Articles

Applications of vectorial color

AbstractA companion article introduced a set of orthonormal opponent color matching functions (CMFs). That “orthonormal basis” is an expedient for plotting lights in Cohen's logical color space. Indeed, graphing the new CMFs together (as a parametric plot) gives Cohen's invariant locus of unit monochromats (LUM). In this article, the functions and related vector methods are applied to fundamental problems. In signal transmission and propagation‐of‐errors work, it is desirable to describe stimuli by decorrelated components. The orthonormal CMFs inherently do this, and an example is worked out using a large set of color chips. Starting with the orthonormal functions, related functions, such as cone sensitivities, are graphed as directions in color space, showing their intrinsic relationships. Building on work of Tominaga et al., vectorial plots are related to the problem of guessing the illuminant, a step toward a constancy method. The issue of color rendering is clarified when the vectorial compositions of test and reference lights are graphed. A single graph shows the constraint that the total vectors are the same, but also shows the differences in colorimetric terms. Since the LUM summarizes a trichromatic system by a three‐dimensional graph, dichromatic observers can be represented by 2‐D graphs, revealing details in a consistent way. The “fit first method” compares camera with human, applying the Maxwell‐Ives criterion in graphical detail. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011.

On the relationship between wavelength and perceived hue

AbstractUnlike in the case of sound where there is a compressed but straightforward relationship between frequency of sound waves and the perceived pitch, in the case of color the relationship is highly nonlinear, as first pointed out by Ostwald in 1916. In this article, the relationship between the perceptual Munsell hue scale and the related dominant wavelengths of the color chips involved is investigated. A hypothesis is proposed according to which the immediate cause of the nonlinearity can be found in the relative activation of the kinds of chromatically opponent functions shown to exist in neurons of the lateral geniculate nuclei. However, at this time, the relationship is only correlational, given the lack of deeper understanding of the relationship between the physiological operation of the color vision system and conscious experiences of color. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;

Study on Color Change of Printing Products with Film Covering

Through comparing the curves of spectrum reflection and the color coordinates between coated color chips and uncoated color chip, this article establishes the relation model of color change of printing products with Bi-axially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) film coating. This relation model can forecast and control the color change of coated color chips, and therefore ensure the printing color to meet the requirements of expectation. The experiments show this relation model can accurately forecast the color change of coated color chips and can fill the technological gap in the color control of coated color chips, and is of great significance in practical production.

Elucidating the effect of yellow illumination on color confusion in the semiconductor-related manufacturing industry

This study investigates how yellow lighting and white lighting affect color confusion in contrast with how sunlight does by using the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Test System (FM100). Forty college students with normal color vision are enrolled in this study. The experimental setup involves ceiling lighting at a 90° angle on the FM100 with an illuminance of 550 lx, in which the subjects view the FM100 at a 45° angle. All color chips of the FM100 that are fully discriminable under sunlight are arranged in a color circle (FM100 color circle) with equal hue steps resembling those of a 100 Munsell hue circle. Under colored lighting, however, colors may be undistinguishable, resulting in the misplacement of some of the color chips. Color confusion is then determined by counting the number of times a color chip is misplaced, which is called an error score. All error scores are plotted on the FM100 color circle, which is called the color error sheet, to reveal the range and severity of color confusion due to the colored lighting. Experimental results indicate that, although yellow lighting significantly introduces color confusion, white lighting does not. Additionally, yellow lighting does not cause serious impairment in distinguishing between the yellow (its own color) and blue colors (complementary of yellow), but causes significant impairment in distinguishing between the green and red colors. On the error scoring sheet, both the two nonconfusion series and the two confusion series are complementary and orthogonal. This observation allows us to postulate that, although colored lighting does not cause significant impairment in distinguishing between its own complementary colors, it does between its orthogonal colors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Combinatorics and probability: Six- to ten-year-olds reliably predict whether a relation will occur

Young children are able to judge which of two possibilities is more likely to occur when these possibilities are characterized by a simple property, like color (“Is it more likely to draw a red chip or a blue chip?”). Here we ask whether they can do so when the possibilities concern a relation between simple properties (“Is it more likely to draw two chips of the same color or two different colored chips?”). Three studies show that from the age of six children are able to predict the occurrence of a relation on the basis of its probability, and that from the age of nine their performance reaches adult levels. These results corroborate the theory of naive extensional reasoning, and are inconsistent with the hypothesis that children need the help of instruction to reason correctly about relations.

