Color Separation Research Articles

A Quantum Dot Array for Enhanced Tricolor Liquid-Crystal Display

In the traditional liquid crystal display, at least two-thirds of the energy is wasted by tricolor separation color filter array due to its blocking working principle. In this paper, a well arrangement quantum dots (QD) array, which is excited by blue back light, was fabricated to spatially separate the red-green-blue (RGB) color. This QD array is further placed onto traditional color filter array, by matching the corresponding color filter pixel, in order to eliminate the blue light cross talk. In this case, the energy efficiency of this QD active color filter array no longer depends on its geometric arrangement and absorption properties, but depends on the quantum yield of QDs. Furthermore, 90% Adobe RGB color gamut can be achieved. One advantage of our fabrication method is synthesizing the QDs array onto the substrate directly, without the requirement of dissolving the QDs into other media. This technique may provide a new method to obtain higher color separation efficiency in liquid crystal display (LCD) than the traditional color filter matrix by enhancing the quantum yield of QDs.

Daylight luminance requirements for full-color, see-through, helmet-mounted display systems

When color is implemented in helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) that are eyes-out, see-through displays, visual perception issues become an increased concern. A major confound with HMDs is their inherent see-through (transparent) property. The result is color in the displayed image that combines with color from the outside (or in-cockpit) world, producing an image with additive color. As luminance of the HMD imagery is reduced, the color separation between the HMD imagery and the background is also reduced. It is because of this additive effect that luminance contrast is so vitally important in developing HMD standards for color symbology. As a result, this paper identifies luminance requirements for full-color HMDs based upon two lines of investigation. The first is based on a study of white symbology against natural static backgrounds, where the quality of symbology was judged to be a function of not only the background luminance but also of the background complexity as well. The second is based on an evaluation of the complexity inherent in natural backgrounds and from this investigation, a predictive curve was found that describes the complexity of natural backgrounds as a function of ambient luminance.

Addressing the colorimetric redundancy in 11-ink color separation

To improve color reproduction, many printers today use extra colorants, in addition to the traditional four inks (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black). Adding the complementary colorants (Red, Green and Blue) increases the gamut of reproducible colors, while lighter versions of the primary inks can be added to reduce graininess and dot visibility. Using more than three inks introduces colorimetric redundancy in the color separation process, because different ink combinations can reproduce the same target color. When additional inks are introduced, this redundancy rapidly increases, and it is thus crucial to introduce additional constraints in the color separation process, to improve determinacy and to optimize different aspects of print quality. This study focuses on an analysis of the redundancy in the color separation process for an 11-ink printer. It is investigated how the extensive colorimetric redundancy can be utilized to select optimal ink combinations to meet the, sometimes contradictory, criteria of color accuracy, graininess and ink consumption. Analysis of the results of applying different criteria in the color separation process shows that the result heavily depends on the selected criterion. For example, prioritizing graininess will improve print quality by reducing dot visibility, imposing the use of lighter inks, but it will also increase ink consumption.

三种方法对结球白菜种子精选效果比较

结球白菜种子分别进行坡选、筛选和色选，对精选后不同类别的种子进行重量测定、发芽试验、幼苗特性分析和抗老化处理。试验结果表明，不同类别的种子在千粒重、发芽特性、幼苗特性和抗老化能力方面存在明显差异。通过坡选加筛选的方法，去除种子批中25.1%的种子，可以提高剩余活力种子和萌发整齐度。 Seeds of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis) are upgraded by gravity deck and/or sieve or color separator. The weight, germination, seedling performance and sensitivity to accel-erated deterioration of seeds from all fractions after upgrading are tested. The obvious difference among different fractions could be found. The seed vigor and germination uniformity can be enhanced after upgrading by gravity deck and sieve, while 25.1% seeds with lower vigor are removed from the seedlot.

USE OF NARROW SPECTRAL ENDOSCOPY METHOD IN DIAGNOSTICS OF MALIGNANT LARYNX DISEASES: LITERATURE REVIEW NAND CLINICAL OBSEVRATIONS

It is generally agreed today that that endoscopy is the main method for the visualization of the mucosa of the upper airdigestive tract.What is more we can see early changings in the vascular structure due to modern technologies that are combined with endoscopy. NBI (narrow band imaging) endoscopy is one of the most modern optic method that allows to enhance the facilities of standard white light endoscopy. It can be achieved by enhancing of contrast of the vessels. This effect can be gained be means of optical color separation filters that modify the spectral features. The filter is placed in the optical system of the illumination and cuts all wavelengths in illumination except two narrow wavelengths: 415 nm and 540 nm. Narrow band illumination is strongly absorbed by hemoglobin. As a result, capillaries on the mucosal surface are presented in brown on the monitor, and veins in the submucosal surface are displayed in cyan. In the present article we propose the world literature review considering the diagnostic effectiveness of NBI endoscopy. We included available information about perioperative application of this diagnostic method as well. And we proposed several clinical cases.

