Color Separation Research Articles

Research on Multi-Color Separation Model Based on Polynomial Regression

In order to improve the quality of prints, we usually add additional OG or RGB ink on the basis of the four-color printing ink (CMYK) to increase the printing color gamut. After that, the conventional separation technology is no longer suit for multi-color printing, so the multi-color separation technology is put forward. Currently, the main multi-color separation method is color partition technology. It divided the color space into five or six partitions. Then each partition was subdivided into several cells, and then established the polynomial color separation model for each cell. In this paper, we improved the selection of samples and cell search method. The experimental results showed that the color separation algorithm had high color separation accuracy and stability and could meet the demand of high precision multi-color printing.

Objective and Subjective Assessment of Digital Pathology Image Quality

The quality of an image produced by the Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) scanners is of critical importance for using the image in clinical diagnosis. Therefore, it is very important to monitor and ensure the quality of images. Since subjective image quality assessments by pathologists are very time-consuming, expensive and difficult to reproduce, we propose a method for objective assessment based on clinically relevant and perceptual image parameters: sharpness, contrast, brightness, uniform illumination and color separation; derived from a survey of pathologists. We developed techniques to quantify the parameters based on content-dependent absolute pixel performance and to manipulate the parameters in a predefined range resulting in images with content-independent relative quality measures. The method does not require a prior reference model. A subjective assessment of the image quality is performed involving 69 pathologists and 372 images (including 12 optimal quality images and their distorted versions per parameter at 6 different levels). To address the inter-reader variability, a representative rating is determined as a one-tailed 95% confidence interval of the mean rating. The results of the subjective assessment support the validity of the proposed objective image quality assessment method to model the readers’ perception of image quality. The subjective assessment also provides thresholds for determining the acceptable level of objective quality per parameter. The images for both the subjective and objective quality assessment are based on the HercepTest TM slides scanned by the Philips Ultra Fast Scanners, developed at Philips Digital Pathology Solutions. However, the method is applicable also to other types of slides and scanners.

Algorithm of Double-Chroma Ink Mapping for Multi-Color Printer

Aiming at three color pairs of Lk &K, Lc & C, Lm &M, which are commonly used on multi-color inkjet printers. Based on colorimetric matching, polynomial fitting was used to establish a mapping relationship between each pairs of double chroma ink ,and fitting accuracy was contrasted between different fitting times. Experimental results show that the quartic polynomial can achieve better accuracy than the conic fitting. The study is great significance for printer’s color separation which has the two levels of color channel.

Extracting Golden Area from Image Based on Canny Operator

This paper researched application of Canny algorithm on the color separation of golden image , to generate a separated golden image plate base on the extraction of golden area, so as to get the effect more closer to the real metallic. Canny algorithm is based on the gray-scale image segmentation algorithm. The image is mapped from RGB to Lab color space. According to the color attributes of b, the golden target regions are extracted using Canny algorithm. But it’s difficult to get the closed target boundary outlet by Canny algorithm, so this paper modified image segmentation algorithm. Firstly, the image is filtered by Canny operator; secondly, small areas on the Canny processed image are removed by using some pre-determined threshold value.; then processed the image through using smoothing and sharping method so to make inner area of image more smooth meanwhile improving boundary sharpness. The experimental results showed that the method based on Canny operator is very suitable for golden area extraction from a image. The golden target-regions can be closed boundary outlet, which makes the golden areas are more accurate and continuous.

SNPs in the 5'-regulatory region of the tyrosinase gene do not affect plumage color in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

Tyrosinase, encoded by the TYR gene, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of melanin pigment. In this study, plumage color separation was observed in Cherry Valley duck line D and F1 and F2 hybrid generations of Liancheng white ducks. Gene sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were applied to the 5'-regulatory region of TYR, to explore the connection between TYR sequence variation and duck plumage color. Four SNPs were found in the 5'-regulatory region. The SNPs were in tight linkage and formed three haplotypes. However, the genotype distribution in groups with different plumage color was not significantly different, and there were no changes in the transcription factor binding sites between the different genotypes. In conclusion, these SNP variations may not cause the differences in feather color observed in this test group.

An Enhanced Steganographic Model Based on DWT Combined with Encryption and Error Correction Techniques

The problem of protecting information, modification, privacy and origin validation are very important issues and became the concern of many researchers. Handling these problems definitely is a big challenge and this is probably why so much attention directed to the development of information protection schemes. In this paper, we propose a robust model that combines and integrates steganographic techniques with encryption, and error detection and correction techniques in order achieve secrecy, authentication and integrity. The idea of applying these techniques is based on decomposing the image into three separate color planes Red, Green and Blue and then depending on the encryption key we divide the image into N blocks. By applying DWT on each block independently, this model enables hiding the information in the image in an unpredictable manner. The part of the image where information embedded is a key depended and unknown to the intruder and by this we achieve blinded DWT effect. To enhance reliability the proposed model that uses hamming code which helps to recover lost or modified information. The proposed Model implemented and tested successfully.