Adaptive non-negative bases for reconstruction of spectral data from colorimetric information

The positive basis functions of the reflectance spectra of Munsell color chips are extracted by using the classical nonnegative matrix factorization method. Different numbers of basis, i.e., 3 to 5, are determined and used as projection spaces. The spectral reflectances of samples are defined in the desired compact spectral spaces and the performances of the spaces are evaluated through the cost of the “lost data” by computing of the root mean square error between the actual and the reconstructed spectra as well as the corresponding color difference values under different viewing conditions. The method is also compared with the most welcomed technique, i.e., principal component analyzing, and its priority is shown to some extent in the three dimensional space. To show the importance of the spectral behaviors of samples in the dataset on the extracted basis and consequently the error of the spectral reconstruction trial, the adaptive non-negative matrix factorization method is introduced and examined in the reconstruction of spectral data from the colorimetric tristimulus values. The suggested method weights the samples in the database proportional to the colorimetric differences between the specimens in the dataset and the sample whose spectral has been aimed, prior to the extraction of all positive bases. The root mean square errors between the actual and the reconstructed spectra as well as the metamerism indices under A and F11 illuminants are calculated and the results show considerable improvement over the classic non-negative matrix factorization method as well as the principal component analyzing technique.

The Development of Woman's Hanbok Textile Design Appling Korea Traditional Lotus Pattern

The purpose of this study is to develop design for daily hanbok with Jacquard textile design developed by using the traditional patterns that suit the needs and lifestyles of the middle and old aged group. This study will also develop Jacquard textile design that has elaborate and luxurious patterns and abundant expression of colors using the traditional patterns that suit the needs and lifestyles of the middle and old aged group. Developing daily Hanbok design for woman's casual and formal occasion will contribute to fashion business significantly by popularization of daily hanbok as one of the important fashion genre. The Texpro Design CAD V8.21 program was used for the textile design. A total of 3 designs were developed as the Jacquard textile design with traditional patterns using lotus flower motifs. One type of fabric was produced for each of the textile design with a color selected from Pantone Color Chips. And finally, three woman's daily Hanbok design for either casual or and formal style were developed and these daily Hanboks were consisted of Durumagi, one-piece dress, and one set of jacket and trouser. And the actual garments were constructed and the design procedure and the photos of these works were presented. This study showed the possibility of producing highly sensible daily hanbok that suits the fashion trend of middle aged women and the widening of consumer range and the creation of new market by developing Jacquard textile design.

Development of the Emotional Scale Map and Comparison of Emotional Scale between Fashion Brand Image and Brand Website Coloration Image

The purpose of this study was to propose some plan which could satisfy consumer's expectation emotional needs by comparing emotional scale between fashion brand image and brand website coloration image. For this study, 12 brand websites within four fashion zone, men's clothing, women's clothing, casual wear, and sports wear were chosen. The questionnaires were comprised of 27 emotional adjectives which were selected from previous studies. The questionnaires were distributed to university students and office workers for 3 to 17 on September. Among them, 118 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS tool. The qualitative analysis for emotional adjective sorting, content analysis for website color chip sorting, and quantitative analysis for consumers were used in this study. Some differences exist between brand image and website coloration band image as the result. As the numbers of internet user became larger, the costumer's emotional image which gives maximum satisfaction is getting more important in fashion brand website. Therefore, fashion website managers should satisfy consumers with functional and emotional needs.