Research on Hand Recognition Method Based on Markov Random Field

Now, there is a problem to satisfy the demand of flexible manufacturing systems. Human-computer interaction intelligent assembly technology is more and more attention. Gesture recognition and action understanding is the basis of human-computer interaction assembly. For this reason, the research on hand gesture recognition is carried out. Firstly, the basic according to the features of the hand skin color separation method is described in this paper. The principle of YCrCb color space and the conversion between RGB color space is illustrated. It is described how YCrCb three-channel method eliminates the influence of brightness on color, and how to identify skin color and other colors. Secondly, it is explained that the principle of Markov random field. Markov random field's application in image segmentation problem is shown. Iterative algorithm process based on Markov random field is introduced. Finally, it is described how to combine the two methods, the skin color recognition and iterative algorithm. They are combined with a small area noise removal method to achieve a better image of the hand segmentation. And segmentation results and conclusions are shown.

Coat colour phenotype of Qingyu pig is associated with polymorphisms of melanocortin receptor 1 gene.

ObjectiveQingyu pig, a Chinese indigenous pig breed, exhibits two types of coat colour phenotypes, including pure black and white with black spotting respectively. Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP) are two widely reported pivotal genes that significantly affect the regulation of coat colour. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether the polymorphisms of these two genes are associated with coat colour and analyze the molecular mechanism of the coat colour separation in Qingyu pig.MethodsWe studied the phenotype segregation and used polymerase chain reaction amplification and Sanger sequencing to investigate the polymorphism of MC1R and ASIP in 121 Qingyu pigs, consisting of 115 black and 6 white with black spotted pigs.ResultsCoat colour of Qingyu pig is associated with the polymorphisms of MC1R but not ASIP. We only found 2 haplotypes, EQY and Eqy, based on the 13 observed mutations from MC1R gene. Among which, Eqy presented a recessive inheritance mode in black spotted Qingyu pigs. Further analysis revealed a g.462–463CC insertion that caused a frameshift mutation and a premature stop codon, thus changed the first transmembrane domain completely and lost the remaining six transmembrane domains. Altogether, our results strongly support that the variety of Qingyu pig’s coat colour is related to MC1R.ConclusionOur findings indicated that black coat colour in Qingyu pig was dominant to white with black spotted phenotype and MC1R gene polymorphism was associated with coat colour separation in Qingyu pig.

Color separation for improved perceived image quality in terms of graininess and gamut

AbstractMulti‐channel printing employs additional inks to improve the perceived image quality by reducing the graininess and augmenting the printer gamut. It also requires a color separation that deals with the one‐to‐many mapping problem imposed when using more than three inks. The proposed separation model incorporates a multilevel halftoning algorithm, reducing the complexity of the print characterization by grouping inks of similar hues in the same channel. In addition, a cost function is proposed that weights selected factors influencing the print and perceived image quality, namely color accuracy, graininess and ink consumption. The graininess perception is qualitatively assessed using S‐CIELAB, a spatial low‐pass filtering mimicking the human visual system. By applying it to a large set of samples, a generalized prediction quantifying the perceived graininess is carried out and incorporated as a criterion in the color separation. The results of the proposed model are compared with the separation giving the best colorimetric match, showing improvements in the perceived image quality in terms of graininess at a small cost of color accuracy and ink consumption. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 486–497, 2017

Photonic Multitasking Interleaved Si Nanoantenna Phased Array.

Metasurfaces provide unprecedented control over light propagation by imparting local, space-variant phase changes on an incident electromagnetic wave. They can improve the performance of conventional optical elements and facilitate the creation of optical components with new functionalities and form factors. Here, we build on knowledge from shared aperture phased array antennas and Si-based gradient metasurfaces to realize various multifunctional metasurfaces capable of achieving multiple distinct functions within a single surface region. As a key point, we demonstrate that interleaving multiple optical elements can be accomplished without reducing the aperture of each subelement. Multifunctional optical elements constructed from Si-based gradient metasurface are realized, including axial and lateral multifocus geometric phase metasurface lenses. We further demonstrate multiwavelength color imaging with a high spatial resolution. Finally, optical imaging functionality with simultaneous color separation has been obtained by using multifunctional metasurfaces, which opens up new opportunities for the field of advanced imaging and display.