해상컨테이너를 이용한 대학생기숙사 거주 활용 계획 연구 - 암스테르담 대학생기숙사 키트보넨 사례를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study was suggested to establish of student housing by using shipping container. The research method are a study of shipping container and characteristics of student housing by using shipping container, compared typically student housing with student housing by using shipping container. Also there are planning though a case study of various planes and survey based on the student housing city in Amsterdam, Netherland, is called Keetwonen. It is a planning for housing unit to actual build at the part of land to devise master plan The 40FT(High Cube) Shipping Container housing unit are double occupancy room with toilet and balcony. The common areas are the kitchen, laundry facilities, conference room and lounge are available on the first floor with a lightweight steel frame construction method applied for obtain substantive utilization of the space. Considering into the type and scale of site shall be planning in the form of side corridor and central corridor, which is preferable to separate the interior space into two areas by a central corridor to secure personal privacy. Also, planning such as a separate exterior panel, color and landscape design to improve the external image of the container and block the solar radiation heat influx with a pitched roof. Allow 24 college students shall live at the site of Seongnae-dong, Gangdong-gu in Seoul, Korea (site area ), including common facilities and a lounge with a building that has three stories above ground were established to build plans to target the actual land.

The AGB population in IC 1613 usingJHKphotometry

A member of the Local Group, IC 1613 is a gas rich irregular dwarf galaxy that appears to have formed stars continuously over the last 10 Gyr and is relatively independent of external influences from other galaxies. This paper aims to study the spatial distribution of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population in IC 1613 and its metallicity. Using WFCAM on UKIRT, high quality JHK photometry of an area of 0.8 deg^2 centered on IC 1613 was obtained. The data have been used to isolate the C- and M-type components of the AGB population and using their number ratio, C/M, a global mean metallicity has been derived. The metallicity and the TRGB magnitude have been studied as a function of distance from the galactic centre and as a function of azimuthal angle. The tip of the RGB (TRGB) has been found at K_0 = 18.25 +/- 0.15 mag. The colour separation between the C- and M-type components of the AGB population has been located at (J-K) = 1.15 +/- 0.05 mag, giving a global C/M ratio of 0.52 +/- 0.04 and from this an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = -1.26 +/- 0.07 dex has been calculated. The AGB population has been detected out to a radial distance of 4.5 kpc in the de-projected plane of the galaxy. The measured TRGB is consistent with previous measurements and no significant variation is detected in the TRGB or in metallicity either with galactocentric distance or azimuthal angle.

Characterisation of the n-colour printing process using the spot colour overprint model.

This paper is aimed at reproducing the solid spot colours using the n-colour separation. A simplified numerical method, called as the spot colour overprint (SCOP) model, was used for characterising the n-colour printing process. This model was originally developed for estimating the spot colour overprints. It was extended to be used as a generic forward characterisation model for the n-colour printing process. The inverse printer model based on the look-up table was implemented to obtain the colour separation for n-colour printing process. Finally the real-world spot colours were reproduced using 7-colour separation on lithographic offset printing process. The colours printed with 7 inks were compared against the original spot colours to evaluate the accuracy. The results show good accuracy with the mean CIEDE2000 value between the target colours and the printed colours of 2.06. The proposed method can be used successfully to reproduce the spot colours, which can potentially save significant time and cost in the printing and packaging industry.

A new method for automatic separation of fabric color

A novel method combining the characteristics of structure and region information is proposed for automatic segmentation of the color region for different kinds of fabrics. For improving image quality for computer analysis, the structure-texture decomposition processing has been used to extract the main structure from the fabric image, where the fine structure details of fabric yarn patterns have been removed. By using the CIE-Lab color system, the color structure image is then segmented by a fuzzy region-based segmentation model that can be solved efficiently through a fast numerical scheme. The experimental results show that the main disadvantage and difficulty of using color clustering-based methods and commonly used image segmentation methods for fabric color separation is overcome by the proposed method. The proposed method has high accuracy and the computation time is very reasonable. It can be applied to extract fabric color regions for different fabric structures, such as woven, knitted and embroidery structures.