TV 뉴스 여성앵커 재킷의 색상 이미지 연구

TV news anchor woman's appearance, voice, expression, and clothing, etc., have an influence on the reliability of the article to be reported. Among these, clothing is the most crucial factor in forming an anchor woman's image, especially the clothing color factor. This study is aimed at providing the basic foundation for anchor woman when they select the clothing color by analyzing the clothing color image on the screen. For this purpose, the KBS and MBC 9 o'clock news desk and SBS 8 o'clock news of the local major news programs were selected. With the collection of 300 pieces of news clips related to anchor woman's clothing from January to December 2008, they were classified into F/W seasons and analyzed by the clothing color. The surveying method of clothing color was to capture the anchor woman's clothing among the news clips, then pick the representing color by applying Adobe Photoshop, and researching the formed <TEX>$L^*a^*b^*$</TEX> value of color chips. The surveyed color was transformed into value of distant cell, H V/C, and the results were analyzed. As a result, it showed that the White system for anchor woman's clothing during the S/S seasons is most frequently picked, followed by the Red system. In F/W seasons, Gray system is the most favored, then White and Red, respectively. It was revealed that the most frequently selected colors for upper-wear by anchor women in the three broadcasting stations was an achromatic color, such as White or Gray, and then the chromatic color, Red. It shows that there is no big difference in season. The Inner-wear color matched the jackets which were also achromatic in color, white and black being the most favored in the S/S seasons, and in the case of chromatic colors, Red was the most favored. In addition to this, identical coloration with jacket, coloration with similar color, or single color as clothing color were no less frequently adopted. During the F/W seasons, identical coloration accounts for 26%, the most popular colored being White and Red. It was found that the coloration with achromatic colors are highly favored in the three major broadcasting stations alike.

The architectural colour design process: An evaluation of sequential media via semantic ratings

AbstractIn recent studies, contextual situations of applied colours are compared to colours presented as samples or chips. Findings of such studies point out different results in terms of similarities or differences between the evaluations of isolated/abstract colours and contextualized situations. Architectural and spatial contexts have their own characteristics regarding colouring criteria, so it is of great importance to examine the architectural/spatial colouring process from this point of view. This study explores this process by investigating the consistency of semantic ratings of four sequential stages of the architectural colour design process, namely, colour chips/samples, abstract compositions, perspective drawings and 3D models. The architectural context for the study was a simple interior space. Fifteen different colour schemes were applied on the four media representing the stages. Subjects rated the 15 sets against seven bipolar, five‐step semantic differential scales. The scales consisted of harmonious‐discord, pleasant‐unpleasant, comfortable‐uncomfortable, spacious‐confined, static‐dynamic, exciting‐calming and extroverted‐introverted. Findings indicated that there are significant associations between the evaluations of the abstract compositions, the perspective drawings and the 3D models; however, the evaluations of colour chips are significantly different than the others. The medium effect observed mostly between abstract and contextualized media. Additionally, factor analysis showed that pleasantness, harmony, spaciousness and comfort are connected in the evaluations of contextual situations, while pleasantness and harmony differ from spaciousness and comfort in the evaluations of colour chips and abstract compositions. The factor of activity (arousal) (dynamism, excitement, and extroversion) stays the same for all four media. It is also found that different colour characteristics are determinative over different media. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010

Comparison of unique hue stimuli determined by two different methods using Munsell color chips

AbstractUnique hue stimuli were determined by male and female observers using two different visual experimental procedures involving Munsell color chips of varying hue but identical chroma and value. The hypothesis was that unique hues can be more reliably established by explicit selection from a series of ordered stimuli than implicitly by hue scaling a series of stimuli in terms of neighboring UHs and this was statistically confirmed. The implicit selections based on long term memory of UHs appears to have been more challenging to observers since variability was increased by nearly 50% compared to when UHs were explicitly selected. The ranges of unique hues selected in the two methods were, however, comparable and no statistically significant difference was found between the results of females and males. The intra‐observer variability in picking a stimulus to represent a unique hue, for all observers and averaged for all hues, was approximately 12% of the mean spread of unique hues, confirming that the large inter‐observer variability is driven by differences in color vision and perhaps cognitive processes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010

The Influence of a Low-Level Color or Figure Adaptation on a High-Level Face Perception