ICT Teachers’ Acceptance of “Scratch” as Algorithm Visualization Software

<p>This study aims to investigate the acceptance of ICT teachers pertaining to the use of Scratch as an Algorithm Visualization (AV) software in terms of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. An embedded mixed method research design was used in the study, in which qualitative data were embedded in quantitative ones and used to explain the results. The data were collected from 214 pre-service ICT teachers studying in four large public universities. Data was gathered through a questionnaire adapted from David’s Technology Acceptance Survey (1989) and through open-ended questions. T-test and Pearson correlation, as well as descriptive statistics, were used to analyze quantitative data and constant analysis techniques were used to analyze qualitative data. Both kinds of data were mixed and are presented in the results section. The results show that pre-service ICT teachers mainly have positive and similar Scratch acceptance scores in terms of usefulness and ease of use. The factors explaining participants’ perceived usefulness are identified as visual interface (37%), pedagogy(36%), and computational thinking (27%). The majority of the participants also found Scratch to be easy to use. Pre-service ICT teachers explained that what makes AV software easy to use is color separation (40%), drag and drop (30%), and familiar interface (30%). Additionally, no significant difference between the acceptance scores of the participants was found in terms of gender, years of programming experience, programming background, and the high school they graduated from as indicators of programming experience. Results congruent with previous studies regarding Scratch were found by the current study.</p>

The METINUS Plus method for nuclei quantification in tissue microarrays of breast cancer and axillary node tissue section

Abstract This paper presents the METINUS Plus (METhod of Immunohistochemical NUclei Segmentation Plus) method that has been developed for localization and quantification of the regulatory T cells’ nuclei. The proposed methodology performs color separation followed by the extraction and validation of objects. Objects categorized as clusters, based on the area and shape, are divided with locally applied watershed supported by color deconvolution. Objects are validated based on RGB, Lab color space, and color deconvolution data. The chosen validation criteria allow quantification and differentiation between the subpopulations of regulatory T cells and breast cancer cells, which express FOXP3. The evaluation is based on the quantity and quality of nuclei segmentation in comparison with the results of the manual counting, done by four pathologists on a set of 20 images. The results were analyzed in comparison with human evaluation using Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The main achievement of this study is a possibility to find criteria that allow differentiation between two types of immunopositive cells’ nuclei: regulatory T cells with homogeneous stained nuclei and all cells with FOXP3 expression; in both tumor and axillary node biopsies. A major advantage of computer image processing is the reproducibility of achieved results, thus minimizing human intervention, and providing traceable clinical information.

Derivation of Human Chromatic Discrimination Ability from an Information-Theoretical Notion of Distance in Color Space.

The accuracy with which humans detect chromatic differences varies throughout color space. For example, we are far more precise when discriminating two similar orange stimuli than two similar green stimuli. In order for two colors to be perceived as different, the neurons representing chromatic information must respond differently, and the difference must be larger than the trial-to-trial variability of the response to each separate color. Photoreceptors constitute the first stage in the processing of color information; many more stages are required before humans can consciously report whether two stimuli are perceived as chromatically distinguishable. Therefore, although photoreceptor absorption curves are expected to influence the accuracy of conscious discriminability, there is no reason to believe that they should suffice to explain it. Here we develop information-theoretical tools based on the Fisher metric that demonstrate that photoreceptor absorption properties explain about 87% of the variance of human color discrimination ability, as tested by previous behavioral experiments. In the context of this theory, the bottleneck in chromatic information processing is determined by photoreceptor absorption characteristics. Subsequent encoding stages modify only marginally the chromatic discriminability at the photoreceptor level.

Photoreception and vision in the ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially more photodamaging) than 'visible light', and it is scattered more efficiently in air and water. Until 1990, only a few animals were recognized as being sensitive to UV light, but we now know that a great diversity, possibly even the majority, of animal species can visually detect and respond to it. Here, we discuss the history of research on biological UV photosensitivity and review current major research trends in this field. Some animals use their UV photoreceptors to control simple, innate behaviors, but most incorporate their UV receptors into their general sense of vision. They not only detect UV light but recognize it as a separate color in light fields, on natural objects or living organisms, or in signals displayed by conspecifics. UV visual pigments are based on opsins, the same family of proteins that are used to detect light in conventional photoreceptors. Despite some interesting exceptions, most animal species have a single photoreceptor class devoted to the UV. The roles of UV in vision are manifold, from guiding navigation and orientation behavior, to detecting food and potential predators, to supporting high-level tasks such as mate assessment and intraspecific communication. Our current understanding of UV vision is restricted almost entirely to two phyla: arthropods and chordates (specifically, vertebrates), so there is much comparative work to be done.