Novel user allocation scheme for full duplex multiuser bidirectional Li-Fi network

A novel user allocation scheme for a full duplex multi-user bidirectional Li-Fi system is proposed. The users are allocated into separate color clusters and the user data is transmitted through the allocated color beams from the RGB (red, green, and blue) light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the form of predefined frame structure. At the receiving end, primary user separation is achieved by a color sensor that is capable of distinguishing the colors. Similarly, for uplink data transmission, the modulation of the user data is performed using a different color from the one used to retrieve the data and transmitted through the RGB LED, resulting in a bidirectional VLC link with minimal interference. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed user allocation scheme is efficient and robust with significant performance in the bidirectional Li-Fi system.

Color separation in forensic image processing using interactive differential evolution.

Color separation is an image processing technique that has often been used in forensic applications to differentiate among variant colors and to remove unwanted image interference. This process can reveal important information such as covered text or fingerprints in forensic investigation procedures. However, several limitations prevent users from selecting the appropriate parameters pertaining to the desired and undesired colors. This study proposes the hybridization of an interactive differential evolution (IDE) and a color separation technique that no longer requires users to guess required control parameters. The IDE algorithm optimizes these parameters in an interactive manner by utilizing human visual judgment to uncover desired objects. A comprehensive experimental verification has been conducted on various sample test images, including heavily obscured texts, texts with subtle color variations, and fingerprint smudges. The advantage of IDE is apparent as it effectively optimizes the color separation parameters at a level indiscernible to the naked eyes.

Colour separation of <italic>n</italic>-colour printing process using inverse printer models

Although the n-colour printing process increases the colour gamut, it presents a challenge in generating colour separations. This paper evaluates different methods of implementing the inverse printer model to obtain the colour separation for n-colour printing processes. The constrained optimisation and the look-up table based inversion methods were evaluated. The colorant space was divided into sectors of 4-inks and the inverse printer models were applied to each sector. The results were found to be adequate with the mean CIEDE2000 values between the original colours and the model predicted colours below 1.5 for most of the models. The lookup table based inversion was computationally faster than the constrained optimisation approach. The 9-level lookup table model gave accurate prediction without costing the processing time. It can be used to replace spot coloured inks with the 7-colour printing process in packaging printing to achieve significant cost savings.

Yarn Selection Based on Simulated Annealing Genetic Algorithm

Aiming at the bad performance when achieve rich colors of fabric with very limited yarns in the traditional woven industry, the paper comes up with a solution of selecting yarn from a set of yarns based on SAGA(simulated annealing genetic algorithm). In order to reduce the computational complexity, original image is compressed based on clustering algorithm. And the original yarns is divided into four regions based on color separation algorithm to narrow the feasible area. The result of experiments show that image compression and yarns division can greatly improve the speed of SAGA, and SAGA can effectively converges to global optimal solution.

Preventing errors in laterality.

An error in laterality is the reporting of a finding that is present on the right side as on the left or vice versa. While different medical and surgical specialties have implemented protocols to help prevent such errors, very few studies have been published that describe these errors in radiology reports and ways to prevent them. We devised a system that allows the radiologist to view reports in a separate window, displayed in a simple font and with all terms of laterality highlighted in separate colors. This allows the radiologist to correlate all detected laterality terms of the report with the images open in PACS and correct them before the report is finalized. The system is monitored every time an error in laterality was detected. The system detected 32 errors in laterality over a 7-month period (rate of 0.0007 %), with CT containing the highest error detection rate of all modalities. Significantly, more errors were detected in male patients compared with female patients. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that with our system, laterality errors can be detected and corrected prior to finalizing reports.

PS-117 Preterm Cerebral Microcirculation Assessed With Colour Doppler: A Pilot Study

Background and aims Pilot study to explore feasibility of a colour Doppler technique for monitoring cerebral perfusion at the level of microvessels. Methods Between March 1st, 2011, and January 30th, 2013, all admitted infants born before 29 weeks of gestation were eligible for Doppler imaging. Perfusion images were acquired in a standard coronal plane. Image quality was assessed by two authors (MR, PG). The region of interest (ROI) was manually selected. A segmentation tool was developed to separate colour data from the greyscale 2D images, leading to a percentage and number of colour pixels in the image (Doppler colour index; DCI). Intra- and interobserver agreement was analysed. Results Intra- and interobserver agreement for placement of ROIs was good (bias -0.24 resp. -0.74 percentage points). Colour Doppler was able to depict microvessels in cortex, white matter and deep grey matter. The median DCI in a region of cortex-white matter was 7.8% with a wide range (1.4%-25.6%). There was no significant difference between the left and right hemisphere (Mann-Whitney U, P-value 0.61). Clinically relevant observations were tabulated, e.g. distant effect of GMH on regional perfusion. Conclusion Sonographic small vessel visualisation may help understand pathogenetic mechanisms related to perfusion and is valuable to monitor effects of treatment. ![Abstract PS-117 Figure 1][1] Abstract PS-117 Figure 1 [1]: pending:yes