Visual adaptation is a universal phenomenon associated with human visual system. This adaptation affects not only the perception of low-level visual systems processing color, motion, and orientation, but also the perception of high-level visual systems processing complex visual patterns, such as facial identity and expression. Although it remains unclear for the mutual interaction mechanism between systems at different levels, this issue is the key to understand the hierarchical neural coding and computation mechanism. Thus, we examined whether the low-level adaptation influences on the high-level aftereffect by means of cross-level adaptation paradigm (i.e. color, figure adaptation versus facial identity adaptation). We measured the identity aftereffects within the real face test images on real face, color chip and figure adapting conditions. The cross-level mutual influence was evaluated by the aftereffect size among different adapting conditions. The results suggest that the adaptation to color and figure contributes to the high-level facial identity aftereffect. Besides, the real face adaptation obtained the significantly stronger aftereffect than the color chip or the figure adaptation. Our results reveal the possibility of cross-level adaptation propagation and implicitly indicate a high-level holistic facial neural representation. Based on these results, we discussed the theoretical implication of cross-level adaptation propagation for understanding the hierarchical sensory neural systems.

Experimental modeling of colour harmony

AbstractThis study investigates colour harmony in visual experiments in order to develop a new quantitative colour harmony model. On the basis of new experimental results, colour harmony formulae were developed to predict colour harmony from the CIECAM02 hue, chroma, and lightness correlates of the members of two‐ or three‐colour combinations. In the experiments, observers were presented two‐ and three‐colour combinations displayed on a well‐characterized CRT monitor in a dark room. Colour harmony was estimated visually on an 11 category scale from −5 (meaning completely disharmonious) to +5 (meaning completely harmonious), including 0 as the neutral colour harmony impression. From these results, mathematical models of colour harmony were developed. The visual results were also compared with classical colour harmony theories. Two supplementary experiments were also carried out: one of them tested the main principles of colour harmony with real Munsell colour chips, and another one compared the visual rating of the new models with existing colour harmony theories. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.

Color preference affected by mode of color appearance

Most color preference research focuses on colors in an object color mode. In our daily life, however, colors are perceived not only as an object color mode but also as other modes, such as unnatural object color and light source color modes. To explore the effect of the color appearance mode on color preference, we examined the relationship between color preference and the mode of color appearance. Thirty-three color chips were chosen from the Munsell notation varying in hues and chromas. The color chips were presented in different color appearance modes by changing the subject's room illuminance and the color chip room illuminance. The experimental results showed that the brightest and most saturated colors were preferred. It was found that the subject preferred color in a light source color mode and unnatural object color mode to color in an object color mode. Moreover, we found that hue had a small effect on color preference in the light source color mode. We also investigated the relationship between color preference and the perceived color attributes (perceived chromaticness, whiteness, and blackness). In a supplementary experiment, elementary color naming was conducted. The results showed that the perceived chromaticness, perceived whiteness, and perceived blackness play a role for the determination of color preference for different color appearance modes. We, consequently, suggest that color preference is dominated not only by color attributes but also by the mode of color appearance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010

Effects of color sample display and color sample grouping on screen layout usability for customized product color selection

This study investigates the effects of color sample display and color sample grouping on the usability (task efficiency and user preference) of a color combination interface. A 180-subject nested design experiment tested each of the three levels of color sample grouping (associative color number, color series, and product section) against each of the two levels of color sample display (color chip, product thumbnail) for efficiency and effectiveness (search time and error rate). A separate 30-subject experiment evaluated user preference. Of the three grouping types, product section (grouping of color chips or product thumbnails to correspond with modular sections of a product preview image) yielded the lowest search time and error rates. Of the two display types, product thumbnails achieved the highest user preference. Of the six formation-display configurations, color sample chips grouped by product section yielded both the lowest search time and highest preference.

Learning Color Names for Real-World Applications

Color names are required in real-world applications such as image retrieval and image annotation. Traditionally, they are learned from a collection of labeled color chips. These color chips are labeled with color names within a well-defined experimental setup by human test subjects. However, naming colors in real-world images differs significantly from this experimental setting. In this paper, we investigate how color names learned from color chips compare to color names learned from real-world images. To avoid hand labeling real-world images with color names, we use Google Image to collect a data set. Due to the limitations of Google Image, this data set contains a substantial quantity of wrongly labeled data. We propose several variants of the PLSA model to learn color names from this noisy data. Experimental results show that color names learned from real-world images significantly outperform color names learned from labeled color chips for both image retrieval and image annotation.