Fire Detection in Still Image Using Color Model

Fire incidence is one of the major disasters of human society. This paper proposes a still image-based fire detection system. It has many advantages like lower cost, faster response, and large coverage. The existing methods are not able to detect fire region adequately. The proposed method overcome and addresses the issue. A binary contour image of flame that is capable of classifying fire or no fire in image for fire detection is proposed in this study. The color of fire area can range from red yellow to almost white. So, here it is challenges the detected area is actually fire or no fire. Our propose method consists of five parts. Firstly, the digital image is taken from dataset and the digital image is sampled and mapped as a grid of dots or picture elements. We convert image to separate RGB Color range Matrix. We define some rules to select yellow color range of the image later on converted the image to binary range. Finally, binary contour image of flame information that detect the fire. We have analyzed different types of fire images in different varieties and found accuracy 85-90%.

Multilevel Halftoning and Color Separation for Eight-Channel Printing

Multichannel printing employs additional colorants to achieve higher quality reproduction, assuming their physical overlap restrictions are met. These restrictions are commonly overcome in the prin ...

A Color Image Edge Detection Algorithm Based on Color Difference

Although image edge detection algorithms have been widely applied in image processing, the existing algorithms still face two important problems. On one hand, to restrain the interference of noise, smoothing filters are generally exploited in the existing algorithms, resulting in loss of significant edges. On the other hand, since the existing algorithms are sensitive to noise, many noisy edges are usually detected, which will disturb the subsequent processing. Therefore, a color image edge detection algorithm based on color difference is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a new operation called color separation is defined in this paper, which can reflect the information of color difference. Then, for the neighborhood of each pixel, color separations are calculated in four different directions to detect the edges. Experimental results on natural and synthetic images show that the proposed algorithm can remove a large number of noisy edges and be robust to the smoothing filters. Furthermore, the proposed edge detection algorithm is applied in road foreground segmentation and shadow removal, which achieves good performances.

Robust content authentication of gray and color images using lbp-dct markov-based features

This paper presents a robust method for passive content authentication of gray and color images. The idea is to capture local and global artifacts resulting from the image manipulation through combining intra-block Markov features in both LBP and DCT domains. An optimized support-vector machine with radial-basis kernel is then trained to classify images as being tampered or authentic. We intensively investigate the authentication capabilities of the proposed method for separate color channels and for various combinations of them. The proposed method, without and withfeature-level fusion, is evaluated on three benchmark datasets with a variety of forgery and post-processing operations. The results show that fusing Markov features from LBP and DCT modalities leads to consistent improvement in terms of detection accuracy as compared to the state-of-the-art passive methods. Furthermore, using information from all YCbCr channels help enhancing the detection rate to more than 99.7 % on CASIA TIDE v2.0 image collection.

A similarity‐based cross‐language comparison of basicness and demarcation of “blue” terms

AbstractTo investigate linguistic and perceptual boundaries within the “blue” region of the color gamut, we analyzed sorting data from speakers of six languages who sorted color stimuli by similarity. Two of these languages, Russian and Italian, are thought to have a separate basic color term and category for “light blue,” distinguishing it from “blue,” and the third was English, which lacks this distinction. There has been less study of the possible basicness of “light blue” terms in the other three languages: Lithuanian and Estonian (both spoken in Baltic states) and Udmurt (a linguistic enclave in North Russia). Sorting data from each sample of speakers were analyzed with principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling, reducing them to a pattern of interstimulus similarities. In addition, color‐naming data were collected for five of the languages and confirmed that sorting responses were not simply a reflection of the words used by subjects to label the stimuli. A “clustering index” was created, quantifying the extent of light/dark blue separation and the strength of any category boundary between them; this was low for English‐language participants but high for Russian and Italian. Udmurt and Lithuanian values were also high, whereas Estonian responses were closer to English. Thus, when clustering of blue stimuli is used as an additional indicator of basicness, the results are compatible with earlier evidence that “light blue” is a separate basic color category in Russian and Italian, and further indicate that light blue terms are basic in Udmurt and Lithuanian, but not Estonian. It may be that “blue” categories are especially susceptible to splitting into two under the influence of linguistic contact. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 362–377, 2017

N -Ink Printer Characterization With Barycentric Subdivision.