Correlation between Personality Types and Color Shade Preference

The main aim of this study was to find out whether the color shade preferences of individuals, grouped according to their personality types are alike or not. The researchers also tried to study the difference in color shade preferences based on gender differences. The objective was to understand whether the color shade preferences of individuals are affected by their individual personality types or not and whether gender plays any role in selection of color shades of individuals. The study sample consisted of a total of 80 subjects, randomly selected from within the age group of 18-25. An attempt was made to maintain a balance between two genders and across the ages. The research instruments used were Eysenck’s Personality Test (to measure the personality types) and a separate Colour Bar- Colour Preference Test was designed to serve the purpose of this study. The subjects were made to fill both the questionnaires and then the items were scored and results were analyzed. Positive scoring was done for Eysenck’s personality questionnaire and negative scoring was used to score the Colour Bar-Colour Preference Test. The data collected was divided into: Introverts (female, male) and Extroverts (female, male). From the data collected the mean, standard deviation and correlation between extraversion scores and the most preferred colour scores, for all the four groups. The mean, standard deviation, and correlation for the four groups was found to be 436.4 (IF), 529.2 (IM), 504 (EF), 453.4 (EM); 5.47 (IF), 6.52 (IM), 5.48 (EF), 6.93(EM); -0.3 (IF), -0.1 (IM), 0.1 (EF) and 0.5 (EM) respectively. From this the conclusion was drawn that there was no significant correlation found between the personality types and colour shade preferences of the subjects except in the case of extroverted males. Recommendations: Increase the sample size as that proved to be a limitation to this study. A study across ages is also possible and might give different results.

IMAGERY CREATED BY COLOUR NAMES IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S NOVELLA THE DOVE

Imagery of colour names created by Patrick Süskind in his novella “The Dove” is analyzed. Separate colour names as well as those encountered in the structure of phraseological units are viewed through the prism of connotations which add to the readers’ understanding of the main hero’s inner life. Keywords: imagery, colour names, expressiveness, connotation, Patrick Süskind.

Changes in the Characteristics of Water-in-Oil-based High Internal Phase Emulsion Containing Moringa Leaves Extract at Various Storage Conditions

Purpose: To explore changes in the characteristics of water-in-oil-based high internal phase emulsion containing Moringa oleifera (Moringa HIPE) extract at various storage conditions and time intervals. Methods: Moringa leaves extract (3 %) was entrapped into HIPE. Color, liquefaction, conductivity, pH, and centrifugation were assessed by keeping the samples of Moringa HIPE at 8, 25, 40 and 40 °C, and 75 % RH (relative humidity) over time up to 54 days. Rheological measurements were made on freshly prepared emulsion and after one and two months. Data were analysed using Brookfield Software Rheocalc version (2.6) with IPC Paste and Power Law (PL) math models. Results: There was no change in color, electrical conductivity, liquefaction and phase separation (after centrifugation) in any sample of Moringa HIPE at the various storage conditions and periods. The pH of freshly prepared Moringa HIPE was 5.5 which gradually decreased with slight variation in the storage conditions. The viscosity of freshly prepared emulsion was 3256.65 cP and this decreased with increase in shear stress. Flow index and shear sensitivity factor of freshly prepared emulsion were 0.36 and 0.65, respectively. The rheograms of Moringa HIPEs indicate non-Newtonian behaviour and pseudo-plastic tendency. Power Law and IPC paste provided the data of confidences of fit. Conclusion: Moringa HIPE showed stability and can be guided exclusively to protect skin against ultraviolet radiation-mediated oxidative damage. Keywords : Moringa oleifera, High Internal Phase Emulsion, Rheogram, Pseudoplastic, Non-Newtonian, Shear

Color Separation of an <bold><italic>n</italic></bold>-Color Printing Process Using Inverse Printer Models

Although the n-color printing process increases the color gamut, it creates a challenge in generating color separations. This article evaluates different methods of implementing the inverse printer model to obtain the color separation for n-color printing of discrete (spot) colors. The constrained optimization and lookup table based inversion methods were evaluated for n-color printing processes. The colorant space was divided into sectors of four inks and the inverse printer models were applied to each sector.The results were found to be adequate, with the mean CIEDE2000 values between the measured colors and the model predicted colors below 1.5 for most of the models. The lookup table based inversion was faster than the constrained optimization approach. The nine-level lookup table model gave accurate prediction without costing excessive processing time. It can be used to replace spot colored inks with the seven-color printing process in packaging printing to achieve significant cost savings.