Functional computational model for optimal color coding

This paper presents a computational model for color coding that provides a functional explanation of how humans perceive colors in a homogeneous color space. Beginning with known properties of human cone photoreceptors, the model estimates the locations of the reflectance spectra of Munsell color chips in perceptual color space as represented in the CIE L*a*b* color system. The fit between the two structures is within the limits of expected measurement error. Estimates of the structure of perceptual color space for color anomalous dichromats missing one of the normal cone photoreceptors correspond closely to results from the Farnsworth-Munsell color test. An unanticipated outcome of the model provides a functional explanation of why additive lights are always red, green, and blue and provide maximum gamut for color monitors and color television even though they do not correspond to human cone absorption spectra.

Effects of color display, color name, color formation and color alignment on the screen layout usability of customized product color combinations

This study investigated the effects of screen layout on the usability of a large number of color combination options for customized product. Using an L 18 orthogonal array, 18 interfaces were designed around four factors: color display, color name, color formation and alignment. Participants completed a color combination search task and a questionnaire concerning their satisfaction with the interfaces. Based on the search time and user satisfaction, the display of color samples by modular sections (itemized color chips) was found to be the optimal method of color selection. This arrangement reduced the number of combinations of color samples displayed on the screen and allowed efficient navigation of a large palette of color combinations. Vertical alignment aided the product color discrimination and reduced the search time. Users viewed various product color combinations directly with or without the aid of color names. Relevance to industry Because of the considerable observed reductions in search time and the superior reported degrees of satisfaction associated with the tested configurations for customized product color combination, the findings of this study have important ramifications for consumers and manufacturers of products as diverse as sofas, curtains, clothing, athletic shoes, cars, mobile phones and the other customized products.

Light emitting diode fault detection using p-n junction photovoltaic effect

This paper proposes an online noncontact fault detection method during light emitting diode (LED) chip packaging, which is based on the photovoltaic effect in p-n junctions. Once a LED chip bonded on a lead frame is illuminated, the photocurrent will flow through the loop circuits formed by the lead frame. Through characterization of the weak photovoltaic response in the lead frame with the 20 LED chips, five LED faults, including chip defects (chip quality and chip contamination) and bonding deficiencies (disconnection, debonding, and rebonding), can be detected before packaging. A high-sensitivity photocurrent detection instrument has been developed to detect different color (red, yellow, green, and blue) and different size LED chips (9-15 mil) on LED assembly line. A key feature of the new instrument is the capability to tune and implement the maximum output power (photocurrent) in the loop lead frame by designing the high-efficiency magnetic core, the magnetic coil and the detecting system. Experiments demonstrate that the photovoltaic behaviors for LED p-n junctions are directly related to the LED electroluminescent characteristics, and the internal optoelectronic characteristics and the external Ohmic contact performances can be derived by detecting the photocurrent of LED chips. The LED online noncontact fault detection instrument based on the photovoltaic effect can be used to substitute for the ordinary electroluminescence online contact fault detection instrument.

Recovery of spectral data using weighted canonical correlation regression

The weighted canonical correlation regression technique is employed for reconstruction of reflectance spectra of surface colors from the related XYZ tristimulus values of samples. Flexible input data based on applying certain weights to reflectance and colorimetric values of Munsell color chips has been implemented for each particular sample which belongs to Munsell or GretagMacbeth Colorchecker DC color samples. In fact, the colorimetric and spectrophotometric data of Munsell chips are selected as fundamental bases and the color difference values between the target and samples in Munsell dataset are chosen as a criterion for determination of weighting factors. The performance of the suggested method is evaluated in spectral reflectance reconstruction. The results show considerable improvements in terms of root mean square error (RMS) and goodness-of-fit coefficient (GFC) between the actual and reconstructed reflectance curves as well as CIELAB color difference values under illuminants A and TL84 for CIE1964 standard observer.