Printing with a large number of inks, also called N -ink printing, is a challenging task. The challenges comprise spectral modeling of the printer, color separation, halftoning, and limitations of the amount of inks. Juxtaposed halftoning, a perfectly dot-off-dot halftoning method, has proved to be useful to address some of these challenges. However, for juxtaposed halftones, prediction of colors as a function of ink area coverages has not yet been fully investigated. The goal of this paper is to introduce a spectral prediction model for N -ink juxtaposed-halftone prints. As the area-coverage domain of juxtaposed inks forms a simplex, we propose a cellular subdivision of the area-coverage domain using the barycentric subdivision of simplexes. The barycentric subdivision provides algorithmically straightforward means to design and implement an N -ink color prediction model. Within the subdomain cells, the Yule-Nielsen spectral Neugebauer model is used for the spectral prediction. Our proposed model is highly accurate for prints with a large number of inks while requiring a relatively low number of calibration samples.

Narrative Artists' Books and the Human Condition: The Work of Philip Zimmermann

Most artists attempt to balance the personal and societal, but the artist's books of Philip Zimmermann, who spoke at Visual Studies Workshop's 2016 Photo-Bookworks Symposium, achieve this balance with uncommon ease. For Zimmermann, considering the personal and social is not just a communication strategy--it is an end in itself. Zimmermann makes work about the relationship between self and society. Through personal experiences, historical incidents, and contemporary issues, he examines how knowledge and belief shape the way humans share the world with one another. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Zimmermann uses the narrative artist's book especially effectively to expound the long history of the self and society. Five recent works--Celsius 233 (2015), Cruising Altitude (2011), Incident in Deseret (2014), Paradise luist: An Allegory (2013), and Reaper (2015)--all integrate photographic images with a running text. Celsius 233 and Paradise Lost: An Allegory also include drawn imagery, each to different effect. Zimmermann often combines original (personal) content with appropriated (more universal) text and image, augmenting or reconfiguring the borrowed media to construct new meaning. He manipulates the imagery to create a cohesive visual vocabulary from disparate sources. Drawing on expertise in photomechanical color separations, his signature exaggerated halftone dots, color screens, and other devices clue the reader in to a media-critical mindset. One must consider how the aesthetics of commerce and warfare, propaganda and exoticism, and objectivity and sentimentality ultimately contribute to the repeated shortcomings of humanity that Zimmermann addresses. As investigations into human nature, totalitarianism, and faith, Zimmermann's books parallel political theory. For example, Hannah Arendt's observations about self and society map onto these artists' books in an interesting, generative way. First, Arendt argues, the public sphere is constructed. Thus, citizenship and communal belonging manifest through political participation, not through supposedly inherited qualities like race. Second, she posits an inherent spatial aspect to politics. For Arendt, political opinions are necessarily formed and tested through engagement in the public sphere. Zimmermann's narratives play out in these spaces of social engagement, or investigate how an individual's thoughts are shaped in this sphere. This social force exerted on the individual is addressed by Arendt's third point: the distinction between private and public life. She claims the public interest is only achieved by overcoming private self-interest and thinking about the long-term consequences of one's actions. (1) The constructedness of the public sphere is investigated in Cruising Altitude, where Zimmermann explores how identity, through language, race, and ethnicity, impacts one's status and participation in a community or culture. The book's dos-a-dos (double-sided) structure emphasizes the juxtaposition between positive and negative aspects of travel. One side, Above, follows a personal narrative of wanderlust via text set atop what appear to be vintage postcards. Flipping the book over presents Below, in which each page features a single word--synonyms of foreigner in various languages--over photos taken from inside an airplane. Against words like undocumented and outsider, the liminality suggested by the airplane cabin morphs from the traveler's invigorating sense of displacement in Above to unsavory implications of a life spent not belonging. Contrasted with the postcards' nostalgic visual treatment, the techno-scientific objectivity associated with unmanipulated aerial photography furthers the sense that reality is more accurately reflected in the bleak otherness expressed in Below. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Zimmermann continues this investigation into the human capacity to overcome nature, and human nature, in Paradise Lost: An Allegory, an update of John Milton's 1667 poem about Adam and Eve's fall from grace. …